Name: application of chronic stimulation to study contractile activity-induced rat skeletal muscle phenotypic adaptations
Uploaded: 2018-01-25T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Chronic Stimulation to Study Contractile Activity-induced Rat Skeletal Muscle Phenotypic Adaptations at JoVE.com

Vi er taknemmelige for Liam Tyron hans ekspert gennemlæsning af manuskriptet. Dette arbejde blev støttet af midler fra naturvidenskab og teknisk forskning Rådet i Canada (NSERC) D. A. hætte. D. A. Hood er også indehaver af en Canada forskning stol i celle fysiologi.

Alle dyrerelaterede procedurer blev gennemgået og godkendt af York Universitet dyr efterbehandling udvalget. Ved ankomsten til Dyrefacilitet ved York University, blev alle rotter givet mindst fem dage til at akklimatisere til deres miljø før den kirurgiske procedure, med mad leveret ad libitum. Selv om denne protokol er tidligere blevet anvendt til andre arter15,17,22, den nuværende papir bygger på det banebrydende...

<ol>
	<li>Holloszy, J. O., Coyle, E. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptations+of+skeletal+muscle+to+endurance+exercise+and+their+metabolic+consequences.">Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences.</a> J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 56 (4), 831-838 (1984).</li><li>Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invited+Review:+contractile+activity-induced+mitochondrial+biogenesis+in+skeletal+muscle.">Invited Review: contractile activity-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle.</a> J Appl Physiol. 90 (3), 1137-1157 (2001).</li><li>Fernandes, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercise+training+restores+the+endothelial+progenitor+cells+number+and+function+in+hypertension:+implications+for+angiogenesis.">Exercise training restores the endothelial progenitor cells number and function in hypertension: implications for angiogenesis.</a> J Hypertens. 30 (11), 2133-2143 (2012).</li><li>Chabi, B., Adhihetty, P. J., O'Leary, M. F., Menzies, K. J., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+Sirt1+expression+and+mitochondrial+proteins+during+conditions+of+chronic+muscle+use+and+disuse.">Relationship between Sirt1 expression and mitochondrial proteins during conditions of chronic muscle use and disuse.</a> J Appl Physiol. 107 (6), 1730-1735 (2009).</li><li>Lessard, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistance+to+aerobic+exercise+training+causes+metabolic+dysfunction+and+reveals+novel+exercise-regulated+signaling+networks.">Resistance to aerobic exercise training causes metabolic dysfunction and reveals novel exercise-regulated signaling networks.</a> Diabetes. 62 (8), 2717-2727 (2013).</li><li>Irrcher, I., Adhihetty, P. J., Sheehan, T., Joseph, A. M., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PPARgamma+coactivator-1alpha+expression+during+thyroid+hormone-+and+contractile+activity-induced+mitochondrial+adaptations.">PPARgamma coactivator-1alpha expression during thyroid hormone- and contractile activity-induced mitochondrial adaptations.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 284 (6), C1669-C1677 (2003).</li><li>Tamura, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postexercise+whole+body+heat+stress+additively+enhances+endurance+training-induced+mitochondrial+adaptations+in+mouse+skeletal+muscle.">Postexercise whole body heat stress additively enhances endurance training-induced mitochondrial adaptations in mouse skeletal muscle.</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 307 (7), R931-R943 (2014).</li><li>Mosole, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+high-level+exercise+promotes+muscle+reinnervation+with+age.">Long-term high-level exercise promotes muscle reinnervation with age.</a> J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 73 (4), 284-294 (2014).</li><li>Irrcher, I., Walkinshaw, D. R., Sheehan, T. E., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thyroid+hormone+(T3)+rapidly+activates+p38+and+AMPK+in+skeletal+muscle+in+vivo.">Thyroid hormone (T3) rapidly activates p38 and AMPK in skeletal muscle in vivo.</a> J Appl Physiol. 104 (1), 178-185 (2008).</li><li>Lesmana, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+change+in+thyroid+hormone+signaling+by+altered+training+intensity+in+male+rat+skeletal+muscle.">The change in thyroid hormone signaling by altered training intensity in male rat skeletal muscle.</a> Endocr J. 63 (8), 727-738 (2016).</li><li>Hokama, J. Y., Streeper, R. S., Henriksen, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voluntary+exercise+training+enhances+glucose+transport+in+muscle+stimulated+by+insulin-like+growth+factor+I.">Voluntary exercise training enhances glucose transport in muscle stimulated by insulin-like growth factor I.</a> J Appl Physiol. 82 (2), 508-512 (1997).</li><li>Tyler, K. R., Wright, A. J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+weight+portable+stimulators+for+stimulation+of+skeletal+muscles+at+different+frequencies+and+for+cardiac+pacing.">Light weight portable stimulators for stimulation of skeletal muscles at different frequencies and for cardiac pacing.</a> J Physiol Lond. 307, 6-7 (1980).</li><li>Takahashi, M., Rana, A., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Portable+electrical+stimulator+for+use+in+small+animals.">Portable electrical stimulator for use in small animals.</a> J Appl Physiol. 74 (2), 942-945 (1993).</li><li>Ljubicic, V., Adhihetty, P. J., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+animal+models:+chronic+electrical+stimulation-induced+contractile+activity.">Application of animal models: chronic electrical stimulation-induced contractile activity.</a> Can J Appl Physiol. 30 (5), 625-643 (2005).</li><li>Pette, D., Vrbova, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+does+chronic+electrical+stimulation+teach+us+about+muscle+plasticity?.">What does chronic electrical stimulation teach us about muscle plasticity?.</a> Muscle Nerve. 22 (6), 666-677 (1999).</li><li>Pette, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Historical+Perspectives:+plasticity+of+mammalian+skeletal+muscle.">Historical Perspectives: plasticity of mammalian skeletal muscle.</a> J Appl Physiol. 90 (3), 1119-1124 (2001).</li><li>Pette, D., Vrbova, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Contribution+of+Neuromuscular+Stimulation+in+Elucidating+Muscle+Plasticity+Revisited.">The Contribution of Neuromuscular Stimulation in Elucidating Muscle Plasticity Revisited.</a> Eur J Transl Myol. 27 (1), 6368 (2017).</li><li>Skorjanc, D., Jaschinski, F., Heine, G., Pette, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+increases+in+capillarization+and+mitochondrial+enzymes+in+low-frequency-stimulated+rabbit+muscle.">Sequential increases in capillarization and mitochondrial enzymes in low-frequency-stimulated rabbit muscle.</a> Am J Physiol. 274 (3 Pt 1), C810-C818 (1998).</li><li>Kim, Y., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+the+autophagy+system+during+chronic+contractile+activity-induced+muscle+adaptations.">Regulation of the autophagy system during chronic contractile activity-induced muscle adaptations.</a> Physiol Rep. 5 (14), (2017).</li><li>Memme, J. M., Oliveira, A. N., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronology+of+UPR+activation+in+skeletal+muscle+adaptations+to+chronic+contractile+activity.">Chronology of UPR activation in skeletal muscle adaptations to chronic contractile activity.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 310 (11), C1024-C1036 (2016).</li><li>Ljubicic, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+basis+for+an+attenuated+mitochondrial+adaptive+plasticity+in+aged+skeletal+muscle.">Molecular basis for an attenuated mitochondrial adaptive plasticity in aged skeletal muscle.</a> Aging (Albany NY). 1 (9), 818-830 (2009).</li><li>Schwarz, G., Leisner, E., Pette, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+telestimulation+systems+for+chronic+indirect+muscle+stimulation+in+caged+rabbits+and+mice.">Two telestimulation systems for chronic indirect muscle stimulation in caged rabbits and mice.</a> Pflugers Arch. 398 (2), 130-133 (1983).</li><li>Simoneau, J. A., Pette, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Species-specific+effects+of+chronic+nerve+stimulation+upon+tibialis+anterior+muscle+in+mouse,+rat,+guinea+pig,+and+rabbit.">Species-specific effects of chronic nerve stimulation upon tibialis anterior muscle in mouse, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit.</a> Pflugers Arch. 412 (1-2), 86-92 (1988).</li><li>Ohlendieck, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+chronic+low-frequency+stimulation+on+Ca2+-regulatory+membrane+proteins+in+rabbit+fast+muscle.">Effects of chronic low-frequency stimulation on Ca2+-regulatory membrane proteins in rabbit fast muscle.</a> Pflugers Arch. 438 (5), 700-708 (1999).</li><li>Brown, M. D., Cotter, M. A., Hudlicka, O., Vrbova, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+different+patterns+of+muscle+activity+on+capillary+density,+mechanical+properties+and+structure+of+slow+and+fast+rabbit+muscles.">The effects of different patterns of muscle activity on capillary density, mechanical properties and structure of slow and fast rabbit muscles.</a> Pflugers Arch. 361 (3), 241-250 (1976).</li><li>Skorjanc, D., Traub, I., Pette, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identical+responses+of+fast+muscle+to+sustained+activity+by+low-frequency+stimulation+in+young+and+aging+rats.">Identical responses of fast muscle to sustained activity by low-frequency stimulation in young and aging rats.</a> J Appl Physiol. 85 (2), 437-441 (1998).</li><li>Kim, Y., Triolo, M., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+Aging+and+Exercise+on+Mitochondrial+Quality+Control+in+Skeletal+Muscle.">Impact of Aging and Exercise on Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle.</a> Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017, 3165396 (2017).</li><li>Callewaert, L., Puers, B., Sansen, W., Jarvis, J. C., Salmons, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmable+implantable+device+for+investigating+the+adaptive+response+of+skeletal+muscle+to+chronic+electrical+stimulation.">Programmable implantable device for investigating the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to chronic electrical stimulation.</a> Med Biol Eng Comput. 29 (5), 548-553 (1991).</li><li>Kern, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+stimulation+counteracts+muscle+decline+in+seniors.">Electrical stimulation counteracts muscle decline in seniors.</a> Front Aging Neurosci. 6, 189 (2014).</li><li>Zampieri, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+exercise+in+aging+human+skeletal+muscle+increases+mitochondrial+calcium+uniporter+expression+levels+and+affects+mitochondria+dynamics.">Physical exercise in aging human skeletal muscle increases mitochondrial calcium uniporter expression levels and affects mitochondria dynamics.</a> Physiol Rep. 4 (24), (2016).</li></ol>

Kronisk kontraktile (CCA) aktivitetsmodel af motion, gennem lavfrekvente muskel stimulation i vivo, er en fremragende model for at studere muskel fænotypiske tilpasninger for at udøve13,24,25 , 26. som vist i foregående undersøgelser20,27, CCA er et effektivt værktøj som forskere kan styre træningsomfang og frekvenser (<...

Skeletmuskulatur kan tilpasse for at udøve uddannelse gennem ændringer i dens bioenergetik og fysiske struktur1. En af de store ændringer som følge af udholdenhedstræning er mitokondriel Biogenese, som kan vurderes af en stigning i udtrykket af mitokondrie komponenter (fx cytokrom c oxidase [COX] underenheder), såvel som udtryk for transkriptionel coactivator PGC-1α2. Et stigende antal undersøgelser har vist, at mange andre faktorer, herunder mitokondrie omsætning og mitophagy, er også vigtige for muskel tilpasninger. Men mekanismerne af hvilke akutte eller kroniske motion regulere disse processer i skeletmuskulatur er stadig uklare.
For at afgrænse de veje, som regulerer anstrengelsesudløst muskel tilpasninger, har forskellige øvelse modeller været almindeligt anvendt i gnavere undersøgelser, herunder løbebånd, kører hjulet, og svømning motion. Disse protokoller har dog nogle begrænsninger i at ~ 4-12 uger er nødvendige for at overholde disse fænotypiske forandringer3,4,5. Som en alternativ Eksperimentel metode, lavfrekvente stimulation-induceret kronisk kontraktile aktivitet (CCA) er blevet effektivt brugt, da det kan føre til muskel tilpasninger i en væsentlig kortere periode (dvs. op til 7 dage) og dens virkninger synes at være sammenlignelig med eller større end andre motion protokoller. Derudover kan forekomsten af hormonelle6, temperatur7og neurologiske effekter8 gør det vanskeligt at forstå muskel-specifikke svar til kroniske motion. For eksempel, thyroid hormon9,10 og insulin-lignende vækstfaktor (IGF) -111 er blevet identificeret for at mægle uddannelse-induceret muskel tilpasninger, som kan også regulere andre signaling veje i skeletmuskulatur muskel. Navnlig er CCA-inducerede effekter minimalt reguleret af systemiske faktorer, så fokus skal placeres på den direkte reaktion på skeletmuskulatur kontraktile aktivitet.
Den eksterne enhed til CCA blev først indført af Tyler og Wright12, og er blevet udviklet med ændringer12. Kort sagt, enheden er sammensat af tre hoveddele: en infrarød detektor, der kan slås til og fra ved eksponering for infrarødt lys og en pulsgenerator en puls indikator (figur 1). Detaljerede kredsløbsdesign af enhedens stimulator er blevet beskrevet tidligere13. De detaljerede og specifikke funktioner i CCA kan findes i større dybde i et antal review artikel14,15,16,17. Kort sagt, stimulation-protokollen er designet til at aktivere den fælles peroneal nerve på lav frekvens (dvs. 10 Hz), og de innerverede muskler (tibialis anterior [TA] og extensor digitorum longus [EDL] muskel) er tvunget til at indgå en forudbestemte længde af tid (f.eks. 3-6 h). Over tid skifter det førnævnte musklerne til en mere aerob fænotype, demonstreret af en stigning i både kapillær densitet18 og mitokondriel indhold19,20,21. Denne metode er derfor en gennemprøvet model til at efterligne nogle af de større udholdenhed uddannelse tilpasninger i skeletmuskulatur af rotter.
Dette paper præsenterer en detaljeret procedure af elektrode implantation kirurgi til at fremkalde CCA, således at forskerne kan anvende denne model i studierne øvelse. CCA er en fremragende model for at studere tidsforløb af muskel tilpasninger, hvilket giver et effektivt redskab for undersøgelse af forskellige molekylære og signalering begivenheder på både tidlige og senere tid point efter udbruddet af motion uddannelse.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sprague Dawley Rat</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>Strain 400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chronic contractile activity unit</td>
			<td>Home-made</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCA unit protective box (3.5 x 3.5 x 2.5 cm)</td>
			<td>Home-made</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Box should be made of opaque material or covered in an opague tape</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coin lithium ion batteries (3V)</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>CR2016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medwire</td>
			<td>Leico Industries</td>
			<td>316SS7/44T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solder pin (socket)</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>ED6218-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zonas porous tape</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td>5104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture silk (Size 5)</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>640G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture silk (Size 6)</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>706G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved blunt scissor (11.5 cm Length)</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14075-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved blunt scissor (15 cm Length)</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14111-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Delicate haemostatic forceps (16 cm Length)</td>
			<td>Lawton</td>
			<td>06-0230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td>Feather</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved forceps</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11052-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless-steel rod (30 cm; 7mm diameter)</td>
			<td>Home-made</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Rod should have 5 mm slit in one end to hold the wire for tunneling under the skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clip applying forceps</td>
			<td>KLS Martin</td>
			<td>20-916-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staples (clips)</td>
			<td>Bbraun</td>
			<td>BN507R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal hooks/retractor</td>
			<td>Home-made</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-iodine (500 mL)</td>
			<td>Rougier</td>
			<td>#NPN00172944</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin sodium</td>
			<td>Novopharm</td>
			<td>#DIN00872644</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metacam</td>
			<td>Boehringer</td>
			<td>#DIN02240463</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital multimeter (voltmeter)</td>
			<td>Soar Corporation</td>
			<td>ME-501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED digital stroboscope</td>
			<td>Lutron Electronic Enterprise</td>
			<td>DT-2269</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

application of chronic stimulation to study contractile activity-induced rat skeletal muscle phenotypic adaptations

Skeletmuskulatur er en yderst fleksibel væv, som dens biokemiske og fysiologiske egenskaber er meget ændret i svar til kroniske motion. For at undersøge de underliggende mekanismer, der bringer om forskellige muskel tilpasninger, har været anvendt en række øvelse protokoller såsom løbebånd, hjulet kører, og svømning motion i dyreforsøg. Men disse udøve modeller kræver en lang periode at opnå muskel tilpasninger, som kan reguleres også af humoral eller neurologiske faktorer, hvilket begrænser deres programmer i at studere de muskel-specifikke sammentrækning-induceret tilpasninger. Indirekte lavfrekvente stimulation (10 Hz) til at fremkalde kronisk kontraktile aktivitet (CCA) har været brugt som en alternativ model for motion uddannelse, da det kan med held føre til muskel mitokondrier tilpasninger inden for 7 dage, uafhængigt af systemiske faktorer. Dette papir beskriver de kirurgiske teknikker, der kræves for at anvende til behandling af CCA på skeletmuskulatur af rotter, for udbredt anvendelse i fremtidige undersøgelser.

Vi har vist, at kronisk kontraktile aktivitet (CCA) er et effektivt redskab til at fremkalde gunstige mitokondrie tilpasninger i skeletmuskulatur. Rotter udsat for 7 dage af CCA (6 h per dag) vise øget mitokondriel Biogenese i stimuleret musklen i forhold til unstimulated kontralaterale (kontrol) hindlimb. Denne stigning i mitokondriel Biogenese er indiceret ved øget protein ekspression af PGC-1α (figur 3A), betragtes den master regulator af mitokondriel B...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Chronic Stimulation to Study Contractile Activity-induced Rat Skeletal Muscle Phenotypic Adaptations at JoVE.com

Application of Chronic Stimulation to Study Contractile Activity-induced Rat Skeletal Muscle Phenotypic Adaptations

Denne protokol beskriver brugen af den kroniske kontraktile aktivitetsmodel motion at observere stimulation-induceret skeletmuskulatur tilpasninger i rotte hindlimb.

Anvendelse af kronisk stimulering til at studere kontraktile aktivitet-induceret rotte skeletmuskulatur fænotypiske tilpasninger

Skeletal muscle is a highly adaptable tissue, as its biochemical and physiological properties are greatly altered in response to chronic exercise. To ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

Isolering og kvantitativ Immuncytokemisk karakterisering af primære myogene celler og fibroblaster fra human skeletmuskel

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated ...

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

Analyse af zebrafisk Larver Skeletmuskel Integritet med Evans blå farvestof

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

Induction of Acute Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Cardiotoxin Injection

Induktion af akut Skeletal Muscle Regeneration af cardiotoxin Injection

Skeletal muscle regeneration is a physiological process that occurs in adult skeletal muscles in response to injury or disease. Acute injury-induced ...

Preparation and Culture of Myogenic Precursor Cells/Primary Myoblasts from Skeletal Muscle of Adult and Aged Humans

Forberedelse og Kultur Myogenic precursorceller / Primær Myoblaster af skeletmuskulatur af Voksen og Aged Mennesker

Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on muscle growth (hypertrophy), atrophy and regeneration. During ageing and in several diseases, muscle wasting ...

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Evaluering af skade-induceret gulne og In Vivo omprogrammering i den skeletmuskulatur

Cellular senescence is a stress response that is characterized by a stable cellular growth arrest, which is important for many physiological and ...

Identification of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells by Immunofluorescence with Pax7 and Laminin Antibodies

Identifikation af skeletmuskulatur satellit celler ved immunfluorescens med Pax7 og Laminin antistoffer

Immunofluorescence is an effective method that helps to identify different cell types on tissue sections. In order to study the desired cell population, ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

I Vitro Generation af Somite derivater fra menneskelige induceret celler pluripotente stamceller

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease

Røntgen diffraktion af intakt murin skeletmuskulatur som et redskab til at studere det strukturelle grundlag for muskelsygdom

Transgenic mouse models have been important tools for studying the relationship of genotype to phenotype for human diseases including those of skeletal ...

Isolation, Culture, Characterization, and Differentiation of Human Muscle Progenitor Cells from the Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedure

Isolation, kultur, karakterisering og differentiering af humane muskel stamceller fra skeletmuskulaturen biopsi procedure

The use of primary human tissue and cells is ideal for the investigation of biological and physiological processes such as the skeletal muscle ...

Performing Human Skeletal Muscle Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

Udførelse af humane skeletmuskulatur Xenografts i immundefekt mus

Treatment effects observed in animal studies often fail to be recapitulated in clinical trials. While this problem is multifaceted, one reason for this ...