Name: application of chronic stimulation to study contractile activity-induced rat skeletal muscle phenotypic adaptations
Uploaded: 2018-01-25T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Chronic Stimulation to Study Contractile Activity-induced Rat Skeletal Muscle Phenotypic Adaptations at JoVE.com

Vi er takknemlige for Liam Tyron for sin ekspert av manuskriptet. Dette arbeidet ble støttet av finansiering fra naturvitenskap og Engineering Research Council for Canada (NSERC) til D. A. Hood. D. A. Hood er også innehaver av en Canada forskning stol i cellen fysiologi.

Alle dyre-relaterte prosedyrer blir gjennomgått og godkjent av York University dyr omsorg komiteen. Ved ankomst på dyr anlegget ved York University, ble alle rotter gitt minimum fem dager til acclimatize miljøet før den kirurgiske prosedyren, med mat fastsatt ad libitum. Selv om denne protokollen er tidligere brukt til andre arter15,17,22, dagens papir bygger på banebrytende arbeidet til Pette og kolleger<sup class...

<ol>
	<li>Holloszy, J. O., Coyle, E. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptations+of+skeletal+muscle+to+endurance+exercise+and+their+metabolic+consequences.">Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences.</a> J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 56 (4), 831-838 (1984).</li><li>Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invited+Review:+contractile+activity-induced+mitochondrial+biogenesis+in+skeletal+muscle.">Invited Review: contractile activity-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle.</a> J Appl Physiol. 90 (3), 1137-1157 (2001).</li><li>Fernandes, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercise+training+restores+the+endothelial+progenitor+cells+number+and+function+in+hypertension:+implications+for+angiogenesis.">Exercise training restores the endothelial progenitor cells number and function in hypertension: implications for angiogenesis.</a> J Hypertens. 30 (11), 2133-2143 (2012).</li><li>Chabi, B., Adhihetty, P. J., O'Leary, M. F., Menzies, K. J., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+Sirt1+expression+and+mitochondrial+proteins+during+conditions+of+chronic+muscle+use+and+disuse.">Relationship between Sirt1 expression and mitochondrial proteins during conditions of chronic muscle use and disuse.</a> J Appl Physiol. 107 (6), 1730-1735 (2009).</li><li>Lessard, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistance+to+aerobic+exercise+training+causes+metabolic+dysfunction+and+reveals+novel+exercise-regulated+signaling+networks.">Resistance to aerobic exercise training causes metabolic dysfunction and reveals novel exercise-regulated signaling networks.</a> Diabetes. 62 (8), 2717-2727 (2013).</li><li>Irrcher, I., Adhihetty, P. J., Sheehan, T., Joseph, A. M., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PPARgamma+coactivator-1alpha+expression+during+thyroid+hormone-+and+contractile+activity-induced+mitochondrial+adaptations.">PPARgamma coactivator-1alpha expression during thyroid hormone- and contractile activity-induced mitochondrial adaptations.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 284 (6), C1669-C1677 (2003).</li><li>Tamura, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postexercise+whole+body+heat+stress+additively+enhances+endurance+training-induced+mitochondrial+adaptations+in+mouse+skeletal+muscle.">Postexercise whole body heat stress additively enhances endurance training-induced mitochondrial adaptations in mouse skeletal muscle.</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 307 (7), R931-R943 (2014).</li><li>Mosole, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+high-level+exercise+promotes+muscle+reinnervation+with+age.">Long-term high-level exercise promotes muscle reinnervation with age.</a> J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 73 (4), 284-294 (2014).</li><li>Irrcher, I., Walkinshaw, D. R., Sheehan, T. E., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thyroid+hormone+(T3)+rapidly+activates+p38+and+AMPK+in+skeletal+muscle+in+vivo.">Thyroid hormone (T3) rapidly activates p38 and AMPK in skeletal muscle in vivo.</a> J Appl Physiol. 104 (1), 178-185 (2008).</li><li>Lesmana, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+change+in+thyroid+hormone+signaling+by+altered+training+intensity+in+male+rat+skeletal+muscle.">The change in thyroid hormone signaling by altered training intensity in male rat skeletal muscle.</a> Endocr J. 63 (8), 727-738 (2016).</li><li>Hokama, J. Y., Streeper, R. S., Henriksen, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voluntary+exercise+training+enhances+glucose+transport+in+muscle+stimulated+by+insulin-like+growth+factor+I.">Voluntary exercise training enhances glucose transport in muscle stimulated by insulin-like growth factor I.</a> J Appl Physiol. 82 (2), 508-512 (1997).</li><li>Tyler, K. R., Wright, A. J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+weight+portable+stimulators+for+stimulation+of+skeletal+muscles+at+different+frequencies+and+for+cardiac+pacing.">Light weight portable stimulators for stimulation of skeletal muscles at different frequencies and for cardiac pacing.</a> J Physiol Lond. 307, 6-7 (1980).</li><li>Takahashi, M., Rana, A., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Portable+electrical+stimulator+for+use+in+small+animals.">Portable electrical stimulator for use in small animals.</a> J Appl Physiol. 74 (2), 942-945 (1993).</li><li>Ljubicic, V., Adhihetty, P. J., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+animal+models:+chronic+electrical+stimulation-induced+contractile+activity.">Application of animal models: chronic electrical stimulation-induced contractile activity.</a> Can J Appl Physiol. 30 (5), 625-643 (2005).</li><li>Pette, D., Vrbova, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+does+chronic+electrical+stimulation+teach+us+about+muscle+plasticity?.">What does chronic electrical stimulation teach us about muscle plasticity?.</a> Muscle Nerve. 22 (6), 666-677 (1999).</li><li>Pette, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Historical+Perspectives:+plasticity+of+mammalian+skeletal+muscle.">Historical Perspectives: plasticity of mammalian skeletal muscle.</a> J Appl Physiol. 90 (3), 1119-1124 (2001).</li><li>Pette, D., Vrbova, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Contribution+of+Neuromuscular+Stimulation+in+Elucidating+Muscle+Plasticity+Revisited.">The Contribution of Neuromuscular Stimulation in Elucidating Muscle Plasticity Revisited.</a> Eur J Transl Myol. 27 (1), 6368 (2017).</li><li>Skorjanc, D., Jaschinski, F., Heine, G., Pette, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+increases+in+capillarization+and+mitochondrial+enzymes+in+low-frequency-stimulated+rabbit+muscle.">Sequential increases in capillarization and mitochondrial enzymes in low-frequency-stimulated rabbit muscle.</a> Am J Physiol. 274 (3 Pt 1), C810-C818 (1998).</li><li>Kim, Y., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+the+autophagy+system+during+chronic+contractile+activity-induced+muscle+adaptations.">Regulation of the autophagy system during chronic contractile activity-induced muscle adaptations.</a> Physiol Rep. 5 (14), (2017).</li><li>Memme, J. M., Oliveira, A. N., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronology+of+UPR+activation+in+skeletal+muscle+adaptations+to+chronic+contractile+activity.">Chronology of UPR activation in skeletal muscle adaptations to chronic contractile activity.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 310 (11), C1024-C1036 (2016).</li><li>Ljubicic, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+basis+for+an+attenuated+mitochondrial+adaptive+plasticity+in+aged+skeletal+muscle.">Molecular basis for an attenuated mitochondrial adaptive plasticity in aged skeletal muscle.</a> Aging (Albany NY). 1 (9), 818-830 (2009).</li><li>Schwarz, G., Leisner, E., Pette, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+telestimulation+systems+for+chronic+indirect+muscle+stimulation+in+caged+rabbits+and+mice.">Two telestimulation systems for chronic indirect muscle stimulation in caged rabbits and mice.</a> Pflugers Arch. 398 (2), 130-133 (1983).</li><li>Simoneau, J. A., Pette, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Species-specific+effects+of+chronic+nerve+stimulation+upon+tibialis+anterior+muscle+in+mouse,+rat,+guinea+pig,+and+rabbit.">Species-specific effects of chronic nerve stimulation upon tibialis anterior muscle in mouse, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit.</a> Pflugers Arch. 412 (1-2), 86-92 (1988).</li><li>Ohlendieck, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+chronic+low-frequency+stimulation+on+Ca2+-regulatory+membrane+proteins+in+rabbit+fast+muscle.">Effects of chronic low-frequency stimulation on Ca2+-regulatory membrane proteins in rabbit fast muscle.</a> Pflugers Arch. 438 (5), 700-708 (1999).</li><li>Brown, M. D., Cotter, M. A., Hudlicka, O., Vrbova, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+different+patterns+of+muscle+activity+on+capillary+density,+mechanical+properties+and+structure+of+slow+and+fast+rabbit+muscles.">The effects of different patterns of muscle activity on capillary density, mechanical properties and structure of slow and fast rabbit muscles.</a> Pflugers Arch. 361 (3), 241-250 (1976).</li><li>Skorjanc, D., Traub, I., Pette, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identical+responses+of+fast+muscle+to+sustained+activity+by+low-frequency+stimulation+in+young+and+aging+rats.">Identical responses of fast muscle to sustained activity by low-frequency stimulation in young and aging rats.</a> J Appl Physiol. 85 (2), 437-441 (1998).</li><li>Kim, Y., Triolo, M., Hood, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+Aging+and+Exercise+on+Mitochondrial+Quality+Control+in+Skeletal+Muscle.">Impact of Aging and Exercise on Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle.</a> Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017, 3165396 (2017).</li><li>Callewaert, L., Puers, B., Sansen, W., Jarvis, J. C., Salmons, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmable+implantable+device+for+investigating+the+adaptive+response+of+skeletal+muscle+to+chronic+electrical+stimulation.">Programmable implantable device for investigating the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to chronic electrical stimulation.</a> Med Biol Eng Comput. 29 (5), 548-553 (1991).</li><li>Kern, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+stimulation+counteracts+muscle+decline+in+seniors.">Electrical stimulation counteracts muscle decline in seniors.</a> Front Aging Neurosci. 6, 189 (2014).</li><li>Zampieri, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+exercise+in+aging+human+skeletal+muscle+increases+mitochondrial+calcium+uniporter+expression+levels+and+affects+mitochondria+dynamics.">Physical exercise in aging human skeletal muscle increases mitochondrial calcium uniporter expression levels and affects mitochondria dynamics.</a> Physiol Rep. 4 (24), (2016).</li></ol>

Kronisk kontraktile (CCA) aktivitetsmodell av trening, gjennom lavfrekvente muskel stimulering i vivo, er en utmerket modell for å studere muskel fenotypiske tilpasninger for å utøve13,24,25 , 26. som vist i tidligere studier20,27, CCA er et effektivt verktøy som forskere kan styre treningsmengder og frekvenser (dvs.</e...

Skjelettmuskel kanne innrette for å utøve opplæring gjennom endringer i bioenergi og fysisk struktur for1. En av de store endringene forårsaket av utholdenhetstrening er mitokondrie biogenesis, som kan bli vurdert av en økning i uttrykket av mitokondrie komponenter (f.eks cytochrome c oksidase [COX] underenheter), samt uttrykk for den transcriptional coactivator, PGC-1α2. Et økende antall studier har indikert at mange andre faktorer, inkludert mitokondrie omsetning og mitophagy, er også viktig for muskel tilpasninger. Men mekanismer av akutt eller kronisk utøve regulere disse prosessene i skjelettmuskulatur er fortsatt uklart.
For å avgrense veier som regulerer øvelse-indusert muskel tilpasninger, er ulike øvelse modeller vanligvis brukt i gnager studier, deriblant tredemølle, kjører hjulet, og svømming øvelse. Disse protokollene har imidlertid noen begrensninger ved at ~ 4-12 uker for å observere disse fenotypiske endringer3,4,5. Som en alternativ eksperimentelle, lavfrekvente stimulering-indusert kronisk kontraktile aktivitet (CCA) er effektivt brukt, da det kan føre til muskel tilpasninger i en vesentlig kortere periode (dvs. opp til 7 dager) og dens effekter være tilsvarende eller høyere enn andre arbeidstest-protokoller. Videre, tilstedeværelse av hormonelle6, temperatur7og nevrologiske effekter8 kan gjøre det vanskelig å forstå muskel-spesifikke svar til kronisk øvelse. For eksempel thyroid hormon9,10 og insulin-lignende vekstfaktor (IGF) -111 ha blitt kjennemerke for å megle trening-indusert muskel tilpasninger, som kan også regulere andre signalveier i skjelettlidelser muskel. Spesielt er CCA-indusert effekter minimal regulert av systemiske faktorer, slik at fokuset skal plasseres på direkte svaret i skjelettlidelser muskel kontraktile aktivitet.
Den eksterne enheten for CCA ble først introdusert av Tyler og Wright12, og er utviklet med modifikasjoner12. Kort sagt, enheten er består av tre hoveddeler: en infrarød detektor som kan slås på og av ved eksponering for infrarødt lys, en puls generator og en puls indikator (figur 1). Detaljert kretsdesign av stimulator har vært beskrevet tidligere13. Detaljert og spesifikk funksjonene i CCA kan finnes i større dybde i en rekke gjennomgang artikler14,15,16,17. I korthet, stimulering protokollen er utformet for å aktivere felles peroneal nerve på lav frekvens (dvs. 10 Hz), og innervated musklene (tibialis fremre [TA] og extensor digitorum longus [EDL] muskel) er tvunget å avtale for en forhåndsbestemt tidsperiode (f.eks 3-6 h). Over tid Skift dette nevnte musklene til en mer aerobic fenotype, demonstrert av en økning i både kapillær tetthet18 og mitokondrie innhold19,20,21. Dermed er denne metoden en velprøvd modell å etterligne noen av de store utholdenhet trening tilpasninger i skjelettmuskulatur rotter.
Dette dokumentet presenterer en detaljert prosedyre elektrode implantasjon kirurgi å indusere CCA slik at forskerne kan bruke denne modellen i studiene øvelse. CCA er en utmerket modell for å studere time course of muskel tilpasninger, noe som gir et effektivt verktøy for etterforskningen av ulike molekylær og signalnettverk arrangementer på både tidlig og senere tidspunkt etter utbruddet av trening.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sprague Dawley Rat</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>Strain 400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chronic contractile activity unit</td>
			<td>Home-made</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCA unit protective box (3.5 x 3.5 x 2.5 cm)</td>
			<td>Home-made</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Box should be made of opaque material or covered in an opague tape</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coin lithium ion batteries (3V)</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>CR2016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medwire</td>
			<td>Leico Industries</td>
			<td>316SS7/44T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solder pin (socket)</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>ED6218-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zonas porous tape</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td>5104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture silk (Size 5)</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>640G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture silk (Size 6)</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>706G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved blunt scissor (11.5 cm Length)</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14075-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved blunt scissor (15 cm Length)</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14111-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Delicate haemostatic forceps (16 cm Length)</td>
			<td>Lawton</td>
			<td>06-0230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td>Feather</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved forceps</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11052-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless-steel rod (30 cm; 7mm diameter)</td>
			<td>Home-made</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Rod should have 5 mm slit in one end to hold the wire for tunneling under the skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clip applying forceps</td>
			<td>KLS Martin</td>
			<td>20-916-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staples (clips)</td>
			<td>Bbraun</td>
			<td>BN507R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal hooks/retractor</td>
			<td>Home-made</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-iodine (500 mL)</td>
			<td>Rougier</td>
			<td>#NPN00172944</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin sodium</td>
			<td>Novopharm</td>
			<td>#DIN00872644</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metacam</td>
			<td>Boehringer</td>
			<td>#DIN02240463</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital multimeter (voltmeter)</td>
			<td>Soar Corporation</td>
			<td>ME-501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED digital stroboscope</td>
			<td>Lutron Electronic Enterprise</td>
			<td>DT-2269</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

application of chronic stimulation to study contractile activity-induced rat skeletal muscle phenotypic adaptations

Skjelettmuskulatur er et svært tilpasningsdyktig vev, som egenskapene biokjemiske og fysiologiske sterkt endres svar på kronisk øvelse. For å undersøke de underliggende mekanismene som få ulike muskel tilpasninger, har en rekke arbeidstest-protokoller som tredemølle, hjulet kjører og svømming trening vært brukt i dyrestudier. Men dette utøve modeller krever lengre tid å oppnå muskel tilpasninger, som også kan reguleres av humoral eller nevrologiske faktorer, dermed begrenser deres programmer i å studere muskel-spesifikke sammentrekning-indusert tilpasninger. Indirekte lavfrekvente stimulering (10 Hz) å indusere kronisk kontraktile aktivitet (CCA) er brukt som en alternativ modell for trening, som kan det kunne føre til muskel mitokondrie tilpasninger innen 7 dager, uavhengig av systemiske faktorer. Dette papiret detaljer kirurgiske teknikker kreves bruke behandling av CCA skjelettmuskelen rotter, for omfattende programmet i fremtiden studier.

Vi har vist at kronisk kontraktile aktivitet (CCA) er et effektivt verktøy å indusere gunstige mitokondrie tilpasninger i skjelettlidelser muskel. Rotter utsatt for 7 dager CCA (6 h per dag) vise forbedret mitokondrie biogenesis i stimulert muskelen i forhold til unstimulated kontralateral (kontroll) hindlimb. Denne økningen i mitokondrie biogenesis angis av økt protein uttrykk for PGC-1α (figur 3A), anses master regulator av mitokondrie biogenesis, samm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Chronic Stimulation to Study Contractile Activity-induced Rat Skeletal Muscle Phenotypic Adaptations at JoVE.com

Application of Chronic Stimulation to Study Contractile Activity-induced Rat Skeletal Muscle Phenotypic Adaptations

Denne protokollen beskriver bruken av kronisk kontraktile aktivitetsmodell av øvelse å observere stimulering-indusert Skjelettmuskel tilpasninger i rotten hindlimb.

Anvendelse av kronisk stimulering å studere kontraktile aktivitet-indusert rotte Skjelettmuskel fenotypiske tilpasninger

Skeletal muscle is a highly adaptable tissue, as its biochemical and physiological properties are greatly altered in response to chronic exercise. To ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

Isolasjon og Kvantitativ immunocytokjemisk Karakterisering av Primære myogenic celler og fibroblaster fra Menneskelig Skeletal Muscle

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated ...

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

Analyse av Sebrafisk Larver Skeletal Muscle Integrity med Evans blå Dye

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

Induction of Acute Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Cardiotoxin Injection

Induksjon av akutt Skeletal Muscle Regenerering av Cardiotoxin Injection

Skeletal muscle regeneration is a physiological process that occurs in adult skeletal muscles in response to injury or disease. Acute injury-induced ...

Preparation and Culture of Myogenic Precursor Cells/Primary Myoblasts from Skeletal Muscle of Adult and Aged Humans

Utarbeidelse og kultur myogenisk forloperceller / Primær myoblasts fra Skeletal Muscle of Adult og Gamle mennesker

Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on muscle growth (hypertrophy), atrophy and regeneration. During ageing and in several diseases, muscle wasting ...

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Vurdering av skaden-indusert Senescence og i Vivo omprogrammering i skjelettmuskelen

Cellular senescence is a stress response that is characterized by a stable cellular growth arrest, which is important for many physiological and ...

Identification of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells by Immunofluorescence with Pax7 and Laminin Antibodies

Identifikasjon av Skjelettmuskel satellitt celler av Immunofluorescence med Pax7 og Laminin antistoffer

Immunofluorescence is an effective method that helps to identify different cell types on tissue sections. In order to study the desired cell population, ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

I Vitro generasjon av Somite derivater fra menneske indusert stamceller Pluripotent

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease

X-ray Diffraksjon av intakt murine skjelettmuskulatur som et verktøy for å studere den strukturelle grunnlaget for muskel sykdom

Transgenic mouse models have been important tools for studying the relationship of genotype to phenotype for human diseases including those of skeletal ...

Isolation, Culture, Characterization, and Differentiation of Human Muscle Progenitor Cells from the Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedure

Isolasjon, kultur, karakterisering, og differensiering av Human Muscle stamceller fra skjelettmuskelen biopsi prosedyre

The use of primary human tissue and cells is ideal for the investigation of biological and physiological processes such as the skeletal muscle ...

Performing Human Skeletal Muscle Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

Utføre menneskelige Skjelettmuskel Xenotransplantater i Immunodeficient mus

Treatment effects observed in animal studies often fail to be recapitulated in clinical trials. While this problem is multifaceted, one reason for this ...