Name: the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy and eeg monitoring using radiotelemetry system in mice
Uploaded: 2018-02-27T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Using Radiotelemetry System in Mice at JoVE.com

Dette arbeidet ble støttet av National Research Foundation av Korea (NRF) stipendet finansiert av koreanske regjeringen (NRF-2014R1A1A3049456) og et stipend fra Korea helse teknologi R & D prosjektet gjennom den Korea helse industri Development Institute (KHIDI), finansiert av helse og velferd, Sør-Korea (HI15C2854).

Alle eksperimentelle prosedyrer ble godkjent av etikk i katolske universitetet i Korea og ble utført i samsvar med den nasjonale institutter for helse Guide og bruk av forsøksdyr (NIH publikasjoner nummer 80-23).
1. SE induksjon
<ol><li>Kjøp 8-uke-gamle mannlige C57BL/6NHsd mus og veie hver musen. Deretter Bruk en markør pennen merke haler av alle mus for deres lett identifikasjon under SE Innledning.</li>
	<li>Beregne hvor mye scopolamine metylbromid (scopolamine, 2 mg/kg), terbutaline ...

<ol>
	<li>Chang, B. S., Lowenstein, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epilepsy.">Epilepsy.</a> N Engl J Med. 349 (13), 1257-1266 (2003).</li><li>Scharfman, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurobiology+of+epilepsy.">The neurobiology of epilepsy.</a> Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 7 (4), 348-354 (2007).</li><li>Rakhade, S. N., Jensen, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epileptogenesis+in+the+immature+brain:+emerging+mechanisms.">Epileptogenesis in the immature brain: emerging mechanisms.</a> Nat Rev Neurol. 5 (7), 380-391 (2009).</li><li>Cavalheiro, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pilocarpine+model+of+epilepsy.">The pilocarpine model of epilepsy.</a> Ital J Neurol Sci. 16 (1-2), 33-37 (1995).</li><li>Curia, G., Longo, D., Biagini, G., Jones, R. S., Avoli, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pilocarpine+model+of+temporal+lobe+epilepsy.">The pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 172 (2), 143-157 (2008).</li><li>Morimoto, K., Fahnestock, M., Racine, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kindling+and+status+epilepticus+models+of+epilepsy:+rewiring+the+brain.">Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: rewiring the brain.</a> Prog Neurobiol. 73 (1), 1-60 (2004).</li><li>Levesque, M., Avoli, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+kainic+acid+model+of+temporal+lobe+epilepsy.">The kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy.</a> Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 37 (10), 2887-2899 (2013).</li><li>Sharma, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesial+temporal+lobe+epilepsy:+pathogenesis,+induced+rodent+models+and+lesions.">Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: pathogenesis, induced rodent models and lesions.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 35 (7), 984-999 (2007).</li><li>Hellier, J. L., Dudek, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemoconvulsant+model+of+chronic+spontaneous+seizures.">Chemoconvulsant model of chronic spontaneous seizures.</a> Curr Protoc Neurosci. 9, 19 (2005).</li><li>Pitkanen, A., Lukasiuk, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+and+cellular+basis+of+epileptogenesis+in+symptomatic+epilepsy.">Molecular and cellular basis of epileptogenesis in symptomatic epilepsy.</a> Epilepsy Behav. 14, 16-25 (2009).</li><li>Mathern, G. W., Adelson, P. D., Cahan, L. D., Leite, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+neuron+damage+in+human+epilepsy:+Meyer's+hypothesis+revisited.">Hippocampal neuron damage in human epilepsy: Meyer's hypothesis revisited.</a> Prog Brain Res. 135, 237-251 (2002).</li><li>Turski, W. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limbic+seizures+produced+by+pilocarpine+in+rats:+behavioural,+electroencephalographic+and+neuropathological+study.">Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: behavioural, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study.</a> Behav Brain Res. 9 (3), 315-335 (1983).</li><li>Brulet, R., Zhu, J., Aktar, M., Hsieh, J., Cho, K. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mice+with+conditional+NeuroD1+knockout+display+reduced+aberrant+hippocampal+neurogenesis+but+no+change+in+epileptic+seizures.">Mice with conditional NeuroD1 knockout display reduced aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis but no change in epileptic seizures.</a> Exp Neurol. 293, 190-198 (2017).</li><li>Cho, K. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrant+hippocampal+neurogenesis+contributes+to+epilepsy+and+associated+cognitive+decline.">Aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to epilepsy and associated cognitive decline.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 6606 (2015).</li><li>Cavalheiro, E. A., Santos, N. F., Priel, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pilocarpine+model+of+epilepsy+in+mice.">The pilocarpine model of epilepsy in mice.</a> Epilepsia. 37 (10), 1015-1019 (1996).</li><li>Racine, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+of+seizure+activity+by+electrical+stimulation.+II.+Motor+seizure.">Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. II. Motor seizure.</a> Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 32 (3), 281-294 (1972).</li><li>Hester, M. S., Danzer, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+abnormal+adult-generated+hippocampal+granule+cells+predicts+seizure+frequency+and+severity.">Accumulation of abnormal adult-generated hippocampal granule cells predicts seizure frequency and severity.</a> J Neurosci. 33 (21), 8926-8936 (2013).</li><li>Shibley, H., Smith, B. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pilocarpine-induced+status+epilepticus+results+in+mossy+fiber+sprouting+and+spontaneous+seizures+in+C57BL/6+and+CD-1+mice.">Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus results in mossy fiber sprouting and spontaneous seizures in C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice.</a> Epilepsy Research. 49 (2), 109-120 (2002).</li><li>Borges, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+and+glial+pathological+changes+during+epileptogenesis+in+the+mouse+pilocarpine+model.">Neuronal and glial pathological changes during epileptogenesis in the mouse pilocarpine model.</a> Exp Neurol. 182 (1), 21-34 (2003).</li><li>Pavlova, M. K., Shea, S. A., Bromfield, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Day/night+patterns+of+focal+seizures.">Day/night patterns of focal seizures.</a> Epilepsy Behav. 5 (1), 44-49 (2004).</li></ol>

Dette verket beskriver eksperimentelle prosedyrer SE innledningen og evaluering av kronisk beslag.
Flere faktorer kan påvirke vellykket SE induksjon. Nøyaktig atferdsmessige overvåking ifølge Racine skalaen er avgjørende for utviklingen av SRS. Hodet nikker, forlemen clonus, oppdrett, og faller er atferdsdata kjennemerkene til akutt beslag utvikler seg til SE fase4,16. Når første motor beslaget oppdages, lengden på intervallet ...

TLE er en av de vanligste ervervede epilepsies1. Personer med epilepsi oppleve tilbakevendende beslag som følge av unormal neuronal aktiviteter i hjernen2,3. Gitt at TLE er ofte vanskelige, er det avgjørende å forstå grunnleggende mekanismene bak utviklingen av epilepsi.
Dyr modeller som kan recapitulate de viktigste kjennetegnene ved menneskelige TLE kan tilby bedre forståelse av TLE patofysiologi, slik at vi kan lett overvåke og manipulere kritiske faktorer i epileptogenesis. Blant dem er chemoconvulsants-indusert SE brukte4,5. I motsetning til andre epilepsi modeller, som elektrisk stimulering som viser ingen hippocampus sklerose og robust SRS6,7,8, kan systemisk injeksjon av chemoconvulsants etterligne klinisk patogenesen av menneskelig TLE, dvs., første hjerneskade, en latent periode og en kronisk epileptisk scenen manifestere SRS5,9,10. Derfor, denne teknikken kan benyttes i ulike studier forklare mekanismene akutt hjerneskade, epileptogenesis eller anfall undertrykkelse. Videre er histopathological forandringer indusert av chemoconvulsants like de sett i menneskelig TLE, gir en ekstra begrunnelse for bruk av TLE gnager modeller10,11,12. Spesielt, har strukturelle skader som involverer hippocampus konsekvent gjenskapt i begge kainic syre - og pilokarpin-indusert SE modeller. Men kan sammenlignet med kainic syre injeksjon, pilokarpin modellen produsere mer robust SRS i mus, som kan gi betydelig fordeler for å studere kronisk epilepsi når bredt tilgjengeligheten av transgene musen linjer5, 13 , 14 , 15. videre anfall progresjon etter pilokarpin injeksjon er generelt raskere enn i kainic syre modellen, gir ytterligere bevis for effektiv bruk av en pilokarpin modell av epilepsi.
Her viser vi en metode for å indusere SE IP injeksjon av pilokarpin og video og EEG overvåking kronisk epilepsi.

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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:189px;">C57BL/6</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Envigo</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">C57BL/6NHsd</td>
			<td style="width:232px;"></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Scopolamine methyl nitrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S2250</td>
			<td>Make 10X stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Terbutaline hemisulfate salt</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T2528</td>
			<td>Make 10X stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Pilocarpine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Intensive care unit</td>
			<td>Daejong instrument industry Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>28~30&#8451;&#160;</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Ketamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Yuhan corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Xylazine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Bayer Korea</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Diazepam</td>
			<td>SAMJIN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Castor oil (Kolliphor EL)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5135</td>
			<td>Polyoxyl 35 hydrogenated castor oil</td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Saline</td>
			<td>Daihan pharm. Co.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">5% Dextrose</td>
			<td>Daihan pharm. Co.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Iodine solution (Povidin)</td>
			<td>Firson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">vet ointment (Terramycin)</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Blue Nylon</td>
			<td>AILEE</td>
			<td>NB617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Mupirocin (Bearoban)</td>
			<td>Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Ketoprofen</td>
			<td>Samchundang Pharm. Co., Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5 mg/kg</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Huons, Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5 mg/kg</td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">1 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Sung shim medial Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">26 guage needle</td>
			<td>Sung shim medial Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>26 G * 13 mm (1/2&#34;)</td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">30 guage needle</td>
			<td>Sung shim medial Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>30 G * 13 mm (1/2&#34;)</td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Razor blade</td>
			<td>Dorco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Drill</td>
			<td>Saeshin precision Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>207A, 35K (speed)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Telemetry video/EEG system</td>
			<td>Data sciences International. Inc.</td>
			<td>Version 5.20-SP6</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Implantable transmitter</td>
			<td>Data sciences International. Inc.</td>
			<td>ETA-F10</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Screw</td>
			<td>Sungho Steel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>M1.4, 2 mm length stainless steel</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Vertex dental material&#160;</td>
			<td>Dentimex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Acetone</td>
			<td>Duksan pure chemicals Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CAS 67-64-1</td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>millipore</td>
			<td>1.04005.1000</td>
			<td>4 %&#160;</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S9378</td>
			<td>30 % solution in 0.01 M PBS</td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Cresyl violet acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5042</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore Co.</td>
			<td>UN1170</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">xylene</td>
			<td>Duksan pure chemicals Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>UN1307</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Acetic acid glacial</td>
			<td>Junsei chemical</td>
			<td>31010-0350</td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">FSC33 Clear&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OCT compound for tissue freezing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">DPX Mounting for histology</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>6522</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine science tools</td>
			<td>11002-12</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Scissors</td>
			<td>Solco biomedical</td>
			<td>02-2445</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;">Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>David Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>E51070012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy and eeg monitoring using radiotelemetry system in mice

Tinninglappen epilepsi (TLE) er en vanlig nevrologisk lidelse i voksen alder. For translational studier av kronisk epilepsi, er pilokarpin-indusert status epilepticus (SE) ofte valgt å recapitulate spontan tilbakevendende beslag (SRS). Her presenterer vi protokollen SE induksjon av intraperitoneal (IP) injeksjon av pilokarpin og overvåking av kronisk regelmessige beslag i levende dyr med en trådløs telemetri video og EEG (EEG) system. Vi vist bemerkelsesverdig atferdsendringer som trenger oppmerksomhet etter pilokarpin injeksjon og deres sammenheng med hippocampus neuronal tap på 7 dager og 6 uker etter pilokarpin. Vi beskriver også eksperimentelle prosedyrene for elektrode implantasjon og EEG opptak og analyse av hyppigheten og varigheten av kronisk tilbakevendende beslag. Til slutt, vi diskuterer mulige årsaker hvorfor de forventede resultatene ikke er oppnådd i hvert tilfelle. Dette gir en grunnleggende oversikt over modellering kronisk epilepsi i mus og retningslinjer for feilsøking. Vi tror denne protokollen kan tjene som en opprinnelig plan for egnet modeller av kronisk epilepsi og epileptogenesis.

Vellykket SE kan indusere hippocampus celledød og SRS (figur 1 og figur 2). Vi avsluttet atferdsmessige akutt beslag av diazepam injeksjon på 3t etter SE utbruddet og ofret musene 7 dager eller 6 uker senere.
EEG video-overvåking, musene mottatt implantat kirurgi på 4 uker etter SE og SRS tilfeller ble vurdert i 2 uker fra 5-7 uker etter SE utbruddet.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Using Radiotelemetry System in Mice at JoVE.com

The Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Using Radiotelemetry System in Mice

Dette manuskriptet beskriver en metode for å indusere status epilepticus ved systemisk pilokarpin injeksjon og overvåking spontan tilbakevendende beslag i levende dyr med en trådløs telemetri video og EEG system. Denne protokollen kan benyttes for å studere pathophysiologic mekanismer av kronisk epilepsi, epileptogenesis og akutt beslag.

Pilocarpine modell av tinninglappen epilepsi og EEG overvåking ved hjelp av Radiotelemetry systemet i mus

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status ...

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The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a ...

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Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are ...

Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Network Analyse av Standard Mode Network Bruke Funksjonell Connectivity MR i tinninglappen epilepsi

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Overvåking av systemisk og lever Hemodynamiske parametre i Mus

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. ...

Brain Source Imaging in Preclinical Rat Models of Focal Epilepsy using High-Resolution EEG Recordings

Brain Source Imaging in Preklinisk Rat modeller av Focal Epilepsi bruker høy oppløsning EEG Recordings

Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been traditionally used to determine which brain regions are the most likely candidates for resection in patients with ...

Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients

Network Analyse av foramen ovale elektrode Recordings i resistent tinninglappen epilepsipasienter

Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients are refractory to antiepileptic drugs. In these cases, surgery is the only alternative to eliminate/control ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

Isometrisk Contractility måling av musen hvem arterien bruker Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Induction and Characterization of Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice using the Hypoxia/SU5416 Model

Induksjon og karakterisering av pulmonal hypertensjon hos mus ved bruk av hypoksi/SU5416-modellen

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a pathophysiological condition, defined by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure exceeding 25 mm Hg at rest, as assessed by ...

Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm

Vurdering av statisk graviceptiv persepsjon i roll-plane ved hjelp av subjektivt visuelt vertikalt paradigme

Vestibular disorders are among the most common syndromes in medicine. In recent years, new vestibular diagnostic systems have been introduced that allow ...