Name: ocular kinematics measured by in vitro stimulation of the cranial nerves in the turtle
Uploaded: 2018-06-02T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle at JoVE.com

著者は、夫人ポーレット ・ マッケナと秘書のサポート、この研究ではリサ Pezzino 氏フィル アウエルバッハをテクニカル サポートありがちましょう。著者も培養で分離されたヘッド準備にご紹介夫妻マイケル アリエルとマイケル ・ s ・ ジョーンズ (セントルイス大学医学部) に感謝します。この共同作業のサポートのための資金は、ラファイエット大学で神経科学プログラム、学術研究委員会生物学科 (ロバート ・ s. チェイス基金) によって提供されました。最後に、この作品は 2016 年 9 月 28 日に亡くなった氏フィル アウエルバッハに捧げられて彼は走査型電子顕微鏡を使用停止し、このプロトコルで使用するため、5 軸ステージの有用性を認識しました。彼の友情と機知を大幅に惜しまれるでしょう。

注: ミシシッピアカミミガメ カメ、両方の男性と女性は、ベンダーから購入しました。カメは、250 W の赤外線ライトの下で日光浴のためレンガ諸島装備 2 つの 60 ガロン浴槽を含む暖かい動物スイートで収容されました。環境は 22 ° C で水の温度を 14/10-h 明暗サイクルで維持されていましたライトは、6:00 時にオンにされ、オフに 20:00。毎週、きれいになったフィルタ リング システム搭載タ?...

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重要なステップ:
このプロトコルの中で重要な手順次のとおりです: 1) 解剖および切断の神経の生存を維持するために取られる心配2) 一貫した応答を提供するために脳神経に吸引電極によるサイズのマッチング・ 3) の目の回転の適切な校正を提供するジンバル ヘッドの配置。
トラブルシューティング。
解剖は、挑戦することができ?...

電気生理学的実験ではミシシッピアカミミガメ カメを使用するための理論的根拠:
ミシシッピアカミミガメ カメ (Trachemys scripta elegans) の世界の最悪の侵略的な種の1つと考えられ、生態系が困っていることを示すことができます。ミシシッピアカミミガメ カメが成功した理由はよくわかっていないが、その耐性の生理と低酸素の条件2,3,4 の下で生き残ることができる神経組織の所有物のための一部ことがあります。.実験は自分の番号を脅かすことはない、最小限の努力、電気生理学的製剤残ることができる実行可能な拡張の期間、18 時間5,6限り上を使用します。メリットは、これも酸素8の低レベルに耐える能力を持っているザリガニ7など無脊椎動物の動物を使用する利点に似ています。
眼球運動の測定方法:
ヒト以外の霊長類を用いた前頭葉目動物の眼球運動を測定する方法は、よく発達した9をされています。3 軸軌道回転目: 水平方向、垂直方向、およびねじり。磁気サーチコイル法は一般的に測定の回転の最も信頼性の高いと見なされますが、動物10,11scleras に挿入される小さなコイルを必要とする侵襲的です。ビデオ ベースのシステムは、回転を測定し、非侵襲的であることの利点を持っていることができます。革新的な画像処理と一緒により良いカメラの開発、拡張、機能12,13,14を考慮する魅力的な代替ビデオ ベースのシステムを作るします。
Nonmammals 中の眼球運動を測定するための技術は大いにより少なく重要なされています。対策は、いずれか低解像度または回転15,16,17,18の一部のみを記述します。開発の欠如は、部分的に視標に従う訓練 nonmammals の難しさのせいにできます。眼球運動はミシシッピアカミミガメ カメ19,20,21,22,23,24,25 でよく研究されているが、26,27,28,29,30、ターゲットを追跡する訓練動物の挑戦のための眼球運動の正確な運動が不十分で理解しました。
ミシシッピアカミミガメのカメでは、脊椎動物の外側眼が考えられているが、甲による横方向の視野の重要な咬合が32を発生します彼らのシェル31に頭完全に撤回することができます、ため。結果は視覚的視界正面目の哺乳類のように動作し、正面に向かってならないこと。したがって、眼球運動を測定するためのアプローチを開発するためのモデルとして使用する際は、独自の進化論的視点を提供しています。
この作品で説明されているプロトコルは、ミシシッピアカミミガメ カメにおける眼球運動の運動学を識別するために培養で分離されたヘッド準備を使用します。脳は脳神経をそのまま頭蓋骨から解剖しました。頭は、目の筋肉を支配する脳神経の電気刺激による眼球運動を調整し、応答を換起するジンバルに配置されます。目の回転の措置は、暗い瞳孔と虹彩のマーキングを追跡、ソフトウェア アルゴリズムを使ってビデオ ベースのシステムによって行われます。(すなわち、水平方向、垂直方向、およびねじり回転) 両方の眼の運動を測定する機会を提供する、32と眼内 (すなわち瞳孔の変化)33動き。
遠心性神経経路の解析のモデル システム:
一般的に、どのように遠心性の神経信号を勉強する機会眼球運動を生成は、筋肉がリラックスした状態から開始脳32、によって処理される統合された感覚情報のない状態で捜査官を提供するアプローチ 33。したがって、のみ残して脳と筋肉に synapsing 遠心性の神経線維によって処理される、モデル系で目の運動を調べることができます。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Red-eared slider turtles</td>
			<td>Kons Scientific</td>
			<td>Trachemys scripta elegans</td>
			<td>Large size (carapace length 15-20 cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>S5886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>P5405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium choride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>M7304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>C5767</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Concentrated hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>H7020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>C7902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH meter</td>
			<td>Oakton</td>
			<td>pH 6+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction stimulation electrode</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>573000</td>
			<td>Bipolar suction electrode. Note that 573000 has been replaced with 573050.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary glass</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td>626000</td>
			<td>Single-barrel borosilicate capillary glass without microfilament, length 10 cm, outside diameter 1.0 mm, inner diameter 0.50 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternative suction stimulation electrode</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>573050</td>
			<td>Bipolar suction electrode. Requires larger diameter capillary glass: 627000, outside diameter 1.2 mm, inner diameter 0.68 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereoscope</td>
			<td>Lieca</td>
			<td>GZ7</td>
			<td>Magnification range, 10x &#8211; 70x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber optic light source</td>
			<td>Amscope</td>
			<td>HL250-A</td>
			<td>150W Fiber optical microscope illuminator light box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rongeurs</td>
			<td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td>
			<td>625654</td>
			<td>stainless steel, straight spring, 5.25&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt dissection probe</td>
			<td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td>
			<td>627405</td>
			<td>Huber mall probe, double-ended probe and seeker, 6&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscissors</td>
			<td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td>
			<td>623555</td>
			<td>Iris microdissecting scissors, stainless steel, 0.5&#34; blades, 4.75&#34; long</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>F6521</td>
			<td>Jewelers forceps, dumont No. 5, inox alloy, 4.25&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved forceps</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>Z168696</td>
			<td>Medium tip, curved forceps, stainless steel, 4&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel handle</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>S2896</td>
			<td>Scalpel handles, No. 3, stainless steel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>S2771</td>
			<td>Scalpel blades, No. 11, steel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guillotine</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>73-1918</td>
			<td>Kleine guillotine type 7575</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spatula</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Z648299</td>
			<td>Micro spoon and spatula weighing set. Use small spatula: 5.9&#8221; long x 0.07&#8221; diameter handle with square end: 0.17&#8221; x 1.3&#8221; long, other end round: 0.17&#8221; x 1.27&#8221; long</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hook</td>
			<td>Autozone</td>
			<td>98069</td>
			<td>SureBilt hook and pick set. Use grinder to dull sharp points of hook to prevent injury to animals mouth.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95/5% O2/CO2</td>
			<td>Airgas, Inc.</td>
			<td>X02OX95C2003102</td>
			<td>5% Carbon dioxide balance oxygen certified standard gas mixture, size 200 Cylinder, CGA-296</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Regulator</td>
			<td>Airgas, Inc.</td>
			<td>Y11244D296-AG</td>
			<td>Single stage brass 0-100 psi analytical cylinder regulator CGA-296 with needle outlet. Use brass adjustable airline pipe valve to go from 3/8&#34;, inner diameter, vinyl airline tubing connected to regulator to a 3/16&#34;, inner diameter, airline connection going to airstone or glass pasteur pipette.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjustable airline pipe valve</td>
			<td>Doctors Foster and Smith</td>
			<td>CD-12061</td>
			<td>Brass valve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rigid table</td>
			<td>Unknown</td>
			<td>Unknown</td>
			<td>Auto-clave door laid on top of a sturdy table. Nine 5&#34; diameter tennis balls isolate vibrations from the top surface of the table.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#34; tennis ball</td>
			<td>Petco Animal Supplies, Inc.</td>
			<td>712868</td>
			<td>Petco Jumbo Pet Tennis Ball: balls are unsliced and held within an integrated frame on the underside part of the autoclave door.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternative vibration isolation table</td>
			<td>Newport Corporation</td>
			<td>INT1-36-6-N</td>
			<td>Rigid vibration control system, integrity 1: Surface dimensions, 3&#39; x 6&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gimbal</td>
			<td>ISI, International Scientific Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td>Stage from SUPER III-A Scanning EM</td>
			<td>5-axis eucentric stage: X, Y, and Z linear movements, &#177;20 mm, 0.1 mm precision; Rotations, vertical, &#177;10&#176;, and horizontal, &#177;12.5&#176;, with 1.25&#176; precision. Note: from decommission instrument.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuck for gimbal</td>
			<td>Unknown</td>
			<td>Unknown</td>
			<td>Chuck from an old microtome of unknown manufacture was machined to fit the shaft of the specimen holder of the Scanning EM stage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternative gimbal</td>
			<td>ThorLabs, Inc.</td>
			<td>GN2/M with MBT602/M</td>
			<td>Dual-axis goniometer (GN2/M) mounted on 3-axis microblock stage with thumbscrew adjusters (MBT602/M): design a chuck to hold turtle head with eye at 12.7 mm above top surface of goniometer (distance to point of rotation)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video-based eye tracking system</td>
			<td>Arrington Research, Inc.</td>
			<td>ViewPoint EyeTracker, PC-60</td>
			<td>Tracking method: Infrared video by dark pupil; Black and white camera (Item BC02): 30 Hz, 640 x 480; System requirements: Windows 2000, XP, 7, 8, 8.1, 10; Visual range: Horizontal +/- 44&#176;; vertical +/- 20&#176;; Accuracy ~0.5&#176;; Spatial resolution ~0.15&#176;; Pupil size resolution ~0.03 mm; Eye data: X, Y position of gaze, pupil height and width, torsion, delta time, total time, and regions of interest (ROI); Real-time communication (Item 0022): 4-Channel AnalogOut with eight TTL input channels to mark codes into the data file</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-position magnetic base</td>
			<td>Harbor Freight Tools</td>
			<td>Pittsburg, item #5645</td>
			<td>Magnetic holder reaches up to 12&#34; and produces 45 lbs. of magnetic pull. Use to position camera. Machine thread holes onto the end of the rod to mount cameras.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>900</td>
			<td>5 axis manipulation for mount of suction electrode: X, Y, Z linear travel, 2 axis of rotation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection scope on boom</td>
			<td>Lieca</td>
			<td>GZ6</td>
			<td>Magnification range, 6.7x &#8211; 40x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nerve/muscle stimulator</td>
			<td>Astro-Med Grass Telefactor</td>
			<td>Grass S88</td>
			<td>Dual pulse voltage stimulator: two output channels that can be operated independently or synchronized to generate non-isolated constant voltage pulses (10 mv to 150 V). Pulses can be single (10 &#956;sec to 10 sec), repetitive (0.01 Hz to 1 KHz), and trains (1 ms to 10 s) and synchronized with TTL inputs and output. Send TTL outputs via the output channels of a DB25 connector to the TTL input channels of the ViewPoint EyeTracker. Note: Astro-Med Grass Telefactor is no longer in business.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Current isolation device</td>
			<td>Astro-Med Grass Telefactor</td>
			<td>PSIU6</td>
			<td>Current stimulus isolation unit: enables safe delivery of constant currents by the S88 to the preparation. The PSIU6 connects by a BNC cable to one of the output channels of the S88. Multiplier switches on the PSIU6 allow the S88 to generate a wide array of current amplitudes ranging from 0.1 &#181;A to 15 mA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternative nerve/muscle stimulator with isolation</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>2100</td>
			<td>Isolated Pulse Stimulator: Unit has built-in isolator to produce constant currents.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ocular kinematics measured by in vitro stimulation of the cranial nerves in the turtle

動物を安楽死させた後死ぬこと彼らの組織を始めます。温血脊椎動物と比べると、カメは彼らの組織の長期生存時間のため利点を提供しています。このため、彼らのターゲットの行動の神経信号を調査する時間の延長期間のカメでの in vitro実験を実行できます。分離ヘッド準備を使用して、カメ、眼球運動の運動を測定したし、脳神経によって運ばれる電気信号によって彼らの変調。脳が頭蓋骨から削除されたり、脳神経のインスタンスはそのままにして、この切り裂かれた頭は眼球運動を調整するジンバルに置かれました。ガラス電極は、脳神経に接続されていた (眼球運動, 滑車神経, と外転)、眼球運動を喚起する電流で刺激。赤外線ビデオ システムと目の定量化された回転を追跡眼球運動を監視しました。電流パルス振幅、周波数の範囲と、電車の時間が応答に及ぼす影響を観察するために使用されました。準備は脳から切り離されているため筋ターゲットに遠心性経路を一元的に処理された感覚情報の欠如の神経シグナリングを調査する単独で調べることができます。

図 1は、解剖を説明するビデオから撮影した画像の静止画を示しています。画像は、前に切断し、脳からの神経の代表的な場所を提供します。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56864/56864fig1.jpg"> 図 1: 解剖のビデオからキャプチャしたイメージの (nII) 視神経、動眼神経 (nIII)、滑車神?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle at JoVE.com

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

このプロトコルでは、目の動きの運動を測定するため体外に分離されたカメ頭の準備を使用する方法について説明します。頭蓋から脳を除去した後回転目と瞳孔径の変化を定量化する電流脳神経を刺激することができます。

カメの中で脳神経のIn Vitro刺激を用いて眼球運動

After animals are euthanized, their tissues begin to die. Turtles offer an advantage because of a longer survival time of their tissues, especially when ...

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Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

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