Name: ocular kinematics measured by in vitro stimulation of the cranial nerves in the turtle
Uploaded: 2018-06-02T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle at JoVE.com

Os autores Obrigado Sra. Paulette McKenna e Lisa Pezzino neste estudo para apoio de secretariado e Mr. Phil Auerbach para suporte técnico. Os autores também agradecer os Drs Michael Ariel e Michael S. Jones (Saint Louis University School of Medicine) por nos apresentar a preparação cabeça em vitro isolado. Financiamento apoio desta colaboração foi fornecido pelo departamento de biologia (Robert S. Chase Fund), o Comité de investigação académica e programa de neurociência da faculdade de Lafayette. Por último, este trabalho é dedicado ao Sr. Phil Auerbach, que faleceu a 28 de setembro de 2016; Ele descomissionado um microscópio eletrônico de varredura e reconhecida a utilidade de seu estágio de 5 eixos para uso no presente protocolo. Fará falta muito sua amizade e desenvoltura.

Nota: As tartarugas-de-orelha-vermelha deslizante, tanto masculinas como femininas, foram compradas de um fornecedor. As tartarugas foram alojadas em uma suíte de animal quente contendo duas cubas de 60 galões equipadas com ilhas de tijolo para bronzear-se sob luzes infra-vermelhas 250-W. O ambiente manteve-se em um ciclo claro/escuro de 14/10-h com a temperatura da água a 22 ° C. As luzes foram ligadas às 06:00 e desligadas às 20:00. Os tanques equipados com sistemas de filtragem foram limpos semanalmente, e tarta...

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Passos críticos:
Os passos críticos neste protocolo são os seguintes: 1) a dissecção e o cuidado de manter a viabilidade dos nervos necrosante; 2) a correspondência de tamanhos pelos eletrodos de sucção para os nervos cranianos para fornecer respostas consistentes; e 3) o posicionamento da cabeça no cardan para fornecer a calibração adequada das rotações do olho.
Solução de problemas:
A dissecação pode ser desafiador, mas depoi...

Justificativa para o uso de tartarugas-de-orelha-vermelha Slider em experimentos eletrofisiológicos:
Red-eared slider tartarugas (Trachemys scripta elegans), são considerados um dos piores espécies invasoras1 do mundo e pode indicar que um ecossistema está em apuros. A razão por que as tartarugas-de-orelha-vermelha deslizante são tão bem sucedidas é mal compreendida, mas pode ser em parte devido a sua fisiologia tolerante e posse dos tecidos nervosos que podem sobreviver sob condições de hipóxia,2,3,4 . Usá-los para experimentação não ameaçam seus números e com esforço mínimo, preparações eletrofisiológicas podem permanecer viáveis sobre durações estendidas, contanto que 18 horas5,6. O benefício é semelhante a vantagem de usar animais invertebrados como lagostas7, que também têm a capacidade de suportar níveis baixos de oxigênio8.
Técnicas para medir os movimentos oculares:
Abordagens para medir os movimentos oculares em animais frontal olhos usando primatas não-humanos têm sido bem desenvolvido9. O olho gira na órbita em torno de três eixos: horizontal, vertical e torção. O método de bobina de pesquisa magnética é geralmente considerado o mais confiável para a medição de rotações, mas é invasivo, exigindo pequenas bobinas para ser inserido nos scleras de animais10,11. Sistemas baseados em vídeo também podem medir rotações e tem a vantagem de ser não-invasivo. O desenvolvimento de melhores câmeras junto com processamento de imagem inovadoras melhoraram sua funcionalidade fazendo sistemas baseados em vídeo uma alternativa atraente para considerar12,13,14.
As técnicas desenvolvidas para medir os movimentos oculares em nonmammals foram muito menos significativas. Medidas são também baixa resolução ou descrevem apenas algumas das rotações15,16,17,18. A falta de desenvolvimento pode ser parcialmente culpada sobre a dificuldade de nonmammals de treinamento a seguir alvos visuais. Embora os movimentos oculares têm sido bem estudados em slider vermelho-eared tartarugas19,20,21,22,23,24,25 ,26,27,28,29,30, por causa do desafio em animais do treinamento para rastrear alvos, a precisa cinemática dos seus movimentos de olho é mal Entendido.
Tartarugas-de-orelha-vermelha deslizante são geralmente consideradas vertebrados lateral de olhos, mas porque eles totalmente podem retrair suas cabeças em sua concha31, oclusão significativa dos campos visual laterais por carapaça ocorre32. O resultado é que sua linha de visada visual é forçada em direção à frente, tornando-os se comportar mais como mamíferos olhos frontais. Portanto, seu uso como um modelo para o desenvolvimento de abordagens para medir os movimentos oculares também oferece uma perspectiva evolutiva única.
O protocolo descrito neste trabalho utiliza uma preparação cabeça em vitro isolado para identificar a cinemática do movimento de olho em tartarugas-de-orelha-vermelha deslizante. Cérebros são dissecados de crânios deixando os nervos cranianos intacta. Cabeças são colocadas em um giroscópio para calibrar os movimentos oculares e evocar respostas pela estimulação elétrica dos nervos cranianos que inervam os músculos oculares. Medidas de rotações pelos olhos são feitas por um sistema baseado em vídeo, usando algoritmos de software, que acompanhar a pupila escura e as marcas da íris. A preparação fornece a oportunidade de medir cinemática de ambos extra-oculares (i.e., horizontal, vertical e torcional rotações)32 e intra-ocular (ou seja, alterações de aluno)33 movimentos.
Modelo de sistema para análise de caminhos neurais eferentes:
Em geral, a abordagem fornece os investigadores a oportunidade de estudar os sinais neurais eferentes como gerar movimentos oculares quando os músculos começam de seus Estados descontraídos e na ausência de informações sensoriais integradas processadas pelo cérebro32, 33. Portanto, a cinemática do olho pode ser examinada em um sistema modelo no qual são tratados exclusivamente por via neural eferente, deixando o cérebro e synapsing para os músculos.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Red-eared slider turtles</td>
			<td>Kons Scientific</td>
			<td>Trachemys scripta elegans</td>
			<td>Large size (carapace length 15-20 cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>S5886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>P5405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium choride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>M7304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>C5767</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Concentrated hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>H7020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>C7902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH meter</td>
			<td>Oakton</td>
			<td>pH 6+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction stimulation electrode</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>573000</td>
			<td>Bipolar suction electrode. Note that 573000 has been replaced with 573050.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary glass</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td>626000</td>
			<td>Single-barrel borosilicate capillary glass without microfilament, length 10 cm, outside diameter 1.0 mm, inner diameter 0.50 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternative suction stimulation electrode</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>573050</td>
			<td>Bipolar suction electrode. Requires larger diameter capillary glass: 627000, outside diameter 1.2 mm, inner diameter 0.68 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereoscope</td>
			<td>Lieca</td>
			<td>GZ7</td>
			<td>Magnification range, 10x &#8211; 70x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber optic light source</td>
			<td>Amscope</td>
			<td>HL250-A</td>
			<td>150W Fiber optical microscope illuminator light box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rongeurs</td>
			<td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td>
			<td>625654</td>
			<td>stainless steel, straight spring, 5.25&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt dissection probe</td>
			<td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td>
			<td>627405</td>
			<td>Huber mall probe, double-ended probe and seeker, 6&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscissors</td>
			<td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td>
			<td>623555</td>
			<td>Iris microdissecting scissors, stainless steel, 0.5&#34; blades, 4.75&#34; long</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>F6521</td>
			<td>Jewelers forceps, dumont No. 5, inox alloy, 4.25&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved forceps</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>Z168696</td>
			<td>Medium tip, curved forceps, stainless steel, 4&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel handle</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>S2896</td>
			<td>Scalpel handles, No. 3, stainless steel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td>S2771</td>
			<td>Scalpel blades, No. 11, steel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guillotine</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>73-1918</td>
			<td>Kleine guillotine type 7575</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spatula</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Z648299</td>
			<td>Micro spoon and spatula weighing set. Use small spatula: 5.9&#8221; long x 0.07&#8221; diameter handle with square end: 0.17&#8221; x 1.3&#8221; long, other end round: 0.17&#8221; x 1.27&#8221; long</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hook</td>
			<td>Autozone</td>
			<td>98069</td>
			<td>SureBilt hook and pick set. Use grinder to dull sharp points of hook to prevent injury to animals mouth.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95/5% O2/CO2</td>
			<td>Airgas, Inc.</td>
			<td>X02OX95C2003102</td>
			<td>5% Carbon dioxide balance oxygen certified standard gas mixture, size 200 Cylinder, CGA-296</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Regulator</td>
			<td>Airgas, Inc.</td>
			<td>Y11244D296-AG</td>
			<td>Single stage brass 0-100 psi analytical cylinder regulator CGA-296 with needle outlet. Use brass adjustable airline pipe valve to go from 3/8&#34;, inner diameter, vinyl airline tubing connected to regulator to a 3/16&#34;, inner diameter, airline connection going to airstone or glass pasteur pipette.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjustable airline pipe valve</td>
			<td>Doctors Foster and Smith</td>
			<td>CD-12061</td>
			<td>Brass valve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rigid table</td>
			<td>Unknown</td>
			<td>Unknown</td>
			<td>Auto-clave door laid on top of a sturdy table. Nine 5&#34; diameter tennis balls isolate vibrations from the top surface of the table.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#34; tennis ball</td>
			<td>Petco Animal Supplies, Inc.</td>
			<td>712868</td>
			<td>Petco Jumbo Pet Tennis Ball: balls are unsliced and held within an integrated frame on the underside part of the autoclave door.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternative vibration isolation table</td>
			<td>Newport Corporation</td>
			<td>INT1-36-6-N</td>
			<td>Rigid vibration control system, integrity 1: Surface dimensions, 3&#39; x 6&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gimbal</td>
			<td>ISI, International Scientific Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td>Stage from SUPER III-A Scanning EM</td>
			<td>5-axis eucentric stage: X, Y, and Z linear movements, &#177;20 mm, 0.1 mm precision; Rotations, vertical, &#177;10&#176;, and horizontal, &#177;12.5&#176;, with 1.25&#176; precision. Note: from decommission instrument.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuck for gimbal</td>
			<td>Unknown</td>
			<td>Unknown</td>
			<td>Chuck from an old microtome of unknown manufacture was machined to fit the shaft of the specimen holder of the Scanning EM stage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternative gimbal</td>
			<td>ThorLabs, Inc.</td>
			<td>GN2/M with MBT602/M</td>
			<td>Dual-axis goniometer (GN2/M) mounted on 3-axis microblock stage with thumbscrew adjusters (MBT602/M): design a chuck to hold turtle head with eye at 12.7 mm above top surface of goniometer (distance to point of rotation)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video-based eye tracking system</td>
			<td>Arrington Research, Inc.</td>
			<td>ViewPoint EyeTracker, PC-60</td>
			<td>Tracking method: Infrared video by dark pupil; Black and white camera (Item BC02): 30 Hz, 640 x 480; System requirements: Windows 2000, XP, 7, 8, 8.1, 10; Visual range: Horizontal +/- 44&#176;; vertical +/- 20&#176;; Accuracy ~0.5&#176;; Spatial resolution ~0.15&#176;; Pupil size resolution ~0.03 mm; Eye data: X, Y position of gaze, pupil height and width, torsion, delta time, total time, and regions of interest (ROI); Real-time communication (Item 0022): 4-Channel AnalogOut with eight TTL input channels to mark codes into the data file</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-position magnetic base</td>
			<td>Harbor Freight Tools</td>
			<td>Pittsburg, item #5645</td>
			<td>Magnetic holder reaches up to 12&#34; and produces 45 lbs. of magnetic pull. Use to position camera. Machine thread holes onto the end of the rod to mount cameras.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>900</td>
			<td>5 axis manipulation for mount of suction electrode: X, Y, Z linear travel, 2 axis of rotation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection scope on boom</td>
			<td>Lieca</td>
			<td>GZ6</td>
			<td>Magnification range, 6.7x &#8211; 40x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nerve/muscle stimulator</td>
			<td>Astro-Med Grass Telefactor</td>
			<td>Grass S88</td>
			<td>Dual pulse voltage stimulator: two output channels that can be operated independently or synchronized to generate non-isolated constant voltage pulses (10 mv to 150 V). Pulses can be single (10 &#956;sec to 10 sec), repetitive (0.01 Hz to 1 KHz), and trains (1 ms to 10 s) and synchronized with TTL inputs and output. Send TTL outputs via the output channels of a DB25 connector to the TTL input channels of the ViewPoint EyeTracker. Note: Astro-Med Grass Telefactor is no longer in business.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Current isolation device</td>
			<td>Astro-Med Grass Telefactor</td>
			<td>PSIU6</td>
			<td>Current stimulus isolation unit: enables safe delivery of constant currents by the S88 to the preparation. The PSIU6 connects by a BNC cable to one of the output channels of the S88. Multiplier switches on the PSIU6 allow the S88 to generate a wide array of current amplitudes ranging from 0.1 &#181;A to 15 mA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternative nerve/muscle stimulator with isolation</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>2100</td>
			<td>Isolated Pulse Stimulator: Unit has built-in isolator to produce constant currents.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ocular kinematics measured by in vitro stimulation of the cranial nerves in the turtle

Depois que os animais são sacrificados, os tecidos começam a morrer. Tartarugas oferecem uma vantagem por causa de um maior tempo de sobrevivência de seus tecidos, especialmente quando comparado com animais vertebrados de sangue quente. Por causa disso, experimentos em vitro em tartarugas podem ser executados por longos períodos de tempo para investigar os sinais neurais e controle de suas ações de alvo. Utilizando uma preparação de cabeça isolada, Nós medimos a cinemática dos movimentos oculares em tartarugas, e sua modulação por sinais elétricos transmitido por nervos cranianos. Depois que o cérebro foi removido do crânio, deixando os nervos cranianos intacto, a cabeça dissecada foi colocada em um giroscópio para calibrar os movimentos oculares. Eletrodos de vidro foram anexados aos nervos cranianos (oculomotor, troclear e abducente) e estimulados com correntes para evocar os movimentos oculares. Temos monitorado movimentos oculares com um vídeo infravermelho quantificadas rotações dos olhos e o sistema de rastreamento. Pulsos de corrente com uma gama de amplitudes, frequências, e durações de trem foram usadas para observar efeitos nas respostas. Porque a preparação é separada do cérebro, via eferente para alvos de músculo pode ser examinada isoladamente para investigar a sinalização neural na ausência de informação sensorial centralmente processada.

A Figura 1 mostra fotografias de imagens tiradas de um vídeo descrevendo a dissecação. Imagens fornecem lugares típicos dos nervos antes da corte do cérebro.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56864/56864fig1.jpg"> Figura 1: Stills de imagens capturadas do vídeo da dissecação para mostrar a localização do nervo óptico (nII), nervo oculomotor (nIII), nerv...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle at JoVE.com

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