Name: cell aggregation assays to evaluate the binding of the drosophila notch with trans-ligands and its inhibition by cis-ligands
Uploaded: 2018-01-02T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cell Aggregation Assays to Evaluate the Binding of the Drosophila Notch with Trans-Ligands and its Inhibition by Cis-Ligands at JoVE.com

作者承认来自 NIH/研究院 (R01GM084135 至 HJN) 和弘水谷基金会 Glycoscience (授予 #110071 HJN) 的支持, 并感谢汤姆五. 李的讨论和建议的化验, 斯比洛斯 Artavanis, Tsakonas, 雨果 Bellen,罗伯特弗莱明, 肯欧文并且果蝇基因组学资源中心 (DGRC) 为质粒和细胞线。

1. 为欺诈击倒的双绞 RNA (dsRNA) 的制备
<ol>
	<li>产品的 PCR 扩增
	<ol>
		<li>使用野生类型的黄白色(y w) 基因组 DNA 和pAc5.1-EGFP作为模板和下面的入门对来放大 dsRNA 合成中使用的 DNA 片段。使用以下 PCR 热剖面: 变性 (95 ° c, 三十年代), 退火 (58 ° c, 三十年代) 和延长 (72 ° c, 1 min)。 
		增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP) dsRNA 底漆 (5 "-3")- 正向引物-GAAATTAATACGACT...

<ol>
	<li>de Celis, J. F., Bray, S., Garcia-Bellido, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signalling+regulates+veinlet+expression+and+establishes+boundaries+between+veins+and+interveins+in+the+Drosophila+wing.">Notch signalling regulates veinlet expression and establishes boundaries between veins and interveins in the Drosophila wing.</a> Development. 124 (10), 1919-1928 (1997).</li><li>Fortini, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling:+the+core+pathway+and+its+posttranslational+regulation.">Notch signaling: the core pathway and its posttranslational regulation.</a> Dev Cell. 16 (5), 633-647 (2009).</li><li>del Alamo, D., Rouault, H., Schweisguth, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+and+significance+of+cis-inhibition+in+Notch+signalling.">Mechanism and significance of cis-inhibition in Notch signalling.</a> Curr Biol. 21 (1), R40-R47 (2011).</li><li>Sprinzak, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cis-interactions+between+Notch+and+Delta+generate+mutually+exclusive+signalling+states.">Cis-interactions between Notch and Delta generate mutually exclusive signalling states.</a> Nature. 465 (7294), 86-90 (2010).</li><li>Kopan, R., Ilagan, M. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+canonical+Notch+signaling+pathway:+unfolding+the+activation+mechanism.">The canonical Notch signaling pathway: unfolding the activation mechanism.</a> Cell. 137 (2), 216-233 (2009).</li><li>Huppert, S. S., Jacobsen, T. L., Muskavitch, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feedback+regulation+is+central+to+Delta-Notch+signalling+required+for+Drosophila+wing+vein+morphogenesis.">Feedback regulation is central to Delta-Notch signalling required for Drosophila wing vein morphogenesis.</a> Development. 124 (17), 3283-3291 (1997).</li><li>Lee, T. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+regulation+of+notch+signaling+by+xylose.">Negative regulation of notch signaling by xylose.</a> PLoS Genet. 9 (6), e1003547 (2013).</li><li>Lee, T. V., Pandey, A., Jafar-Nejad, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xylosylation+of+the+Notch+receptor+preserves+the+balance+between+its+activation+by+trans-Delta+and+inhibition+by+cis-ligands+in+Drosophila.">Xylosylation of the Notch receptor preserves the balance between its activation by trans-Delta and inhibition by cis-ligands in Drosophila.</a> PLoS Genet. 13 (4), e1006723 (2017).</li><li>Jacobsen, T. L., Brennan, K., Arias, A. M., Muskavitch, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cis-interactions+between+Delta+and+Notch+modulate+neurogenic+signalling+in+Drosophila.">Cis-interactions between Delta and Notch modulate neurogenic signalling in Drosophila.</a> Development. 125 (22), 4531-4540 (1998).</li><li>Schneider, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+lines+derived+from+late+embryonic+stages+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Cell lines derived from late embryonic stages of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Embryol Exp Morphol. 27 (2), 353-365 (1972).</li><li>Fehon, R. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+interactions+between+the+protein+products+of+the+neurogenic+loci+Notch+and+Delta,+two+EGF-homologous+genes+in+Drosophila.">Molecular interactions between the protein products of the neurogenic loci Notch and Delta, two EGF-homologous genes in Drosophila.</a> Cell. 61 (3), 523-534 (1990).</li><li>Fleming, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+extracellular+region+of+Serrate+is+essential+for+ligand-induced+cis-inhibition+of+Notch+signaling.">An extracellular region of Serrate is essential for ligand-induced cis-inhibition of Notch signaling.</a> Development. 140 (9), 2039-2049 (2013).</li><li>Saj, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+combined+ex+vivo+and+in+vivo+RNAi+screen+for+notch+regulators+in+Drosophila+reveals+an+extensive+notch+interaction+network.">A combined ex vivo and in vivo RNAi screen for notch regulators in Drosophila reveals an extensive notch interaction network.</a> Dev Cell. 18 (5), 862-876 (2010).</li><li>Fiuza, U. M., Klein, T., Martinez Arias, A., Hayward, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+ligand-mediated+inhibition+in+Notch+signaling+activity+in+Drosophila.">Mechanisms of ligand-mediated inhibition in Notch signaling activity in Drosophila.</a> Dev Dyn. 239 (3), 798-805 (2010).</li><li>Ahimou, F., Mok, L. P., Bardot, B., Wesley, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adhesion+force+of+Notch+with+Delta+and+the+rate+of+Notch+signaling.">The adhesion force of Notch with Delta and the rate of Notch signaling.</a> J Cell Biol. 167 (6), 1217-1229 (2004).</li><li>Livak, K. J., Schmittgen, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+relative+gene+expression+data+using+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+the+2(-Delta+Delta+C(T))+Method.">Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.</a> Methods. 25 (4), 402-408 (2001).</li><li>Okajima, T., Xu, A., Irvine, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+notch-ligand+binding+by+protein+O-fucosyltransferase+1+and+fringe.">Modulation of notch-ligand binding by protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 and fringe.</a> J Biol Chem. 278 (43), 42340-42345 (2003).</li><li>Acar, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rumi+is+a+CAP10+domain+glycosyltransferase+that+modifies+Notch+and+is+required+for+Notch+signaling.">Rumi is a CAP10 domain glycosyltransferase that modifies Notch and is required for Notch signaling.</a> Cell. 132 (2), 247-258 (2008).</li><li>Bruckner, K., Perez, L., Clausen, H., Cohen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycosyltransferase+activity+of+Fringe+modulates+Notch-Delta+interactions.">Glycosyltransferase activity of Fringe modulates Notch-Delta interactions.</a> Nature. 406 (6794), 411-415 (2000).</li><li>Yamamoto, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mutation+in+EGF+repeat-8+of+Notch+discriminates+between+Serrate/Jagged+and+Delta+family+ligands.">A mutation in EGF repeat-8 of Notch discriminates between Serrate/Jagged and Delta family ligands.</a> Science. 338 (6111), 1229-1232 (2012).</li></ol>

标准缺口信号依赖于缺口受体与它的配体5之间的相互作用。虽然大多数研究的缺口通路主要考虑到缺口和配体的结合在相邻的细胞 (跨), 缺口和相同细胞配基确实相互作用, 这些 so-called 的cis-相互作用可以发挥抑制作用的缺口信号3,4。因此, 要破译修饰符对标准缺口信号的影响的机制, 通常要检查两种类型的缺口配体相互?...

标准缺口信号是一个短程细胞的细胞通信机制, 需要物理接触相邻细胞, 以促进相互作用的缺口受体和他们的配体1。缺口受体与配体 (目前在信号接收细胞表面) 的相互作用 (目前在信号发送细胞的表面) 启动缺口信号, 称为反激活2。另一方面, 缺口与其配体在同一细胞中的相互作用导致切口通路的抑制, 被称为cis抑制3。跨-和cis-交互之间的平衡需要确保最佳配体依赖性缺口信号4。果蝇有一个缺口受体和两个配体 (三角洲和锯齿), 而不是哺乳动物, 其中有四缺口受体和五配体 [锯齿状 1 (JAG1), JAG2, 三角洲样 1 (DLL1), DLL3 和 DLL4]5。在这种简单的情况下,果蝇模型提供了易于解剖/研究通路修饰剂对缺口配体相互作用和随后的缺口信号的影响。在某些情况下在动物发展期间(包括翼发展在果蝇), 两个cis-和跨-相互作用参与获得适当的缺口信号和细胞命运16.在这些上下文中, 区分缺口路径修饰符对cis-与跨-缺口及其配体的相互作用的影响是很重要的。
我们的小组以前报告说, 添加一种叫做木糖的碳水化合物残渣到果蝇缺口在某些上下文中负调节缺口信号, 包括机翼开发7。损失的欺诈 (xylosylates 缺口的酶) 导致 "机翼静脉丢失" 表型 7。最近, 利用基因剂量试验和克隆分析表明, 欺诈的损失提高了三角洲介导的缺口. 要区分 "欺诈" 突变体中增强的缺口信号是否是由于减少了 cis抑制或增加了跨激活, 在幼虫翅形象盘中的缺口配体的异位表达研究已执行使用dpp-GAL4驱动程序。这些实验提供的证据表明, 在不影响凹槽cis的情况下, 在配体8的作用下, 该方法可调节反式--由 Delta 激活。然而, 反馈规则和内源性配体的作用可能使异位表达研究的解释复杂化1,6,9。
为解决此问题, 使用了果蝇S2 单元格10 , 它提供了一个简单的体外系统, 用于缺口配体相互作用研究11,12。S2 细胞不表达内源性缺口受体和三角洲配体11 , 表达低锯齿状的13, 这不影响缺口配体聚合实验8。因此, S2 细胞可以稳定或瞬时转染的缺口和/或个别配体 (三角洲或锯齿), 以产生细胞, 完全表达的缺口受体或其中一个配体, 或他们的组合。S2 细胞配体表达 S2 细胞的混合表现为由受体配体介导的异型团聚体的形成11,12,14。聚合形成的定量化提供了一种测量缺口与其配体之间的跨绑定的方法15 (图 1)。同样, S2 细胞可以 co-transfected 与缺口和三角洲或有锯齿配体 (即 cis-配体)。Cis-在这些凹槽表达 S2 细胞的配体中, 用反式配基废除凹槽的绑定, 并导致聚合形成减少8,12,14。由顺式-配体引起的集料形成的相对减少, 提供了一种在凹槽和反式配体 (图 2) 之间绑定的cis配体的抑制效果的测量。因此, 利用细胞聚集分析研究了 xylosylation 对反式和cis-缺口与配体之间相互作用的影响。
在这里, 我们提出了一个详细的细胞聚集试验的协议, 目的是评估的结合,反式配体和它的抑制, 由cis-配基使用果蝇S2 细胞。例如, 我们提供的数据使我们能够确定缺口 xylosylation 对缺口和跨-Delta8之间的绑定的影响。这些简单的分析提供了一个半定量评估缺口配体相互作用的体外和帮助确定的分子机制的基础上的体内的效果的缺口途径修饰。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1127">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:415px;">BioWhittaker Schneider&#8217;s Drosophila medium, Modified</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">04-351Q</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:415px;">HyClone Penicillin-Streptomycin 100X solution</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GE Healthcare lifescience&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">SV30010</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">CELLSTAR 6 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">657 160</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">CELLSTAR 24 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">662160</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">VWR mini shaker</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Marshell Sceintific</td>
			<td>12520-956</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fisher Sceintific&#160;</td>
			<td>267110</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">FuGENE HD Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">E2311</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">MEGAscrip T7 Transcription Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">AM1334</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:415px;">Quick-RNA MiniPrep (RNA purification Kit)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Zymo Research</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">R1054</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">VistaVision Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:415px;">9MP USB2.0 Microscope Digital Camera + Advanced Software</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">AmScope</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">MU-900</td>
			<td style="width:396px;">Image acquisition using ToupView software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:415px;">PureLink Quick Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">K210012</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:415px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GenDepot</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">F0600-050</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">Methotrexate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">A6770-10</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">Hygromycin B</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">HY068-L6</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;width:415px;">Copper sulphate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Macron Fine Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">4448-02</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">S2 cells</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">R69007</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:415px;">S2-SerrateTom cells</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:396px;">Gift from R. Fleming (Fleming et al, Development, 2013)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">S2-Delta cells</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">DGRC</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">152</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">S2-Notch cells</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">DGRC</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">154</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">pMT-Delta vector</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">DGRC</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">1021</td>
			<td style="width:396px;">Gift from S. Artavanis-Tsakonas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:415px;">pMT-Serrate vector</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:396px;">Gift from Ken Irvine (Okajima et al, JBC, 2003)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">pMT-Notch vector</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">DGRC</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">1022</td>
			<td style="width:396px;">Gift from S. Artavanis-Tsakonas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">pAc5.1-EGFP</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:396px;">Gift from Hugo Bellen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">TaqMan RNA-to-Ct 1-Step Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Applied Biosystem</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">1611091</td>
			<td style="width:396px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">TaqMan Gene Expression Assay for CG9996 (Shams)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Applied Biosystem</td>
			<td>Dm02144576_g1&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:396px;">with FAM-MGB dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">TaqMan Gene Expression Assay for CG7939 (RpL32)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Applied Biosystem</td>
			<td>Dm02151827_g1</td>
			<td style="width:396px;">with FAM-MGB dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">Applied Biosystems 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR system</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Applied Biosystem</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">4351405</td>
			<td style="width:396px;">96-well Block module</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cell aggregation assays to evaluate the binding of the drosophila notch with trans-ligands and its inhibition by cis-ligands

缺口信号是一种进化保守的细胞-细胞通讯系统, 广泛用于动物发育和成人维护。缺口受体与相邻细胞配体的相互作用诱导信号通路激活 (反式激活), 而同一个细胞的配体相互作用抑制信号传导 (cis抑制)。在跨激活和cis抑制之间的适当平衡有助于在动物发育过程中的某些环境中建立最佳的缺口信号水平。由于凹槽及其配体在许多细胞类型中的重叠表达域和反馈机制的存在, 研究了给定的修饰修改对跨-与cis-缺口相互作用的影响它的配体在体内是困难的。在这里, 我们描述了一个协议, 使用果蝇S2 细胞在细胞聚集的分析, 以评估的影响, 敲下一个缺口通路修饰符的约束力, 每个配体在跨和cis。S2 细胞稳定或瞬时转染一个缺口表达载体与表达每个缺口配体 (S2-Delta 或 S2-Serrate) 的细胞混合。反式-受体与配体之间的结合导致异型细胞聚集物的形成, 并以每毫升和 #62 组成的集料数计算; 6 细胞。为了研究顺式-配体的抑制作用, S2 细胞 co-expressing 凹槽和各配基与 S2-Delta 或 S2-Serrate 细胞混合, 聚合数量按上述方法量化。由于顺式-配体的存在而导致的骨料数量相对减少, 提供了一种测量顺式-配基介导的抑制反式绑定的措施。这些简单的化验可以提供半定量的数据关于基因或药理操作对切口的结合的作用对它的配体, 并且能帮助破译基础的分子机制在体内作用这种对缺口信号的操控。

我们的在体内的观察表明, xylosyltransferase 基因的损失, 欺诈导致增益缺口信号由于增加三角洲介导的 跨-激活的缺口不影响cis抑制凹槽由配体8。为了测试这一概念,体外细胞聚合化验被执行。首先, S2 单元格中的欺诈表达式被使用 dsRNA 击倒. EGFP dsRNA 用作控件。用 real-time PCR 法检测了击倒 (KD) 的效率, ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cell Aggregation Assays to Evaluate the Binding of the Drosophila Notch with Trans-Ligands and its Inhibition by Cis-Ligands at JoVE.com

Cell Aggregation Assays to Evaluate the Binding of the Drosophila Notch with Trans-Ligands and its Inhibition by Cis-Ligands

复杂的在体内系统, 使得很难区分的激活和抑制的缺口受体的跨-和cis配体, 分别。在这里, 我们提出了一个基于体外细胞聚合的方法, 用于定性和半定量评价的结合的果蝇缺口, 以跨配基与顺式配基。

细胞聚集法评价果蝇切口与反式配体的结合及其对顺式配体的抑制作用

Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell-cell communication system used broadly in animal development and adult maintenance. Interaction of the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Cell Aggregation Assays to Evaluate the Binding of the Drosophila Notch with Trans-Ligands and its Inhibition by Cis-Ligands

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

生产和使用慢病毒的有选择性地转导原少突胶质前体细胞<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;髓鞘测定

Myelination is a complex process that involves both neurons and the myelin forming glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and ...

科研

发育生物学

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

的测定血细胞种群<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫

In vertebrates, hematopoiesis is regulated by inductive microenvironments (niches). Likewise, in the invertebrate model organism&#160;Drosophila ...

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

的发展<em&gt;体外</em&gt;检测以确定间充质细胞将经历上皮 - 间质转化的收缩功能

Fibrosis is often involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic progressive diseases such as interstitial pulmonary disease. Pathological hallmark is ...

Methods to Examine the Lymph Gland and Hemocytes in Drosophila Larvae

Methods to Examine the Lymph Gland and Hemocytes in Drosophila Larvae

方法来检查淋巴腺和血细胞中<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫

Many parallels exist between the Drosophila and mammalian hematopoietic systems, even though Drosophila lack the lymphoid lineage that characterize ...

Stimulation of Notch Signaling in Mouse Osteoclast Precursors

在鼠标破骨细胞前体Notch信号的刺激

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro ...

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

人类骨髓微环境在小鼠中的生物工程及其通过实时成像的可视化

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

成人果蝇脑内蘑菇体和感光神经元的解剖和荧光染色

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Three-dimensional Rendering and Analysis of Immunolabeled, Clarified Human Placental Villous Vascular Networks

Immunolabeled, 澄清人胎盘长柔毛血管网络的三维渲染与分析

Nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus occurs at the interface of the maternal intervillous blood and the vast villous capillary network that ...

Probing Cell Mechanics with Bead-Free Optical Tweezers in the Drosophila Embryo

Probing Cell Mechanics with Bead-Free Optical Tweezers in the Drosophila Embryo

无珠光高音喇叭在食子胚胎中的细胞力学探测

Morphogenesis requires coordination between genetic patterning and mechanical forces to robustly shape the cells and tissues. Hence, a challenge to ...

A Cell-based Assay to Investigate Non-muscle Myosin II Contractility via the Folded-gastrulation Signaling Pathway in Drosophila S2R+ Cells

A Cell-based Assay to Investigate Non-muscle Myosin II Contractility via the Folded-gastrulation Signaling Pathway in Drosophila S2R+ Cells

果蝇S2R+ 细胞折叠-肠信号通路检测非肌球蛋白 II . 收缩力的细胞基础研究

We have developed a cell-based assay using Drosophila cells that recapitulates apical constriction initiated by folded gastrulation (Fog), a secreted ...