Name: partial bile duct ligation in the mouse: a controlled model of localized obstructive cholestasis
Uploaded: 2018-03-28T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Partial Bile Duct Ligation in the Mouse: A Controlled Model of Localized Obstructive Cholestasis at JoVE.com

Dr. Khan erkjenner gi støtte fra NIH/NICHD K12HD052892, alfa-1 grunnlaget, Hillman grunnlaget og Pittsburgh leveren Research Center. Dr. Michalopoulos erkjenner gi støtte fra NIH/NIDDK P01DK096990. Vi setter pris på gode og sjenerøs teknisk assistanse av Anne Orr. Vi er også takknemlige for Dr. David A. Geller for å gi tilgang til transplantasjon/Red mikrokirurgi lab.

Alle prosedyrer ble utført i samsvar med etiske retningslinjer institusjonelle Animal Care og bruk komiteen av University of Pittsburgh.
1. grunnleggende teknikker og felles prosedyrer
<ol><li>Autoclave alle Mikrokirurgiske utstyr før bruk.</li>
	<li>For å unngå drepe musen ved anestesi, sjekk dens pustemønster nøye.</li>
	<li>Touch organer og tarmen som mulig for å unngå skade organer og forårsaker blødninger. Trykk blødning poeng med våt bomull vattpinner eller gasbind svamper.</li>
	<li>Bruk våt ...

<ol>
	<li>Higgins, G. M., Anderson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+pathology+of+the+liver+-+Restoration+of+the+liver+of+the+white+rat+following+partial+surgical+removal.">Experimental pathology of the liver - Restoration of the liver of the white rat following partial surgical removal.</a> Arch Pathol. 12, 186-202 (1931).</li><li>Cameron, G. R., Oakley, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ligation+of+the+common+bile+duct.">Ligation of the common bile duct.</a> The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. 35 (5), 769-798 (1932).</li><li>Kountouras, J., Billing, B. H., Scheuer, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+bile+duct+obstruction:+a+new+experimental+model+for+cirrhosis+in+the+rat.">Prolonged bile duct obstruction: a new experimental model for cirrhosis in the rat.</a> Br J Exp Pathol. 65 (3), 305-311 (1984).</li><li>Michalopoulos, G. K., Barua, L., Bowen, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transdifferentiation+of+rat+hepatocytes+into+biliary+cells+after+bile+duct+ligation+and+toxic+biliary+injury.">Transdifferentiation of rat hepatocytes into biliary cells after bile duct ligation and toxic biliary injury.</a> Hepatology. 41 (3), 535-544 (2005).</li><li>Dipaola, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+intramural+epithelial+networks+linked+to+peribiliary+glands+that+express+progenitor+cell+markers+and+proliferate+after+injury+in+mice.">Identification of intramural epithelial networks linked to peribiliary glands that express progenitor cell markers and proliferate after injury in mice.</a> Hepatology. 58 (4), 1486-1496 (2013).</li><li>Guyot, C., Combe, C., Desmouliere, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+common+bile+duct+ligation+in+rat:+A+relevant+in+vivo+model+to+study+the+role+of+mechanical+stress+on+cell+and+matrix+behaviour.">The common bile duct ligation in rat: A relevant in vivo model to study the role of mechanical stress on cell and matrix behaviour.</a> Histochem Cell Biol. 126 (4), 517-523 (2006).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+bile+duct+ligation+on+bile+acid+composition+in+mouse+serum+and+liver.">Effect of bile duct ligation on bile acid composition in mouse serum and liver.</a> Liver Int. 32 (1), 58-69 (2012).</li><li>Tag, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bile+duct+ligation+in+mice:+induction+of+inflammatory+liver+injury+and+fibrosis+by+obstructive+cholestasis.">Bile duct ligation in mice: induction of inflammatory liver injury and fibrosis by obstructive cholestasis.</a> J Vis Exp. (96), e52438 (2015).</li><li>Osawa, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+mediators+induce+fibrogenic+effects+in+normal+liver+after+partial+bile+duct+ligation.">Systemic mediators induce fibrogenic effects in normal liver after partial bile duct ligation.</a> Liver Int. 26 (9), 1138-1147 (2006).</li><li>Khan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bile+Duct+Ligation+Induces+ATZ+Globule+Clearance+in+a+Mouse+Model+of+alpha-1+Antitrypsin+Deficiency.">Bile Duct Ligation Induces ATZ Globule Clearance in a Mouse Model of alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency.</a> Gene Expr. 17 (2), 115-127 (2017).</li><li>Birkhead, H. A., Briggs, G. B., Saunders, L. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicology+of+cefazolin+in+animals.">Toxicology of cefazolin in animals.</a> J Infect Dis. 128, 378 (1973).</li><li>Kunst, M. W., Mattie, H., van Furth, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibacterial+efficacy+of+cefazolin+and+cephradine+in+neutropenic+mice.">Antibacterial efficacy of cefazolin and cephradine in neutropenic mice.</a> Infection. 7 (1), 30-34 (1979).</li><li>Traul, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+studies+of+post-surgical+buprenorphine+therapy+for+mice.">Safety studies of post-surgical buprenorphine therapy for mice.</a> Lab Anim. 49 (2), 100-110 (2015).</li><li>Carlson, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+PiZ+alpha+1-antitrypsin+causes+liver+damage+in+transgenic+mice.">Accumulation of PiZ alpha 1-antitrypsin causes liver damage in transgenic mice.</a> J Clin Invest. 83 (4), 1183-1190 (1989).</li><li>Sifers, R. N., Finegold, M. J., Woo, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alpha-1-antitrypsin+deficiency:+accumulation+or+degradation+of+mutant+variants+within+the+hepatic+endoplasmic+reticulum.">Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: accumulation or degradation of mutant variants within the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum.</a> Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1 (5), 341-345 (1989).</li><li>Rudnick, D. A., Shikapwashya, O., Blomenkamp, K., Teckman, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indomethacin+increases+liver+damage+in+a+murine+model+of+liver+injury+from+alpha-1-antitrypsin+deficiency.">Indomethacin increases liver damage in a murine model of liver injury from alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.</a> Hepatology. 44 (4), 976-982 (2006).</li><li>Heinrich, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partial+bile+duct+ligation+in+mice:+a+novel+model+of+acute+cholestasis.">Partial bile duct ligation in mice: a novel model of acute cholestasis.</a> Surgery. 149 (3), 445-451 (2011).</li><li>Glaser, S. S., Alpini, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+the+cholehepatic+shunt+as+a+potential+therapy+for+primary+sclerosing+cholangitis.">Activation of the cholehepatic shunt as a potential therapy for primary sclerosing cholangitis.</a> Hepatology. 49 (6), 1795-1797 (2009).</li><li>Gurpinar, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+sulindac+derivative+inhibits+lung+adenocarcinoma+cell+growth+through+suppression+of+Akt/mTOR+signaling+and+induction+of+autophagy.">A novel sulindac derivative inhibits lung adenocarcinoma cell growth through suppression of Akt/mTOR signaling and induction of autophagy.</a> Mol Cancer Ther. 12 (5), 663-674 (2013).</li><li>Alpini, G. G., Francis, H., Marzioni, M., Venter, J., Phinizy, J., LeSage, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Madame Curie Bioscience Database. , (2013).</li><li>Kirkland, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+surgical+model+of+biliary+inflammation+and+obstructive+jaundice+in+mice.">Reversible surgical model of biliary inflammation and obstructive jaundice in mice.</a> J Surg Res. 164 (2), 221-227 (2010).</li><li>Delhove, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+in+vivo+bioimaging+of+hepatocyte+transcription+factor+activity+following+cholestatic+liver+injury+in+mice.">Longitudinal in vivo bioimaging of hepatocyte transcription factor activity following cholestatic liver injury in mice.</a> Sci Rep. 7, 41874 (2017).</li><li>Li, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homing+of+bone+marrow+mesenchymal+stem+cells+mediated+by+sphingosine+1-phosphate+contributes+to+liver+fibrosis.">Homing of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells mediated by sphingosine 1-phosphate contributes to liver fibrosis.</a> J Hepatol. 50 (6), 1174-1183 (2009).</li><li>Xu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+released+from+cholestatic+rat+livers+possibly+involved+in+inducing+bone+marrow+hepatic+stem+cell+priming.">Factors released from cholestatic rat livers possibly involved in inducing bone marrow hepatic stem cell priming.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 17 (1), 143-155 (2008).</li><li>Sharma, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propitious+role+of+bone+marrow-derived+mononuclear+cells+in+an+experimental+bile+duct+ligation+model:+potential+clinical+implications+in+obstructive+cholangiopathy.">Propitious role of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells in an experimental bile duct ligation model: potential clinical implications in obstructive cholangiopathy.</a> Pediatr Surg Int. 29 (6), 623-632 (2013).</li></ol>

Selv om cBDL er den vanligste eksperimentelle teknikken for hindrende cholestasis, kan det presentere flere utfordringer i gnagere. Hvor mange postoperativ dager kreves for å oppnå et sluttpunkt, kan dyrene oppleve betydelige sykelighet og dødelighet som tiden går. Graden av vev skade og biliær nekrose er ytterligere forsterket når du arbeider med noen transgene musen modeller av leversykdom, som viser unormale leveren parenchyma og funksjon ved baseline. Sammenlignet med cBDL, rapporter om pBDL er begrenset, men d...

Kirurgisk modeller av akutte skader og reparasjon, som delvis hepatectomy eller felles galle duct ligatur (cBDL), har blitt brukt i flere tiår i gnagere lever foryngelse og pathobiology1,2. I cBDL, er felles galle duct (som drenerer alle galle som produseres i leveren) samskrevet, resulterer i hindrende cholestasis, betennelse og fibrose i de første 2-3 uker etter operasjonen, med eventuell progresjon til skrumplever3. Galle duct spredning, transdifferentiation og induksjon av bosatt leveren progenitor celler er også funksjoner cBDL4,5. Selv om cBDL kaster spesifikke mekanismene av hindrende cholangiopathy, som er godt karakterisert med reproduserbar resultater i vill-type mus og i de stammene med normal lever6,7,8, den prosedyren kan være teknisk krevende i noen transgene musen modeller leversykdommer, krever flere dyr enn forventet på grunn av høyere sykelighet og dødelighet biliær hindringer over tid. Denne teknikken er også gunstig for å studere transgene mus med underliggende leveren sykdom, som ikke kanskje ellers tolerere stress i lengre tid kurs eksperimenter etter cBDL.
pBDL gir et rimelig alternativ for å overvinne noen av disse utfordringene. Første pBDL studier i vill-type mus rettet å skille lokalt skuespill og systemisk meglere på betennelse9. Viktigste biliær samløpet mellom høyre og venstre hepatic galle kanaler over felles galle duct er nøye visualisert på hilum pBDL, og bare den venstre hepatic galle duct er samskrevet for å generere en lokalisert hindrende cholestasis. pBDL tilbyr flere fordeler til cBDL. PBDL fungerer unligated høyre flik som en identisk like intern kontroll for den ligated venstre lobe, utsatt for de samme systemiske effektene, for eksempel ernæringsmessig status eller sirkulerende faktorer. Selv om systemisk pro-inflammatoriske mediatorer var tilstede, Osawa et al. observert mindre fibrose og nekrose i unligated lobes, men økt inflammatoriske celler og transformere vekst faktor-β uttrykk i samskrevet lobe9.
Nyligere har pBDL blitt omdefinert for å studere lever parenchymal effekter beholdt galle10. Ved å bruke samme dyret for intern kontroll (unligated "humbug") og eksperimentelle grupper, halvdeler pBDL effektivt antall dyr nødvendig per eksperimentet, som igjen er mer kostnadseffektive. Mus tolerere effekten av pBDL mye bedre, slik at den ideelle tiden selvfølgelig eksperimentere (≥2 uker) kan oppnås i ligated flik. Viktigst, pBDL kan skille direkte intrahepatic effekter av hindrende cholestasis og beholdt galle komponenter i ligated flik, sammenlignet med unligated kontroll flik. Samlet er pBDL en attraktiv metode å studere lobe-spesifikke effekter av lokaliserte cholestasis i leveren.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Microscope-Leica Wild M650, 6&#8211;40&#215; magnification</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tec 3 isoflurane funnel fill vaporizer</td>
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			<td>n/a</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stevens Tenotomy Scissors</td>
			<td>Accurate Surgical &#38; Scientific Instruments Corporation</td>
			<td>ASSI.9193</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine science tools</td>
			<td>11006-12</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mosquito classic delicate hemostatic forceps</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro-retractor</td>
			<td>Murdock; Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS-6550</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nonwoven gauze sponges</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Puritan 6&#8221; Small Cotton Swab w/Wooden Handle</td>
			<td>Puritan Medical Products Company</td>
			<td>868-WCS</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont SS Forceps - Standard Tips/Straight/Inox/13.5cm</td>
			<td>Fine science tools</td>
			<td>11203-23</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont SS Forceps - Standard Tips/Angled 45&#176;/Inox/13.5cm</td>
			<td>Fine science tools</td>
			<td>11203-25</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vannas Spring Scissors - 3mm Cutting Edge</td>
			<td>Fine science tools</td>
			<td>15000-00</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microneedle holder</td>
			<td>Aesculap Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td>FD231R</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro AROSuture, sterile 10-0 nylon suture, 70 &#181;m, TAP points</td>
			<td>AROSurgical Instruments Corporation</td>
			<td>T4A10N07</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-0 Vicryl</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>J662H</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5-ml Syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309646</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon tissue culture dish, 60 &#215; 15 mm</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353002</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:343px;">Isoflurane, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) liquid for inhalation, 250 ml</td>
			<td>Piramal Healthcare</td>
			<td>NDC 66794-017-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Buprenex injectable (buprenorphine hydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>NDC 12496-0757-1</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cefazolin for injection , USP</td>
			<td>APP Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>NDC 63323-238-61</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PVP scrub solution (povidone&#8211;iodine 7.5%)</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>NDC 12496-0757-1</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Labs</td>
			<td>2716</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline Without Calcium or Magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">LONZA</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">17-516F</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sirius Red</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">365548</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Hematolxylin</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Fisher (Richard-Allan Scientific)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">22-050-111 (7211)</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Eosin</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Anatech (Fisher)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">832 (NC9686037)</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Formalin</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">SF100-20</td>
			<td></td>
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partial bile duct ligation in the mouse: a controlled model of localized obstructive cholestasis

I Red er komplett galle duct ligation (cBDL) av felles galle duct en etablert kirurgisk teknikk for å studere hindrende cholestasis og galle duct spredning. Long-term forsøk kan imidlertid føre til økt sykelighet og dødelighet. I Velg musen stammer med underliggende leversykdom, kan meningsfull sammenligninger gjøres selv med ligation av en enkelt flik av leveren, som kan redusere dyr tap og utgifter. Her beskriver vi delvis galle duct ligatur (pBDL) i musen, der bare den venstre hepatic galle duct er samskrevet, forårsaker biliær hindring i den venstre lobe men ikke gjenværende lobes. Med forsiktig Mikrokirurgiske teknikk, kan pBDL eksperimenter være kostnadseffektive, siden unligated lobe fungerer som en intern kontroll til ligated lobes, når utsatt for samme vilkår i samme dyret. I motsetning til cBDL er en separat humbug-opererte kontrollgruppe ikke nødvendig. pBDL er svært nyttig å direkte sammenligne lokalisert versus systemiske effekter av cholestasis og andre beholdt galle komponenter. pBDL kan også brukes på nytt som en ny metode for å undersøke mekanismer knyttet til medisiner og celle migrasjon.

For dette typisk eksperimentet, ble pBDL utført i tre eksemplarer PiZ transgene mus, som recapitulate menneskelige leversykdom i alfa-1 antitrypsin (A1AT)-mangel. PiZ musen overexpresses en transgene bestående av flere genomisk fragmenter av DNA som inneholder koding regionene mutant menneskelige A1AT genet og promoter, introns og ~ 2 kilobases av oppstrøms og nedstrøms flankert regioner14, 15. Normal A1AT er et utskilles ser...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Partial Bile Duct Ligation in the Mouse: A Controlled Model of Localized Obstructive Cholestasis at JoVE.com

Partial Bile Duct Ligation in the Mouse: A Controlled Model of Localized Obstructive Cholestasis

Her presenterer vi delvis galle duct ligation som kirurgiske modell av skader og gjenfødelse gnagere.

Delvis galle Duct Ligation musen: en kontrollert modell av lokaliserte hindrende Cholestasis

In rodents, complete bile duct ligation (cBDL) of the common bile duct is an established surgical technique for studying obstructive cholestasis and bile ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

The Microfluidic Probe: Operation and Use for Localized Surface Processing

Microfluidic devices allow assays to be performed using minute amounts of sample and have recently been used to control the microenvironment of cells. ...

LAD-Ligation: A Murine Model of Myocardial Infarction

Research models of infarction and myocardial ischemia are essential to investigate the acute and chronic pathobiological and pathophysiological processes ...

Surgical Induction of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Obliteration of the Endolymphatic Duct

Surgical induction of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) in the guinea pig by obliteration and obstruction of the endolymphatic duct is a well-accepted animal ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Isolation of Basal Cells and Submucosal Gland Duct Cells from Mouse Trachea

Isolering av basal celler og submukøst Gland kanalsystem celler fra mus Trachea

The large airways are directly in contact with the environment and therefore susceptible to injury from toxins and infectious agents that we breath in 1. ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generasjon Mus Utledet fra Utførte pluripotente stamceller

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells

Visualisering av endoplasmatisk retikulum Lokalisert mRNAs i pattedyrceller

In eukaryotes, most of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode secreted and membrane proteins are localized to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum ...

Intraductal Injection for Localized Drug Delivery to the Mouse Mammary Gland

Intraductal Injection for Lokalisert Drug Deli til musemelkekjertlene

Herein we describe a protocol to deliver various reagents to the mouse mammary gland via intraductal injections. Localized drug delivery and knock-down of ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner

Validering av en musemodell for å forstyrre LINC Komplekser i en celle-spesifikk Manner

Nuclear migration and anchorage within developing and adult tissues relies heavily upon large macromolecular protein assemblies called LInkers of the ...