Name: methods for staging pupal periods and measurement of wing pigmentation of drosophila guttifera
Uploaded: 2018-01-24T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera at JoVE.com

我们感谢肖恩·卡罗尔和托马斯. 沃纳为您提供飞行股票、设备的直保险丝、在拍摄中的帮助、清阿加塔的指导和伊丽莎白中岛的英语编辑。这项工作得到了 KAKENHI 17K19427 和武田科学基金会的支持。

1. 飞行股票
<ol><li>对下列所有协议使用果蝇 guttifera 。</li>
	<li>使用塑料瓶 (直径25毫米 x 高度96毫米) 和纤维素插头 (直径 23 mm x 高度 26 mm) 进行库存维护。使用标准的玉米面/糖/酵母/琼脂食品, 并遵循一个出版物描述了这个物种的三其他替代食谱2。 注: D. guttifera (股票编号 15130-1971.10) 由加州大学圣地亚哥分校的果蝇物种储备中心提供。尽管D. guttifera属于...

<ol>
	<li>Carson, H. L., Hardy, D. E., Spieth, H. T., Stone, W. S., Hecht, M. K., Steere, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolutionary+biology+of+the+Hawaiian+Drosophilidae.">The evolutionary biology of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae.</a> Essays in evolution and genetics in honor of Theodosius Dobzhansky. , 437-543 (1970).</li><li>Markow, T. A., O'Grady, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila: a guide to species identification and use. , (2006).</li><li>Patterson, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Drosophilidae of the southwest. 4313, 7-216 (1943).</li><li>Setoguchi, S., Takamori, H., Aotsuka, T., Sese, J., Ishikawa, Y., Matsuo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sexual+dimorphism+and+courtship+behavior+in+Drosophila+prolongata.">Sexual dimorphism and courtship behavior in Drosophila prolongata.</a> J Ethol. 32 (2), 91-102 (2014).</li><li>Werner, T., Jaenike, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophilids of the Midwest and Northeast. , (2017).</li><li>Arnoult, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emergence+and+diversification+of+fly+pigmentation+through+evolution+of+a+gene+regulatory+module.">Emergence and diversification of fly pigmentation through evolution of a gene regulatory module.</a> Science. 339 (6126), 1423-1426 (2013).</li><li>Camino, E. M., Butts, J. C., Ordway, A., Vellky, J. E., Rebeiz, M., Williams, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolutionary+origination+and+diversification+of+a+dimorphic+gene+regulatory+network+through+parallel+innovations+in+cis+and+trans.">The evolutionary origination and diversification of a dimorphic gene regulatory network through parallel innovations in cis and trans.</a> PLoS Genet. 11 (4), e1005136 (2015).</li><li>Gompel, N., Prud'homme, B., Wittkopp, P. J., Kassner, V. A., Carroll, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chance+caught+on+the+wing:+cis-regulatory+evolution+and+the+origin+of+pigment+patterns+in+Drosophila.">Chance caught on the wing: cis-regulatory evolution and the origin of pigment patterns in Drosophila.</a> Nature. 433 (7025), 481-487 (2005).</li><li>Glassford, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-option+of+an+ancestral+Hox-regulated+network+underlies+a+recently+evolved+morphological+novelty.">Co-option of an ancestral Hox-regulated network underlies a recently evolved morphological novelty.</a> Dev. Cell. 34 (5), 520-531 (2015).</li><li>Koshikawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancer+modularity+and+the+evolution+of+new+traits.">Enhancer modularity and the evolution of new traits.</a> Fly. 9 (4), 155-159 (2015).</li><li>Koshikawa, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gain+of+cis-regulatory+activities+underlies+novel+domains+of+wingless+gene+expression+in+Drosophila.">Gain of cis-regulatory activities underlies novel domains of wingless gene expression in Drosophila.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (24), 7524-7529 (2015).</li><li>McGregor, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+evolution+through+multiple+cis-regulatory+mutations+at+a+single+gene.">Morphological evolution through multiple cis-regulatory mutations at a single gene.</a> Nature. 448 (7153), 587-590 (2007).</li><li>Tanaka, K., Barmina, O., Kopp, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+developmental+mechanisms+underlie+the+evolutionary+diversification+of+Drosophila+sex+combs.">Distinct developmental mechanisms underlie the evolutionary diversification of Drosophila sex combs.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (12), 4764-4769 (2009).</li><li>Werner, T., Koshikawa, S., Williams, T. M., Carroll, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+a+novel+wing+colour+pattern+by+the+Wingless+morphogen.">Generation of a novel wing colour pattern by the Wingless morphogen.</a> Nature. 464 (7292), 1143-1148 (2010).</li><li>Wittkopp, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraspecific+polymorphism+to+interspecific+divergence:+genetics+of+pigmentation+in+Drosophila.">Intraspecific polymorphism to interspecific divergence: genetics of pigmentation in Drosophila.</a> Science. 326 (5952), 540-544 (2009).</li><li>Lawrence, P. A., Morata, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartments+in+the+wing+of+Drosophila:+a+study+of+the+engrailed+gene.">Compartments in the wing of Drosophila: a study of the engrailed gene.</a> Dev Biol. 50 (2), 321-337 (1976).</li><li>Bainbridge, S. P., Bownes, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Staging+the+metamorphosis+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Staging the metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 66, 57-80 (1981).</li><li>Ashburner, M., Golic, K. G., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila: A Laboratory Handbook. , (2005).</li><li>Fukutomi, Y., Matsumoto, K., Agata, K., Funayama, N., Koshikawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pupal+development+and+pigmentation+process+of+a+polka-dotted+fruit+fly,+Drosophila+guttifera+(Insecta,+Diptera).">Pupal development and pigmentation process of a polka-dotted fruit fly, Drosophila guttifera (Insecta, Diptera).</a> Dev Genes Evol. 227 (3), 171-180 (2017).</li><li>Koshikawa, S., Fukutomi, Y., Matsumoto, K., Sekimura, T., Nijhout, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+guttifera+as+a+model+system+for+unraveling+color+pattern+formation.">Drosophila guttifera as a model system for unraveling color pattern formation.</a> Diversity and evolution of butterfly wing patterns: an integrative approach. , (2017).</li><li>True, J. R., Edwards, K. A., Yamamoto, D., Carroll, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+wing+melanin+patterns+form+by+vein-dependent+elaboration+of+enzymatic+prepatterns.">Drosophila wing melanin patterns form by vein-dependent elaboration of enzymatic prepatterns.</a> Curr Biol. 9 (23), 1382-1391 (1999).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 9 (7), 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Izumitani, H. F., Kusaka, Y., Koshikawa, S., Toda, M. J., Katoh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phylogeography+of+the+Subgenus+Drosophila+(Diptera:+Drosophilidae):+evolutionary+history+of+faunal+divergence+between+the+Old+and+the+New+Worlds.">Phylogeography of the Subgenus Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae): evolutionary history of faunal divergence between the Old and the New Worlds.</a> PLoS ONE. 11 (7), e0160051 (2016).</li><li>Resh, V. H., Card&#233;, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Encyclopedia of Insects. , (2009).</li><li>DeLean, A., Munson, P. J., Rodbard, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+analysis+of+families+of+sigmoidal+curves:+application+to+bioassay,+radioligand+assay,+and+physiological+dose-response+curves.">Simultaneous analysis of families of sigmoidal curves: application to bioassay, radioligand assay, and physiological dose-response curves.</a> Am J Physiol. 235 (2), E97-E102 (1978).</li><li>Robertson, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+metamorphosis+of+Drosophila+melanogaster,+including+an+accurately+timed+account+of+the+principal+morphological+changes.">The metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster, including an accurately timed account of the principal morphological changes.</a> J Morphol. 59 (2), 351-399 (1936).</li><li>McKinney, M. L., McNamara, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Heterochrony: the evolution of ontogeny. , (1991).</li><li>Hardie, D. C., Gregory, T. R., Hebert, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+pixels+to+picograms:+a+beginners'+guide+to+genome+quantification+by+Feulgen+image+analysis+densitometry.">From pixels to picograms: a beginners' guide to genome quantification by Feulgen image analysis densitometry.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 50 (6), 735-749 (2002).</li><li>Koshikawa, S., Miyazaki, S., Cornette, R., Matsumoto, T., Miura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+size+of+termites+(Insecta,+Dictyoptera,+Isoptera)+and+wood+roaches+(Insecta,+Dictyoptera,+Cryptocercidae).">Genome size of termites (Insecta, Dictyoptera, Isoptera) and wood roaches (Insecta, Dictyoptera, Cryptocercidae).</a> Naturwissenschaften. 95 (9), 859-867 (2008).</li></ol>

我们在这里描述蛹阶段的定义的协议, 去除蛹为详细的观察, 测量蛹阶段的期间和测量黑斑点的强度在翼在D. guttifera。这些协议可以适用于许多果蝇和相关的蝇类, 特别是具有翼色素沉着的物种。
深入观察和描述更详细的发展事件将使阶段进一步细分。在许多情况下, 需要解剖或切片的蛹的发展事件不适合阶段定义, 因为一个人必须杀死一个蛹的分期, 并进一步使?...

果蝇的某些形态特征在种类中是多种多样的1,2,3,4,5。我们可以通过比较这些形态的生成机制来探讨形态多样性的产生问题。这种形态的例子有幼体毛、成人性梳子、外生殖器、腹部色素沉着和翅膀色素沉着6、7、8、9、10,11,12,13,14,15. 为了研究成人之间的形态学差异, 观察和分析蛹阶段是很重要的, 因为成虫性状的命运决定于晚期幼体阶段, 随后的形态发生在蛹时期。
在果蝇的发育生物学研究中, "小时 APF" (蛹形成后的小时) 是表示蛹阶段16的常用方法。该系统采用蛹形成后的绝对时间, 便于常规实验。但是, 蛹的发育速度可能不同, 可能会受到轻微的遗传、后生或微差异的影响, 因此在蛹形成后同样的绝对时间不保证蛹在同一发展阶段。在许多情况下, 由形态学特征定义的阶段比比较多个个体更可取。特别是, 物种之间的比较需要精确的分期和相应的 (同源) 阶段之间的比较。
班布里奇和 Bownes17根据果蝇蛹的形态学特征, 认可了20蛹阶段 (P1 至 P15 (ii))。这种分期是最广泛使用的系统形态发育分期18。在先前的研究中, 我们进行了蛹分期的果蝇 guttifera , 以建立一个基础的机翼色素沉着研究19。D. guttifera的翅膀上有一个黑色的圆点图案, 它是机翼色素沉着形成的模型物种之一20。虽然我们提到了班布里奇和 Bownes 的研究17中描述的形态学标准, 但我们直接用串行观测19来测量阶段的持续时间, 而不是使用班布里奇和 Bownes 的阶段工期估计从观察的频率。在这里, 我们描述了在卜et al19中使用的果蝇的蛹阶段的蛹分期和测量的方法。
研究翼色素沉着的发育机制, 需要了解蛹或成年期色素沉着的发生。卜et al。19通过对机翼图像进行图像分析, 在蛹和成人阶段对色素沉着进行量化的光学密度 (ODs)。果蝇翅膀的色素沉着被认为是由黑黑色素堆积引起的21。为量化 ODs, 使用了灰度图像和 ImageJ 软件 (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/)22 。为了识别和量化斑点特定的色素沉着 (ΔOD), 我们从一个斑点内的 od 中减去外径。为了使这种方法重现性和客观, OD 测量的地方应该确定使用翼静脉作为地标。在这篇文章中, 我们详细描述了这种定量的方法, 机翼色素在果蝇 guttifera。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila guttifera</td>
			<td>The Drosophila Species Stock Center at the U.C. San Diego</td>
			<td>15130-1971.10</td>
			<td>Drosophila guttifera, a fruit fly species used in this article</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic vial</td>
			<td>Hightech</td>
			<td>MKC-30</td>
			<td>Plastic vial, for fly stock maintenance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buzz plugs vial and bottle closures for glass vials</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-271</td>
			<td>Cellulose plug, for fly stock maintenance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White soft sugar</td>
			<td>Mitsui Sugar</td>
			<td>J-500g</td>
			<td>White soft sugar, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corn flour</td>
			<td>Nippon Flour Mills</td>
			<td>F</td>
			<td>Corn flour, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corn grits - C</td>
			<td>Nippon Flour Mills</td>
			<td>GC</td>
			<td>Corn grits - C, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar powder</td>
			<td>Matsuki Kanten Sangyo</td>
			<td>No.602</td>
			<td>Agar powder, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry beer yeast</td>
			<td>Asahi Food &#38; Healthcare</td>
			<td>Y2A</td>
			<td>Dry beer yeast, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>06327-02</td>
			<td>Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td>Ethanol, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flat bottom microtube</td>
			<td>Ina Optica</td>
			<td>CF-0150</td>
			<td>1.5 mL microtube, for collecting pupae</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CAPSULEFUGE</td>
			<td>Tomy</td>
			<td>PMC-060</td>
			<td>Mini microcentrifuge, for collecting pupae</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilized Schale NB</td>
			<td>Sansei Medical</td>
			<td>01-013</td>
			<td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 90 mm x height 15 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serum tube rack</td>
			<td>Iwaki</td>
			<td>9796-050</td>
			<td>Used as a moist chamber, for observation of pupa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Falcon Easy-Grip tissue culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 35 mm x height 10 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon standard tissue culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353002</td>
			<td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 60 mm x height 15 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Push-pin</td>
			<td>Kokuyo</td>
			<td>51233709</td>
			<td>Push-pin, for making pinholes on the microtube lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZX16</td>
			<td>Stereomicroscope, for morphological observation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital camera</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>DSE-330-A</td>
			<td>Digital camera, for imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NICETACK double sided tape</td>
			<td>Nichiban</td>
			<td>NW-15SF</td>
			<td>Double sided tape, for removing puparium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11252-20</td>
			<td>Forceps, for removing puparium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Van Gogh VISUAL Paint brush</td>
			<td>Talens Japan</td>
			<td>GWVR-#5/0</td>
			<td>Paint brush, for removing puparium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Greiner CELLSTAR 12 well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>665-180</td>
			<td>12-well cell culture plate, for measuring durations of pupal periods</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01665</td>
			<td>NaCl, for PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>285-14</td>
			<td>KCl, for PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4&#183;12H2O</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>196-02835</td>
			<td>Na2HPO4&#183;12H2O, for PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>28721-55</td>
			<td>KH2PO4, for PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stepped Neutral Density (ND) Filter 0.04 - 3.0</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>64-384</td>
			<td>Stepped density filter, for calibration of pigmentation measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ software</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td>1.8.0-101</td>
			<td>ImageJ software, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing (https://imagej.nih.gov)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FINE FROST glass slide</td>
			<td>Matsunami Glass Ind</td>
			<td>FF-001</td>
			<td>Glass slide, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Square microscope cover glass 18 x 18</td>
			<td>Matsunami Glass Ind</td>
			<td>C018181</td>
			<td>Cover slip, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods for staging pupal periods and measurement of wing pigmentation of drosophila guttifera

不同种类的果蝇(水果蝇) 提供了研究进化机制和遗传变化的机会。特别是, 成人阶段是一个丰富的形态特征来源的种间比较, 包括翼色素沉着比较。为了研究物种间的发育差异, 需要进行细致的观察和适当的分期, 以便进行精确的比较。在这里, 我们描述的蛹周期的分期和量化的翅膀色素在一个波尔卡斑点果蝇,果蝇 guttifera的协议。首先, 我们描述了详细的形态学观察方法和定义的蛹阶段基于形态。该方法包括一种去除蛹外壳的蛹的技术, 以便对蛹形态进行细致观察。其次, 我们描述了测量定义的蛹阶段的持续时间的方法。最后, 我们用数字图像和 ImageJ 软件描述了基于图像分析的机翼色素沉着定量方法。通过这些方法, 我们可以为比较蛹阶段成人性状的发育过程奠定坚实的基础。

将D. guttifera的蛹期划分为17阶段 (P1-P15 (ii); 三个具有代表性的阶段 (P1、P5-6、P10) 的图像显示图 3, 所有17阶段都在图 4中说明。虽然班布里奇和 Bownes17在d. 黑腹中识别了20阶段, 但这些阶段中的某些步骤无法应用于d. guttifera。两个发育事件的顺序, 黄色身体的出现 (在中肠26内?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera at JoVE.com

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

介绍了果蝇 guttifera的分期蛹周期和机翼色素沉着的测量方法。色素沉着的分期和量化为研究成人性状的发育机制提供了坚实的基础, 并使性状发育的种间比较得以实现。

果蝇 guttifera的分期蛹期和机翼色素沉着的测量方法

Diversified species of Drosophila (fruit fly) provide opportunities to study mechanisms of development and genetic changes responsible for evolutionary ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

High-resolution Measurement of Odor-Driven Behavior in Drosophila Larvae

高分辨率测量的气味驱动在果蝇幼虫的行为

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral ...

科研

生物学

Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae

电生理方法记录从果蝇幼虫NMJ突触潜力

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. ...

Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

现场剖析果蝇胚胎抗体染色筛选突变体集合的简化方法

Drosophila embryos between stages 14 and 17 of embryonic development can be readily dissected to generate "fillet" preparations.  In these preparations, ...

Laser Microdissection Applied to Gene Expression Profiling of Subset of Cells from the Drosophila Wing Disc

Laser Microdissection Applied to Gene Expression Profiling of Subset of Cells from the Drosophila Wing Disc

激光显微切割的从细胞的一个子集基因表达分析中的应用果蝇永光盘

Heterogeneous nature of tissues has proven to be a limiting factor in the amount of information that can be generated from biological samples, ...

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

果蝇蛹腹部免疫

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

寿命测量<em&gt;果蝇</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

在对飞行性能的准确，快速测定方法的改进<em&gt;果蝇</em

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an ...

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

通过影像学的蛹壳<em&gt;果蝇</em

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled ...

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

代谢率的测量<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;使用呼吸运动

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

解剖，成像和药物治疗： 果蝇蛹睾丸和单身男性生殖系囊肿的体外培养

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes ...