Name: visualizing the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons at the b-cell immune synapse using stimulated emission depletion (sted) microscopy
Uploaded: 2018-04-09T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeletons at the B-cell Immune Synapse Using Stimulated Emission Depletion STED Microscopy at JoVE.com

我们感谢哥伦比亚大学生命科学研究所 (LSI) 成像设备, 用于支持和维护 STED 显微镜。这项工作由加拿大卫生研究所 (M.R.G.) 赠款 #68865 资助。我们感谢行藏 Kaibuchi 博士 (日本名古屋名古屋大学) CLIP-170-GFP 质粒。

所有动物程序均经英属哥伦比亚大学动物保育委员会批准。
1. A20 B 淋巴瘤细胞中 GFP 融合蛋白的表达
<ol><li>培养 A20 细胞完全 RPMI 培养基 (RPMI-1640 补充10% 热灭活胎牛血清 (血清), 50 µM 2-巯基乙醇, 2 毫米谷氨酰胺, 1 毫米丙酮酸, 50 U/毫升青霉素, 50 µg/毫升链霉素) 在37°c 在一个组织培养孵化器与5% CO2。</li>
	<li>根据制造商的说明, 准备转染试剂 (请参阅材料表</strong...

<ol>
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骨架结构的详细图像可以使用 STED 超分辨率显微镜获得, 理论上可以达到 50 nm 的分辨率, 与传统的共焦显微镜相比, 衍射有限分辨率为 200 nm。24. 利用反褶积软件计算原始光源从观测到的 "模糊" 荧光信号中最可能的位置, 进一步提高了解析精细结构的能力。本协议描述了使用 STED 图像肌动蛋白和微管骨架以及细胞骨架相关蛋白的方法。
B 细胞活化诱发肌动蛋白...

当 b 细胞绑定到抗原呈现细胞 (apc) 表面上的偏振光阵列 (例如) 时, 由此产生的 b 细胞受体 (BCR) 信号驱动了典型的免疫突触结构的形成, 这首先描述在T 单元格1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 11,12,13。最初, microclusters 抗原束缚 BCRs 形成在 B 细胞的外围: APC 接触点。这些 microclusters 然后移动到抗原接触点的中心, 在那里他们合并成一个中央超分子活化星团 (cSMAC), 形成了免疫突触的核心。免疫突触形成优化 BCR 信号和促进 BCR 介导的抗原提取从 APC 膜14。这种抗原的获取, 其次是 BCR 介导的抗原内化和随后的抗原处理, 允许 B 细胞呈现肽: MHC II 配合物 t 细胞和诱导 t 细胞帮助14。由于免疫突触形成促进 B 细胞活化, 阐明建立这种功能模式的受体组织的机制可以为如何启动和调节体液免疫反应提供新的见解。
重组肌动蛋白和微管骨架是必不可少的免疫突触形成。由空间极化的抗原引起的局部 BCR 信号诱导迅速和戏剧性地重塑肌动蛋白骨架1,15。b 细胞周围的树突状肌动蛋白结构的形成, 推动了细胞膜的作用力, 促进了 b 细胞的扩散。这使得 B 细胞可以扫描更大面积的抗原轴承表面, 并增加 BCRs 的数量, 绑定抗原和激活 BCR 信号通路。同时, MTOC 和微管网络被重新定向到抗原接触部位。当 MTOC 接近抗原接触点时, 从 MTOC 中产生的微管沿等离子体膜的内表面延伸, 在 B 细胞和抗原轴承表面之间的界面上16,17。这些 juxtamembrane 微管可以充当蛋白介导的 BCR microclusters18的向心运动的轨道, 导致 cSMAC 的形成。
MTOC 对免疫突触的重新定位和极化需要完整的肌动蛋白和微管骨架, 并且通常取决于皮质肌动蛋白网络和微管的相互作用16,17, 19,20。皮质肌动蛋白结合蛋白, 如 IQGAP1, 可以通过与修饰微管加末端21的蛋白质复合物相互作用来捕获微管。这些附加端结合蛋白的动态复合体包括 EB1 和 CLIP-170, 统称为微管加端跟踪蛋白 (+ 提示)21,22。+ 微管末端的提示可以绑定到与血浆膜或皮质肌动蛋白细胞骨架相关的蛋白质。这允许产生力机制 (例如, cortically 锚蛋白沿微管的负端定向运动) 在微管上施加拉力, 从而重新定位 MTOC。CLIP-170 可以绑定到肌动蛋白相关的支架蛋白 IQGAP123, 我们已经表明, 这两个蛋白质是需要 BCR 诱导 MTOC 极化向免疫突触17。这种 IQGAP1-CLIP-170 的相互作用可能在协调肌动蛋白细胞骨架的重塑和微管网络在 B 细胞免疫突触的重新定位方面发挥关键作用。
常规荧光显微镜揭示了肌动蛋白和微管骨架在 B 细胞免疫突触形成中的戏剧性重组2。然而, 由于光的衍射极限, 这种方法无法详细解决小的蜂窝结构, 根据阿贝定律, 它依赖于用来照亮样品的光波长和目标24的光圈。这个衍射极限限制常规光学显微镜的分辨率到200-300 毫微米在横向方向和500-700 毫微米在轴向方向25。因此, 更小的亚细胞结构, 以及肌动蛋白和微管骨架的细微细节, 只能通过电子显微镜观察。细胞骨架的电子显微成像是耗时的, 需要苛刻的标本固定和准备协议, 可以改变生物结构, 并限于抗体介导的检测。immunostain 和同时图像多蛋白或细胞结构的能力是荧光显微镜的一个显著优势。此外, 在细胞中表达荧光融合蛋白能够实时成像, 并且在染色的有效抗体无法获得的情况下是有用的。
最近在超分辨率显微镜技术方面的进展克服了光的衍射极限, 允许纳米蜂窝结构的可视化24。一种超分辨率显微技术被称为受刺激的排放损耗 (STED) 显微镜。STED 使用两个激光器, 其中一个激光激发荧光和一个甜甜圈形状模式的第二个激光器选择性地抑制荧光周围的荧光发射。这减少了单个荧光粒子的点传播函数 (表观面积), 并提供了一个亚衍射极限荧光图像25,26。地面状态损耗显微镜还采用荧光技术获取超分辨率图像。然而, 图像的采集和重建时间长, 只有有限数量的显影, 可以使用, 同时高分辨率成像多骨架组件是技术上的挑战, 因为保持肌动蛋白和微管结构需要不同的固定程序。因此, STED 在电子显微术和其他超分辨显微学方法方面具有多种优势, 因为它提供了快速的图像采集, 具有极少的后处理要求, 并采用相同的显影和染色技术。用于固定样本的常规荧光显微术26。
超分辨率显微术现已被用于可视化肌动蛋白结构的免疫突触在自然杀手 (NK) 细胞和 T 细胞26,27,28,29,30,31. 然而, 微管细胞骨架的超分辨成像, 以及免疫突触形成过程中肌动蛋白和微管骨架的协调重组, 最近才被报道为17。我们使用 STED 显微镜的图像 B 细胞, 已获准在盖玻片涂上抗免疫球蛋白 (抗组织) 抗体, 刺激 BCR 信号和启动细胞骨架重组。在固定化的抗球蛋白抗体的镀膜下, B 细胞经历剧烈的肌动蛋白依赖性传播, 这概括免疫突触形成过程中的初始事件。重要的是, STED 显微镜揭示了在免疫突触周围形成的 F 肌动蛋白的树突环的细微细节, 并表明 MTOC, 以及附着于它的微管, 已经靠近抗原接触点17。这些微管向外延伸向 F 肌动蛋白的外围环。此外, 多色 STED 成像的各种组合的 F 肌动蛋白, 蛋白, IQGAP1 和 GFP 标记 CLIP-170 + 提示表明, 微管加端标记 CLIP-170-GFP 与周围肌动蛋白网和 IQGAP1 密切联系,皮质捕获蛋白17。
在这里, 我们提出了一个详细的协议, 以成像肌动蛋白和微管骨架在免疫突触使用 STED 显微术。利用 A20 小鼠 B 细胞系对这些方法进行了优化, 广泛用于研究 BCR 信号和免疫突触形成17,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39. 由于 CLIP-170 的商业抗体在以前的实验中对染色没有很好的效果, 我们详细描述了 A20 细胞中 GFP 标记 CLIP-170 的表达, 以及同时可视化的染色协议, 以三骨架成分或细胞骨架相关蛋白。在 NK 细胞免疫突触中使用 STED 显微术的图像肌动蛋白的方法已经被描述了以前的40。在这里, 我们扩展到获取多色超分辨率图像的肌动蛋白和微管骨架在 B 细胞。
超分辨率显微镜的一个关键考虑是使用适当的固定程序来维持细胞结构和防止荧光蛋白的损伤。本文提出的固定和染色方法已被优化, 以保留 GFP 荧光和提供高分辨率成像的肌动蛋白和微管网络。在表达荧光蛋白时, 应该注意到 B 细胞通常很难染。使用此协议, 20-50% 的 A20 细胞通常表达转染的 GFP 融合蛋白, 在这个人群中蛋白质表达的水平是可变的。然而, 使用我们描述的程序, 超分辨率成像的肌动蛋白和微管是相当健壮的, 高质量的图像是容易获得的。尽管它们的尺寸相对于 A20 细胞较小, 但我们表明, 这些程序也可以用于图像的微管网络在初级 B 细胞已短暂激活的脂多糖 (LPS)。我们已经表明, 脂多糖活化的初级 B 细胞可以在相对较高的效率 (即, 这样的蛋白质消耗可以检测到免疫印迹法) 转染 siRNAs, 使其成为一个良好的替代使用 B 细胞线的一些研究17。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A20 mouse B-lymphoma cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>TIB-208</td>
			<td>Murine B-cell lymphoma of Balb/c origin that expresses an IgG-containing BCR on its surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;R0883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12483020</td>
			<td>Heat inactivate at 56 oC for 30 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>G5763</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>P5280</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Liquid, 10,000 units</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Additional materials for primary B cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70-&#181;m cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic bead-based B cell isolation kit</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>19854</td>
			<td>EasySep Mouse B cell Isolation kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>L4391</td>
			<td>LPS from E. coli 0111:B4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B cell-activating factor (BAFF)</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>2106-BF-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfection</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmid encoding CLIP-170-GFP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gift from Dr. Kozo Kaibuchi (Nagoya Univ., Nagoya, Japan); described in Fukata et al. Cell 109:873-885, 2002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recommended transfection reagents and equipment </td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amaxa Nucleofection kit V</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>VCA-1003</td>
			<td>Follow the manufacturer&#39;s directions for mixing the transfection reagents with the DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amaxa Nucleofector model 2b</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>AAB-1001</td>
			<td>Program L-013 used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 6-well plates, TC treated, sterile</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coating coverslips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18-mm diameter round #1.5 cover glasses</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1217N81</td>
			<td>Similar product: Marienfield-Superior catalogue #117580</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1381242</td>
			<td>Dissecting extra fine splinter forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 12-well sterile tissue polystyrene tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A412-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without calcium or magnesium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat-anti-mouse IgG antibody</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-005-008</td>
			<td>For A20 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat-anti-mouse IgM antibody</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-005-020</td>
			<td>For primary mouse B cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (16% stock solution)</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Dilute with PBS to working concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutaraldehyde (50% stock solution)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>340855</td>
			<td>Dilute with PBS to working concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP151-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saponin</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>S2149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA), Fraction V</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>10735094001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab52866</td>
			<td>1:250 dilution recommended but should be optimized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 532-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A11009</td>
			<td>1:100 dilution recommended but should be optimized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 568-conjugated phalloidin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A12380</td>
			<td>1:100 dilution recommneded but should be optimized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Diamond Antifade Mountant</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P36970</td>
			<td>Without DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>P1150-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>C1016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S374-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M63</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D16-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica SP8 TCS STED microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Huygens deconvolution software</td>
			<td>Scientific Voume Imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>See https://svi.nl/HuygensProducts</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualizing the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons at the b-cell immune synapse using stimulated emission depletion (sted) microscopy

b 细胞与膜结合抗原 (例如, 在抗原呈现细胞的表面) 形成免疫突触, 一种专门的细胞结构, 优化 B 细胞受体 (BCR) 信号和 BCR 介导的抗原获取。肌动蛋白细胞骨架的重塑和微管网络对抗原接触部位的重新定位是免疫突触形成的必要条件。将肌动蛋白细胞骨架重塑为 F 肌动蛋白的致密外周环, 伴随着微管组织中心向免疫突触的极化。微管加端结合蛋白, 以及皮质加端捕获蛋白介导肌动蛋白和微管骨架之间的物理相互作用, 使它们能够以协调的方式进行重组。阐明控制这种骨架重组的机制, 以及了解这些骨架结构如何形成免疫突触生成和 BCR 信号, 可以为 B 细胞活化提供新的洞察力。这已经得到了发展的超分辨率显微方法, 揭示了新的细节骨架网络组织。这里我们描述了一种使用受刺激的排放损耗 (STED) 显微镜同时图像肌动蛋白结构, 微管和转染的 GFP 标记微管加端结合蛋白在 B 细胞中的方法。为了模拟免疫突触形成的早期事件, 我们允许 B 细胞在盖玻片上涂上抗免疫球蛋白 (抗组织) 抗体, 启动 BCR 信号和细胞骨架重塑。我们提供了一步一步的协议, 以表达 GFP 融合蛋白在 A20 B 淋巴瘤细胞, 抗细胞扩散, 并为后续的细胞固定, 染色, 图像采集和图像反褶积步骤。使用这些程序获得的高分辨率图像使人能够同时可视化肌动蛋白结构、微管和微管加端结合蛋白, 这两种骨架网络之间可以连接。

对于在固定化抗 STED 上传播的 B 细胞, 与反褶积软件结合使用的显微术提供了比共聚焦显微镜更高的骨架结构分辨率图像。这在图 1中很明显, 其中 F 肌动蛋白网络是使用上面描述的协议进行可视化的。对同一样本的共焦和 STED 超分辨率图像的比较表明, STED 图像具有较高的分辨率, 揭示了肌动蛋白骨架的更详细结构 (图 1)。这一?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeletons at the B-cell Immune Synapse Using Stimulated Emission Depletion STED Microscopy at JoVE.com

Visualizing the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeletons at the B-cell Immune Synapse Using Stimulated Emission Depletion STED Microscopy

我们提出了一个使用 STED 显微术的协议, 同时图像肌动蛋白结构, 微管和微管加端结合蛋白的 b 细胞已扩散到盖玻片的抗体涂层的 b 细胞受体, 一个模型的初始阶段免疫突触形成。

利用受刺激的排放损耗 (STED) 显微镜可视化肌动蛋白和微管骨架在 B 细胞免疫突触中的应用

B cells that bind to membrane-bound antigens (e.g., on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell) form an immune synapse, a specialized cellular structure ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Visualizing the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeletons at the B-cell Immune Synapse Using Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

测量细菌感染小鼠和免疫反应李斯特菌</em

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen1. Mouse studies typically employ intravenous injection of ...

科研

免疫与感染

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

寄生蜂简介<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;和Antiparasite的免疫反应的

Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Thymus using 2-Photon Microscopy

活体成像的鼠标使用2 - 光子显微镜的胸腺

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic ...

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay

使用一个调查益生素对肺炎球菌定植的影响<em&gt;体外</em&gt;粘附试验

Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) to the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx can result in colonization and is considered a ...

Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Nanoscopy

Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion STED Nanoscopy

免疫突触由双色时间选通受激发射损耗（STED）纳米显微可视化

Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

在 MyD88的介导的细胞免疫应答西尼罗河病毒变异株感染体外分析

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Immune Synapse in the Human System Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

影像性流式细胞仪对人体免疫突触的定性和定量分析

The immune synapse is the area of communication between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T cells polarize surface receptors and proteins ...

Visualizing Macrophage Extracellular Traps Using Confocal Microscopy

利用共焦显微镜可视化巨噬细胞胞外陷阱

A primary method used to define the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is confocal microscopy. We have modified established confocal ...

Co-staining Blood Vessels and Nerve Fibers in Adipose Tissue

脂肪组织中的血管和神经纤维的共染色

Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of angiogenesis and sympathetic innervation in adipose tissue remodeling during the development of ...

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation

研究免疫突触形成过程中B细胞中的细胞动力学

Recognition of surface-tethered antigens&#160;by the B cell receptor (BCR)&#160;triggers the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where both ...