Name: development of recombinant proteins to treat chronic pain
Uploaded: 2018-04-11T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of Recombinant Proteins to Treat Chronic Pain at JoVE.com

这项工作的一部分是由乌得勒支大学生命科学补助金资助的。

所有动物实验都是按照国际准则进行的, 并事先得到当地实验伦理委员会的批准。全血是从小型捐助者服务 (迷你捐助者 Dienst, MDD) 在大学医学中心乌得勒支 (UMCU) 在荷兰。MDD 得到了 UMCU (Medisch Ethische Toetscommissie) 的医学伦理学委员会的积极批准, 其编号为 07-125/C 号议定书。
1. 蛋白质的生产和表征
<ol><li>细胞培养 注意: 请参阅所用培养基的材料表。<...

<ol>
	<li>Breivik, H., Collett, B., Ventafridda, V., Cohen, R., Gallacher, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survey+of+chronic+pain+in+Europe:+prevalence,+impact+on+daily+life,+and+treatment.">Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment.</a> Eur J Pain. 10 (4), 287-333 (2006).</li><li>Gerdle, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+widespread+pain+and+associations+with+work+status:+a+population+study.">Prevalence of widespread pain and associations with work status: a population study.</a> BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 9, 102 (2008).</li><li>Borsook, D., Aasted, C. 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R., Soderquist, R. G., Mahoney, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+interleukin-10+therapy+to+treat+peripheral+neuropathic+pain.">Spinal interleukin-10 therapy to treat peripheral neuropathic pain.</a> Neuromodulation. 15 (6), 520-526 (2012).</li><li>Grace, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+assessment+of+neuropathic+pain,+fatigue,+and+anxiety+in+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+(EAE)+and+attenuation+by+interleukin-10+gene+therapy.">Behavioral assessment of neuropathic pain, fatigue, and anxiety in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and attenuation by interleukin-10 gene therapy.</a> Brain Behav Immun. 59, 49-54 (2017).</li><li>Kiguchi, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+administration+of+interleukin-13+reverses+inflammatory+macrophage+and+tactile+allodynia+in+mice+with+partial+sciatic+nerve+ligation.">Peripheral administration of interleukin-13 reverses inflammatory macrophage and tactile allodynia in mice with partial sciatic nerve ligation.</a> J Pharmacol Sci. 133 (1), 53-56 (2017).</li><li>Eijkelkamp, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL4-10+Fusion+Protein+Is+a+Novel+Drug+to+Treat+Persistent+Inflammatory+Pain.">IL4-10 Fusion Protein Is a Novel Drug to Treat Persistent Inflammatory Pain.</a> J Neurosci. 36 (28), 7353-7363 (2016).</li><li>Schott, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Affinity Chromatography: Template Chromatography of Nucleic Acids and Proteins. , (1984).</li><li>Scopes, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+for+protein+purification.">Strategies for protein purification.</a> Curr Protoc Protein Sci. , (2001).</li><li>Gregory, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+overview+of+animal+models+of+pain:+disease+models+and+outcome+measures.">An overview of animal models of pain: disease models and outcome measures.</a> J Pain. 14 (11), 1255-1269 (2013).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Balancing+GRK2+and+EPAC1+levels+prevents+and+relieves+chronic+pain.">Balancing GRK2 and EPAC1 levels prevents and relieves chronic pain.</a> J Clin Invest. 123 (12), 5023-5034 (2013).</li><li>Willemen, H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglial/macrophage+GRK2+determines+duration+of+peripheral+IL-1beta-induced+hyperalgesia:+contribution+of+spinal+cord+CX3CR1,+p38+and+IL-1+signaling.">Microglial/macrophage GRK2 determines duration of peripheral IL-1beta-induced hyperalgesia: contribution of spinal cord CX3CR1, p38 and IL-1 signaling.</a> Pain. 150 (3), 550-560 (2010).</li><li>Chaplan, S. R., Bach, F. W., Pogrel, J. W., Chung, J. M., Yaksh, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+tactile+allodynia+in+the+rat+paw.">Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 53 (1), 55-63 (1994).</li><li>Hargreaves, K., Dubner, R., Brown, F., Flores, C., Joris, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+and+sensitive+method+for+measuring+thermal+nociception+in+cutaneous+hyperalgesia.">A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia.</a> Pain. 32 (1), 77-88 (1988).</li><li>Robinson, I., Sargent, B., Hatcher, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+dynamic+weight+bearing+as+a+novel+end-point+for+the+assessment+of+Freund's+Complete+Adjuvant+induced+hypersensitivity+in+mice.">Use of dynamic weight bearing as a novel end-point for the assessment of Freund's Complete Adjuvant induced hypersensitivity in mice.</a> Neurosci Lett. 524 (2), 107-110 (2012).</li><li>He, Y., Tian, X., Hu, X., Porreca, F., Wang, Z. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+reinforcement+reveals+non-evoked+ongoing+pain+in+mice+with+tissue+or+nerve+injury.">Negative reinforcement reveals non-evoked ongoing pain in mice with tissue or nerve injury.</a> J Pain. 13 (6), 598-607 (2012).</li><li>Bottros, M. M., Christo, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+perspectives+on+intrathecal+drug+delivery.">Current perspectives on intrathecal drug delivery.</a> J Pain Res. 7, 615-626 (2014).</li><li>Eijkelkamp, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+Piezo2+in+EPAC1-dependent+mechanical+allodynia.">A role for Piezo2 in EPAC1-dependent mechanical allodynia.</a> Nat Commun. 4, 1682 (2013).</li><li>Bradman, M. 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本手稿描述了一种重组 IL4-10 融合蛋白的生产和表征方法, 以及检测其在持续炎症性疼痛小鼠模型中抑制炎症痛觉的有效性的方法。IL4-10 融合蛋白的生产和纯化是在小尺度上进行的。HEK293 细胞被选作蛋白质生产的表达系统, 因为它们能够在原核表达系统中无法实现转化后的修饰。翻译后的修改与蛋白质功能有关, 缺乏这种修饰可能会影响 IL4-10 融合蛋白的治疗效果。用亲和层析法从培养中清液中纯?...

慢性疼痛仍然是第二十一世纪最虚弱和未受治疗的医疗问题之一, 影响 > 20% 的成人人口1,2。然而, 提供缓解慢性疼痛的治疗往往无效或必须停止, 因为严重的副作用3。重要的是, 目前可用的药物只提供症状缓解, 但不显着改变或治疗慢性疼痛。虽然慢性疼痛似乎是神经紊乱, 证据表明免疫系统参与慢性疼痛发展4,5。此外, 以免疫为基础的治疗疼痛的方法正在出现。例如, 抗炎细胞因子能抑制几种慢性疼痛模型中的疼痛6,7,8。然而, 抗炎细胞因子有短半衰期, 减少其潜在的止痛效果。此外, 抗炎细胞因子最优化的工作, 以配合。为了克服这些局限性, 我们最近将抗炎细胞因子 interleukin-4 (IL4) 和 interleukin-10 (IL10) 融合成一个分子。与单个细胞因子9相比, IL4-10 融合蛋白在抑制慢性炎症和神经病理性疼痛方面具有优异的疗效。这里我们描述了这种融合蛋白是如何产生、纯化以及如何控制其质量的。
IL4-10 融合蛋白是通过对 HEK293-F 细胞进行瞬态转染, pUPE 表达载体进行 IL4-10 融合蛋白的 cDNA 序列编码, 在人体细胞中产生的。HEK293-F 细胞被选择允许对蛋白质的后转化修饰, 在细菌表达系统中不会发生的东西。为了优化糖盖与唾液酸, cDNA 编码 beta-galactoside-2, 3-唾液酸化酶转移酶被纳入在载体作为第二种转基因。融合蛋白的纯化使用亲和蛋白纯化的文化上清, 因为它比纯化更强大的其他方法例如大小排除或离子交换层析10,11。为了纯化 IL4-10 融合蛋白, 我们用自制的单克隆抗体对 IL4。对纯化 IL4-10 融合蛋白的纯度和生物活性进行了评价, 作为质量控制的一部分。用月桂酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (SDS 页) 和高压尺寸排除色谱 (HP SEC) 对生产批次纯度进行了评价。通过测量其在全血培养中抑制脂多糖 (LPS) 诱导的肿瘤坏死因子α (TNFα) 生产的能力, 对 IL4-10 融合蛋白的生物活性进行评价, 并将其与个体的组合进行比较。细胞 因子。
最后, 为了测试 IL4-10 融合蛋白抑制慢性疼痛的能力, 我们描述了如何在广泛使用的持久性炎症疼痛的小鼠模型中测试融合蛋白的镇痛作用12,13,14.在这里, 我们描述了炎症疼痛模型的方法。然而, 重要的是要注意, 其他疼痛模型可以使用 (例如, 神经病理性疼痛模型), 取决于需要回答的研究问题。为了评估这些模型的疼痛, 重要的是要使用各种行为措施, 包括诱发和非诱发疼痛的措施。在这里, 我们描述了对机械和热诱发行为反应变化的评估方法。对无害刺激的机械敏感性是用弗雷测试来评估的, 而热敏度则使用哈格里夫斯测试进行评估。重要的是, 用动态负重试验测量非诱发痛觉/痛觉。这些措施被广泛接受作为疼痛措施和产生的重要信息的疼痛阈值和潜在的疼痛经历的动物15,16,17。评估非诱发疼痛的其他措施 (例如, 刺激独立), 如条件位置首选项测试, 可能是有价值的18。为了评估药物抑制疼痛的潜能, 我们对融合蛋白进行鞘内管理, 因为这一管理途径需要较少的蛋白质剂量来达到与疼痛相关的区域, 避免系统性 (副作用)19, 20。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:869px;" width="868">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">FreeStyle 293-F cells</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">R790-07</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Human embryonic kidney cells&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GIBCO FreeStyle 293 Expression Medium</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>12338018</td>
			<td>Culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">293fectin Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12347019</td>
			<td>Transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GIBCO Opti-MEM + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>51985026</td>
			<td>Reduced Serum Medium for use during cationic lipid transfections&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">GIBCO RPMI Medium 1640 (1x)</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">52400-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CNBr-Activated Sepharose 4B</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0430-01</td>
			<td>pre-activated media for coupling antibodies or other large proteins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Hydrochloric acid fuming 37%&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Merck</td>
			<td>1003171000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>S7653-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Sodium bicarbonate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">31437</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Trizma hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">T3253-500G</td>
			<td>TRIS hydrochloride&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic Acid 100%&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1.00063.1000&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Glycin-HCl&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">G2879&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Pharmacie, UMCU</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">10X TGS</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BIO-RAD</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">161-0772</td>
			<td>Tris/Glycine/SDS Buffer for SDS electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Mini-PROTEAN TGX Gels</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BIO-RAD</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">456-1046</td>
			<td>12% SDS precast gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Trans-Blot Turbo Transfer Pack</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BIO-RAD</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">170-4157</td>
			<td>Western blot transfer packs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yarra 3u SEC-2000 column</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">InstantBlue Protein Stain</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Expedeon</td>
			<td>ISB1L</td>
			<td>ready to use Coomassie protein stain for polyacrylamide gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>Human IL-10 DuoSet ELISA</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>DY217B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>Human TNF&#945; ELISA Set</td>
			<td>Diaclone</td>
			<td>851570020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>BCA Pierce Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Carrageenan</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">22049</td>
			<td>plant mucopolysaccharide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">CFA</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">F5881</td>
			<td>vaccine adjuvant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">20779</td>
			<td>glass syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Animal Enclosure</td>
			<td>IITC Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">433</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Animal Enclosure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Von Frey mesh stand</td>
			<td>IITC Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">410</td>
			<td>Mesh Stand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">von Frey hairs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td>58011</td>
			<td>touch test sensory probes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Plantar Test (Hargreaves Method)</td>
			<td>IITC Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">390G</td>
			<td>plantar test with heated glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dynamic Weight Bearing test</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Bioseb</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BIO-DWB-AUTO-M</td>
			<td>postural deficit test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass Econo-Column Columns, 1.5 &#215; 30 cm</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>7371532</td>
			<td>glass chromatography column&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">88242</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Minisart NML Syringe Filter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sartorius</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">16555-K</td>
			<td>single use filter unit, 0.45 &#956;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CASY Cell Counter and Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of recombinant proteins to treat chronic pain

慢性疼痛难以治疗, 迫切需要新的方法来解决持久性疼痛。抗炎性细胞因子是有希望的候选者, 以治疗虚弱的疼痛状况, 因为他们的能力, 调节异常的神经免疫相互作用。然而, 生理上他们在一个不同的细胞因子的网络工作, 因此他们的治疗作用可能不是最佳的当被使用作为独立药物。为了克服这一局限性, 我们开发了抗炎细胞因子 IL4 和 IL10 的融合蛋白。本文介绍了 IL4-10 重组蛋白的生产和质量控制方法, 并对 IL4-10 融合蛋白在小鼠持续炎症性疼痛模型中的镇痛效果进行了试验研究。

在图 1a中显示了含有不同分数的 SDS 页凝胶在亲和层析纯化过程中的代表性图片。在负载 (L) 和流经 (FT) 馏分中, 所有在 HEK293 上清液中存在的蛋白质都被观察到。在洗涤 (W) 分数中没有发现蛋白质。在洗脱 (E) 分数, 观察两个带35和 37 kDa 的两个不同 glycoforms 的 IL4-10 融合蛋白 (箭)。在图 1B中, 显示了两种?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of Recombinant Proteins to Treat Chronic Pain at JoVE.com

Development of Recombinant Proteins to Treat Chronic Pain

本文为 IL4-10 重组融合蛋白的生产方法和质量控制提供了详细的资料。我们还展示了如何测试这种蛋白质的有效性, 以解决疼痛的老鼠模型的炎症疼痛。

重组蛋白治疗慢性疼痛的研究进展

Chronic pain is difficult to treat and new approaches to resolve persistent pain are urgently needed. Anti-inflammatory cytokines are promising candidates ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation: A Rat Model to Study the Development of Chronic Vasculopathy

主动脉原位移植大鼠模型，研究慢性血管病变的发展

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant ...

科研

医学

Chronic Constriction of the Sciatic Nerve and Pain Hypersensitivity Testing in Rats

慢性缩窄大鼠坐骨神经疼痛过敏测试

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of ...

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

膀胱胀诱发内脏运动反应为膀胱疼痛小鼠模型

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat's Infraorbital Nerve (IoN-CCI) to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat's Infraorbital Nerve IoN-CCI to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

老鼠的眶下神经（ION-CCI）研究三叉神经性疼痛性损伤

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral ...

Spontaneous and Evoked Measures of Pain in Murine Models of Monoarticular Knee Pain

单关节膝关节疼痛小鼠模型疼痛的自发性和诱发性测量

Pain is the main cause of disability from arthritis. There is currently an unmet need for adequate treatments for arthritis pain. Pre-clinical models are ...

A New Best Practice for Validating Tail Vein Injections in Rat with Near-infrared-Labeled Agents

近红外标记剂对大鼠尾静脉注射的新的最佳验证

Intravenous (IV) administration of agents into the tail vein of rats can be both difficult and inconsistent. Optimizing tail vein injections is a key part ...

Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Longitudinal Intussusception Vasoepididymostomy to Treat Epididymal Obstructive Azoospermia

血管保留性显微外科纵向套叠血管表皮造口术治疗附睾梗阻性无精子症

The epididymis is a common site of obstruction in obstructive azoospermia (OA). Vasoepididymostomy has become an important method for the treatment of ...

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

部分坐骨神经结扎术：慢性神经性疼痛的小鼠模型，用于研究新疗法的抗伤害感受作用

Management of chronic pain remains challenging to this day, and current treatments are associated with adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. ...

Exploring the Two Herb Combination Strategy to Treat Injured PC12 Cells

探索两种草药组合策略治疗受损PC12细胞

In view of the advantages of the combination of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of cerebral ischemia, we studied the differences in ...

Improving FSN Therapy in the Rat Model&#58; Minimizing Discomfort and Maximizing Efficiency

Efficacy of Fu's Subcutaneous Needling on Sciatic Nerve Pain: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Changes in a Chronic Constriction Injury Rat Model

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Therapeutic Effects of FSN Treatment &#8211; Bridging Research and Clinical Applications in Neuropathic Pain

Fu&#39;s subcutaneous needling (FSN), an invented acupuncture technique from traditional Chinese medicine, is used worldwide for pain relief. However, the ...