Name: extraction of hemocytes from drosophila melanogaster larvae for microbial infection and analysis
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis at JoVE.com

Nós estamos gratos ao Dr. Robert Heinzen para fornecimento de estoques de mCherry-expressando Coxiella burnetii. Agradecemos o Dr. Luis Teixeira para fornecer invertebrados iridescente vírus 6 e o centro de estoque de Bloomington para fornecer estoques voar. Este projeto foi financiado em parte pelo NIH grant R00 AI106963 (para A.G.G.) e Universidade de estado de Washington.

1. infecção ex vivo
<ol><li>Médio e equipamentos<ol>
<li>Sob condições estéreis, preparar fresco Drosophila hematócito isolando médio (DHIM) contendo 75% Schneider Drosophila médio com 25% de soro Fetal bovino (FBS) e filtro sterilize.</li>
		<li>Camada 2-3 pedaços de película de parafina de 10 x 10 cm sob um estereomicroscópio.</li>
		<li>Prepare o capilar de vidro. Defina o aquecedor extrator capilar a 55% do máximo. Puxe o tubo capilar para um ponto afiado de aproximadamente 1...

<ol>
	<li>Hoffmann, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+immune+response+of+Drosophila.">The immune response of Drosophila.</a> Nature. 426 (6962), 33-38 (2003).</li><li>Regan, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Steroid+hormone+signaling+is+essential+to+regulate+innate+immune+cells+and+fight+bacterial+infection+in+Drosophila.">Steroid hormone signaling is essential to regulate innate immune cells and fight bacterial infection in Drosophila.</a> PLoS Pathog. 9 (10), 1003720 (2013).</li><li>Yano, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagic+control+of+listeria+through+intracellular+innate+immune+recognition+in+Drosophila.">Autophagic control of listeria through intracellular innate immune recognition in Drosophila.</a> Nat Immunol. 9 (8), 908-916 (2008).</li><li>Bastos, R. G., Howard, Z. P., Hiroyasu, A., Goodman, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+and+Bacterial+Factors+Control+Susceptibility+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+to+Coxiella+burnetii+Infection.">Host and Bacterial Factors Control Susceptibility of Drosophila melanogaster to Coxiella burnetii Infection.</a> Infect Immun. 85 (7), (2017).</li><li>Kacsoh, B. Z., Schlenke, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+hemocyte+load+is+associated+with+increased+resistance+against+parasitoids+in+Drosophila+suzukii,+a+relative+of+D.+melanogaster.">High hemocyte load is associated with increased resistance against parasitoids in Drosophila suzukii, a relative of D. melanogaster.</a> PLoS One. 7 (4), 34721 (2012).</li><li>Tsuzuki, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switching+between+humoral+and+cellular+immune+responses+in+Drosophila.+is+guided+by+the+cytokine+GBP.">Switching between humoral and cellular immune responses in Drosophila. is guided by the cytokine GBP.</a> Nat Commun. 5, 4628 (2014).</li><li>Kurucz, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Definition+of+Drosophila.+hemocyte+subsets+by+cell-type+specific+antigens.">Definition of Drosophila. hemocyte subsets by cell-type specific antigens.</a> Acta Biol Hung. 58, 95-111 (2007).</li><li>Neyen, C., Bretscher, A. J., Binggeli, O., Lemaitre, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+to+study+Drosophila+immunity.">Methods to study Drosophila immunity.</a> Methods. 68 (1), 116-128 (2014).</li><li>Arefin, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis+in+Hemocytes+Induces+a+Shift+in+Effector+Mechanisms+in+the+Drosophila.+Immune+System+and+Leads+to+a+Pro-Inflammatory+State.">Apoptosis in Hemocytes Induces a Shift in Effector Mechanisms in the Drosophila. Immune System and Leads to a Pro-Inflammatory State.</a> PLoS One. 10 (8), 0136593 (2015).</li><li>Rus, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+pattern+of+Filamin-240+in+Drosophila+blood+cells.">Expression pattern of Filamin-240 in Drosophila blood cells.</a> Gene Expr Patterns. 6 (8), 928-934 (2006).</li><li>Kurucz, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemese,+a+hemocyte-specific+transmembrane+protein,+affects+the+cellular+immune+response+in+Drosophila.">Hemese, a hemocyte-specific transmembrane protein, affects the cellular immune response in Drosophila.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 100 (5), 2622-2627 (2003).</li><li>Markus, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sessile+hemocytes+as+a+hematopoietic+compartment+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Sessile hemocytes as a hematopoietic compartment in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 106 (12), 4805-4809 (2009).</li><li>Bretscher, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Nimrod+transmembrane+receptor+Eater+is+required+for+hemocyte+attachment+to+the+sessile+compartment+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">The Nimrod transmembrane receptor Eater is required for hemocyte attachment to the sessile compartment in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Biol Open. 4 (3), 355-363 (2015).</li><li>Zettervall, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+directed+screen+for+genes+involved+in+Drosophila+blood+cell+activation.">A directed screen for genes involved in Drosophila blood cell activation.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 101 (39), 14192-14197 (2004).</li><li>Flynt, A., Liu, N., Martin, R., Lai, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dicing+of+viral+replication+intermediates+during+silencing+of+latent+Drosophila+viruses.">Dicing of viral replication intermediates during silencing of latent Drosophila viruses.</a> P Natl Acad Sci USA. 106 (13), 5270-5275 (2009).</li><li>Jovel, J., Schneemann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+characterization+of+Drosophila+cells+persistently+infected+with+Flock+House+virus.">Molecular characterization of Drosophila cells persistently infected with Flock House virus.</a> Virology. 419 (1), 43-53 (2011).</li><li>Stoepler, T. M., Castillo, J. C., Lill, J. T., Eleftherianos, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+protocol+for+extracting+hemocytes+from+wild+caterpillars.">A simple protocol for extracting hemocytes from wild caterpillars.</a> J Vis Exp. (69), e4173 (2012).</li><li>Sampson, C. J., Williams, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protocol+for+ex+vivo+incubation+of+Drosophila+primary+post-embryonic+haemocytes+for+real-time+analyses.">Protocol for ex vivo incubation of Drosophila primary post-embryonic haemocytes for real-time analyses.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 827, 359-367 (2012).</li><li>Nehme, N. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+of+bacterial+intestinal+infections+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">A model of bacterial intestinal infections in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS Pathog. 3 (11), 173 (2007).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+fruit+juice+egg+plates.">Drosophila fruit juice egg plates.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. (9), (2007).</li><li>Ahlers, L. R., Bastos, R. G., Hiroyasu, A., Goodman, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invertebrate+Iridescent+Virus+6,+a+DNA+Virus,+Stimulates+a+Mammalian+Innate+Immune+Response+through+RIG-I-Like+Receptors.">Invertebrate Iridescent Virus 6, a DNA Virus, Stimulates a Mammalian Innate Immune Response through RIG-I-Like Receptors.</a> PLoS One. 11 (11), 0166088 (2016).</li><li>Lee, P. Y., Costumbrado, J., Hsu, C. Y., Kim, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agarose+gel+electrophoresis+for+the+separation+of+DNA+fragments.">Agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments.</a> J Vis Exp. (62), (2012).</li><li>Petraki, S., Alexander, B., Bruckner, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assaying+Blood+Cell+Populations+of+the+Drosophila+melanogaster+Larva.">Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva.</a> J Vis Exp. (105), (2015).</li><li>Figliozzi, R. W., Chen, F., Chi, A., Hsia, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+the+inverse+Poisson+distribution+to+calculate+multiplicity+of+infection+and+viral+replication+by+a+high-throughput+fluorescent+imaging+system.">Using the inverse Poisson distribution to calculate multiplicity of infection and viral replication by a high-throughput fluorescent imaging system.</a> Virol Sin. 31 (2), 180-183 (2016).</li><li>Rizki, T. M., Rizki, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lamellocyte+differentiation+in+Drosophila.+larvae+parasitized+by+Leptopilina.">Lamellocyte differentiation in Drosophila. larvae parasitized by Leptopilina.</a> Dev Comp Immunol. 16 (2-3), 103-110 (1992).</li><li>Markus, R., Kurucz, E., Rus, F., Ando, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sterile+wounding+is+a+minimal+and+sufficient+trigger+for+a+cellular+immune+response+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Sterile wounding is a minimal and sufficient trigger for a cellular immune response in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Immunol Lett. 101 (1), 108-111 (2005).</li><li>McCormack, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perforin-2+Protects+Host+Cells+and+Mice+by+Restricting+the+Vacuole+to+Cytosol+Transitioning+of+a+Bacterial+Pathogen.">Perforin-2 Protects Host Cells and Mice by Restricting the Vacuole to Cytosol Transitioning of a Bacterial Pathogen.</a> Infect Immun. 84 (4), 1083-1091 (2016).</li><li>Ozgen, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+and+characterization+of+a+recombinant+invertebrate+iridovirus.">Construction and characterization of a recombinant invertebrate iridovirus.</a> Virus Res. 189, 286-292 (2014).</li><li>Jakob, N. J., Muller, K., Bahr, U., Darai, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+first+complete+DNA+sequence+of+an+invertebrate+iridovirus:+coding+strategy+of+the+genome+of+Chilo+iridescent+virus.">Analysis of the first complete DNA sequence of an invertebrate iridovirus: coding strategy of the genome of Chilo iridescent virus.</a> Virology. 286 (1), 182-196 (2001).</li><li>Ghigo, E., Colombo, M. I., Heinzen, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Coxiella+burnetii+parasitophorous+vacuole.">The Coxiella burnetii parasitophorous vacuole.</a> Adv Exp Med Biol. 984, 141-169 (2012).</li><li>Liu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+melanogaster+prophenoloxidases+respond+inconsistently+to+Cu2++and+have+different+activity+in+vitro.">Drosophila melanogaster prophenoloxidases respond inconsistently to Cu2+ and have different activity in vitro.</a> Dev Comp Immunol. 36 (3), 619-628 (2012).</li><li>De Gregorio, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+immune-responsive+Serpin+regulates+the+melanization+cascade+in+Drosophila.">An immune-responsive Serpin regulates the melanization cascade in Drosophila.</a> Dev Cell. 3 (4), 581-592 (2002).</li><li>Kari, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+raspberry+Gene+Is+Involved+in+the+Regulation+of+the+Cellular+Immune+Response+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">The raspberry Gene Is Involved in the Regulation of the Cellular Immune Response in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS One. 11 (3), 0150910 (2016).</li><li>Wu, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+single-cell+RNA-sequencing+methods.">Quantitative assessment of single-cell RNA-sequencing methods.</a> Nat Methods. 11 (1), 41-46 (2014).</li><li>Buettner, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computational+analysis+of+cell-to-cell+heterogeneity+in+single-cell+RNA-sequencing+data+reveals+hidden+subpopulations+of+cells.">Computational analysis of cell-to-cell heterogeneity in single-cell RNA-sequencing data reveals hidden subpopulations of cells.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 33 (2), 155-160 (2015).</li><li>Nevil, M., Bondra, E. R., Schulz, K. N., Kaplan, T., Harrison, M. 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Para entender melhor como células hospedeiras tornar-se infectado, é importante esclarecer a localização do patógeno nas células, especialmente quando a fazer experiências com o patógeno previamente testado e de combinações de tipo de célula4. Enquanto estuda a cascata de resposta celular após infecção pode indicar invasão do patógeno produtiva, a combinação dos dados de resposta celular e imagem é essencial para demonstrar a infecção e invasão do patógeno. Enquanto relatór...

Drosophila melanogaster é um organismo modelo bem estabelecida para o estudo da imunidade inata1. Durante a resposta imune inata, hemócitos desempenham um papel importante na resposta ao desafio do patógeno. Hemócitos são críticos para encapsular parasitas, bem como tendo uma função importante na luta contra o patógeno através de ação fagocitária durante infecção fúngica, bacteriana e viral,2,3.
A fim de melhor compreender a resposta imune inata do hospedeiro à infecção microbiana patogénica, é importante Visualizar como o patógeno invade células hospedeiras durante a infecção. Esta visualização contribui para uma compreensão do mecanismo de invasão. Juntamente com detalhes de localização intracelular de patógeno e a resposta celular, esses dados podem fornecer pistas sobre a resposta do hospedeiro à infecção e as organelas celulares com os quais interage o micróbio. Assim, a reconstrução 3D modelo após a geração de imagens por microscopia pode ser útil para determinar a localização precisa de patógenos em células hospedeiras. Neste estudo, nós visualizado a invasão da Coxiella burnetii (c. burnetii), o agente causador da febre Q, uma zoonose que representa uma séria ameaça à saúde humana e animal, em primários hemócitos de Drosophila . Recentemente, foi demonstrado que a drosófila são suscetíveis ao nível de biossegurança 2 fase de nove milhas II (NMII) clone 4 tensão de c. burnetii e que esta cepa é capaz de replicar em Drosophila4, indicando que Drosófila pode ser usado como um organismo modelo para estudar a patogênese de c. burnetii .
Estudos anteriores usaram hemócitos para examinar a resposta imune inata do host. Hemócitos têm sido utilizados para observações morfológicas5,6,7, de2,de Análise morfométrica8, fagocitose análise2,3, qRT-PCR2 , 9, imunoprecipitação10,11, imunofluorescência análise10,12, immunostaining13, immunoblotting3,10, 11 e imuno-histoquímica de9,14. Embora a drosófila S2 células também estão disponíveis para várias em vitro experiências, immortalization e potencial de infecção viral pré-existente alterar seu comportamento15,16. O uso de células primárias em oposição a uma linhagem de células imortalizado, tais como células de S2, permite o estudo da função imune inata em um sistema mais representativo de todo o organismo. Além disso, a infecção de hemócitos na vivo, antes da extracção, permite que as células interagir com outras proteínas do hospedeiro e o tecido, uma vantagem sobre extração de hemócitos antes da infecção ex vivo . Um número de diferentes métodos têm sido utilizado para obter um número suficiente de hemócitos em um curto período de tempo para manter os hemócitos vivo8,17,18,19.
Neste estudo, apresentamos um método para extrair hemócitos de Drosophila 3rd ínstar larvas para infecção microbiana patogénica com c. burnetii, Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) ou invertebrado iridescente vírus 6 (IIV6). Descrevemos os métodos para infecções de hematócito in vivo e ex vivo . In vivo- e ex vivo-hemócitos infectados foram visualizadas com microscopia confocal e usados para construir modelos 3D de invasão de c. burnetii . Além disso, usando o protocolo de extração, ex vivo-hemócitos infectados foram usados para a expressão de gene e proteína ensaios. Especificamente, para examinar a extensão da infecção com IIV6 e Listeria, total RNA ou proteína foi isolada das células por qRT-PCR ou análise ocidental do borrão. Tomados em conjunto, o protocolo fornece métodos para coletar rapidamente números elevados de hemócitos de 3rd ínstar larvas e provas que primário hemócitos, infectados in vivo ou ex vivo, são uma plataforma adequada para microbiana estudos de infecção do patógeno e aplicável a jusante análises como microscopia, transcriptomics e proteômica.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1128px;" width="1125">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:303px;">Schneider&#39;s Drosophila Medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific (Gibco)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">21720024</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.1), 2.1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">GE Healthcare Life Sciences&#160; (HyClone)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">SH30070.03HI</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.1), 2.1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Filter (0.22 &#181;L)</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">RESTEK</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">26158</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Strainer (100 &#181;m)</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">542000</td>
			<td>1.2.1), 2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Amscope</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">SM-1BSZ-L6W</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.2), 2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Glass capillary</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">21-171-4</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1), 1.2), 2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Capillary puller</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Narishige International USA, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">PC-10</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Mineral oil</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Snow River Products</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Nanoinjector</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Drummond Scientific Company</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">3-000-204</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1), 1.2), 2.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">82027-402</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.1.5), 1.2), 2), 3.1.7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:303px;">CO2 delivery apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">59-122BC</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.2), 2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific (Gibco)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">15250061</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">3100</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">24 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">662160</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.4), 2.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Coxiella burnetii - mCherry</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Dr. Heinzen, R.</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.4), 2.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:303px;">Drosophila fruit juice plates</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Cold Spring Harbor Protocols</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>2.1) http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2007/9/pdb.rec11113.full</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BP1423-500</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1.1.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Methyl paraben</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">0572-500G</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1.1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">Absolute ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BP2818-500</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1.1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:303px;">Welch&#39;s 100% Grape juice frozen concentrate, 340 mL</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">B0025UJVGM</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1.1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:303px;">Petri dishes, 10 x 35 mm</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">08-757-100A</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1.1.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Microscope cover glass</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">12-545-80</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1.4.4), 2.2.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="70">
			<td height="70" style="height:70px;width:303px;">Yeast, Bakers Dried Active</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">0210140001</td>
			<td>2.1) Add 2 parts of water to 1 part of yeast (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Tungsten needle</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">10130-20</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Holding forceps</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">HS8313</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">2.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">FLO4042-500</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BP151-500</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BP9706-100</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:303px;">4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">62247</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:303px;">Antifade mounting medium</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">P36930</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="132">
			<td height="132" style="height:132px;width:303px;">Confocal microsope</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">TCS SP8-X White Light Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="103">
			<td height="103" style="height:103px;width:303px;">3D imaging reconstruction software</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">LASX with 3D visualization module</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">12-552-3</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">3.1.6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="81">
			<td height="81" style="height:81px;width:303px;">Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6)</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Dr. Teixeria, L.</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>4) PLoS Biol, 6 (12), 2753-2763, doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000002, (2008)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="141">
			<td height="141" style="height:141px;width:303px;">Listeria monocytogenes</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">strain: 10403S</td>
			<td>4) Listeria monocytogenes strain 10403S (Bishop and Hinrichs, 1987) was grown in Difco Brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth (BD Biosciences) containing 50 &#181;g/ml streptomycin at 30 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">DNase I</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific(Invitrogen)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">18068015</td>
			<td>gDNA degradation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">cDNA Synthesis Kit</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">1708891</td>
			<td>cDNA synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:303px;">IIV6_193R_F</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">IDT</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>qRT-PCR, 5&#39;- TCT TGT TTT CAG AAC CCC ATT -3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:303px;">IIV6_193R_R</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">IDT</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>qRT-PCR, 5&#39;- CAC GAA GAA TGA CCA CAA GG -3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:303px;">RpII_qRTPCR_fwd</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>qRT-PCR, 5&#39;- GAA GCG TTT CTC CAA ACG -AG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:303px;">RpII_qRTPCR_rev</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>qRT-PCR, 5&#39;- TTG AGC GTA AGC ATC ACC -TG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">SYBR Green qRT-PCR reagent</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">K0251, K0252, K0253</td>
			<td>qRT-PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">4351107, 7500 Software v2.0</td>
			<td>qRT-PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Anti-Listeria monocytogenes antibody</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">abcam</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ab35132</td>
			<td>Western blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Anti-Actin antibody produced in rabbit</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">A2066</td>
			<td>Western blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L), HRP Conjugate</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">W4011</td>
			<td>Western blot</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extraction of hemocytes from drosophila melanogaster larvae for microbial infection and analysis

Durante a infecção patogênica de Drosophila melanogaster, hemócitos desempenham um papel importante na resposta imune durante a infecção. Assim, o objetivo do presente protocolo é desenvolver um método para visualizar a invasão do patógeno em um compartimento específico imune de moscas, nomeadamente hemócitos. Usando o método apresentado aqui, até de 3 × 106 hemócitos ao vivo podem ser obtidos 200 drosófila 3rd ínstar larvas em 30 min para infecção ex vivo . Como alternativa, hemócitos podem ser infectado na vivo através da injeção de 3rd ínstar larvas acompanhados por extração hematócito a pós-infecção 24 h. Estas células primárias infectadas foram fixadas, manchado e fotografada usando microscopia confocal. Em seguida, representações 3D foram geradas a partir das imagens para mostrar definitivamente a invasão do patógeno. Além disso, o RNA de alta qualidade para qRT-PCR pode ser obtido para a deteção do seguinte de mRNA do patógeno infecção e proteína suficiente podem ser extraídas destas células para análise ocidental do borrão. Tomados em conjunto, apresentamos um método para a reconciliação definitiva de invasão do patógeno e confirmação de infecção usando tipos de patógenos bacterianos e virais e um método eficiente para extração hematócito para obter suficiente ao vivo hemócitos de Drosophila larvas para experimentos de infecção ex vivo e na vivo .

Para recolher jus hemócitos para infecção ex vivo , a 3 × 106 hemócitos foram extraídos de 200 drosófila 3rd ínstar larvas. Para desenvolver o nosso método, um número de diferentes técnicas foram tentado. Dissecação de larva individual levaria até 1,5 h, e uma média de ~ 8000 células foram obtidos usando este método18, a maioria dos quais não estava viva até o final da coleção. Em seguida, nós tentamos e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis at JoVE.com

Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis

Este método demonstra como visualizar a invasão do patógeno em células de inseto com modelos tridimensionais (3D). Hemócitos de larvas de Drosophila foram infectados com patógenos virais ou bacterianos, ou ex vivo ou no vivo. Hemócitos infectados foram, em seguida, fixa e manchados para a imagem latente com um microscópio confocal e subsequente reconstrução celular 3D.

Extração de hemócitos de larvas de Drosophila melanogaster para infecção microbiana e análise

During the pathogenic infection of Drosophila melanogaster, hemocytes play an important role in the immune response throughout the infection. Thus, the ...

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JoVE Journal

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Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis

A Protocol for Collecting and Staining Hemocytes from the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

A Protocol for Collecting and Staining Hemocytes from the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

Um Protocolo de Coleta e coloração Hemócitos do mosquito da febre amarela Aedes aegypti</em

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Um Protocolo de Chelex simples para extração de DNA de<em&gt; Anopheles</em&gt; Spp.

Endemic countries are increasingly adopting molecular tools for  efficient typing, identification and surveillance against malaria parasites and  vector ...

Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'

Isolamento e Análise do Genoma do vírus da única usando &#39;Genomics vírus simples&#39;

Whole genome amplification and sequencing of single microbial cells enables genomic characterization without the need of cultivation 1-3. Viruses, which ...

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

Extração de proteínas e 2-D métodos Eletroforese em Gel de<em&gt; Burkholderia</em&gt; Espécies

The investigation of  the intracellular protein levels of bacterial species is of importance to  understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases ...

Systemic Bacterial Infection and Immune Defense Phenotypes in Drosophila Melanogaster

Systemic Bacterial Infection and Immune Defense Phenotypes in Drosophila Melanogaster

Infecção bacteriana sistêmica e Imune Defesa Phenotypes em<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the premier model organisms for studying the function and evolution of immune defense. Many aspects of ...

Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis

Incorporação de parafina e corte fino de biofilmes microbianos colônia para análise microscópica

Sectioning via paraffin embedding is a broadly established technique in eukaryotic systems. Here we provide a method for the fixation, embedding, and ...

Combining Analysis of DNA in a Crude Virion Extraction with the Analysis of RNA from Infected Leaves to Discover New Virus Genomes

Combinando a análise de DNA em uma extração do Virion bruto com a análise do RNA das folhas infectadas para descobrir novos vírus de genomas

This metagenome approach is used to identify plant viruses with circular DNA genomes and their transcripts. Often plant DNA viruses that occur in low ...

Establishment of Viral Infection and Analysis of Host-Virus Interaction in Drosophila Melanogaster

Establishment of Viral Infection and Analysis of Host-Virus Interaction in Drosophila Melanogaster

Estabelecimento de infecção Viral e análise da interação vírus-hospedeiro em Drosophila Melanogaster.

Virus spreading is a major cause of epidemic diseases. Thus, understanding the interaction between the virus and the host is very important to extend our ...

The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

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O modelo de infecção Waxworm Galleria mellonella para candidíase disseminada

Candida species are common fungal commensals of humans colonizing the skin, mucosal surfaces, and gastrointestinal tract. Under certain conditions, ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

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Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...