Name: fractionation for resolution of soluble and insoluble huntingtin species
Uploaded: 2018-02-27T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了 NIH (RO1-NS090390) 的支持。我们还要感谢琼 Steffanfor 博士在这项试验的开发过程中提供的技术援助和讨论。

动物伦理学声明-实验是严格按照《国家卫生研究院的实验室动物的护理和使用指南》和机构动物保育和使用委员会批准的动物研究议定书进行的 (IACUC) 在加利福尼亚大学欧文分校, AAALAC 认证机构。尽一切努力尽量减少动物的痛苦。
1. 裂解缓冲液的制备
<ol><li>通过150µm 过滤器制备 "可溶性" 裂解缓冲液 (10 毫米三 pH 7.4, 1% 个海卫 x 100, 10% 毫米氯化钠, 0.22 甘油) 和无菌过滤器。<...

<ol>
	<li>Ochaba, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PIAS1+Regulates+Mutant+Huntingtin+Accumulation+and+Huntington's+Disease-Associated+Phenotypes+In+Vivo.">PIAS1 Regulates Mutant Huntingtin Accumulation and Huntington's Disease-Associated Phenotypes In Vivo.</a> Neuron. 90 (3), 507-520 (2016).</li><li>La Spada, A. R., Taylor, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeat+expansion+disease:+progress+and+puzzles+in+disease+pathogenesis.">Repeat expansion disease: progress and puzzles in disease pathogenesis.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 11 (4), 247-258 (2010).</li><li>Reiner, A., Dragatsis, I., Dietrich, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+and+neuropathology+of+Huntington's+disease.">Genetics and neuropathology of Huntington's disease.</a> Int Rev Neurobiol. 98, 325-372 (2011).</li><li>The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+gene+containing+a+trinucleotide+repeat+that+is+expanded+and+unstable+on+Huntington's+disease+chromosomes.">A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes.</a> Cell. 72 (6), 971-983 (1993).</li><li>Sassone, J., Colciago, C., Cislaghi, G., Silani, V., Ciammola, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Huntington's+disease:+the+current+state+of+research+with+peripheral+tissues.">Huntington's disease: the current state of research with peripheral tissues.</a> Exp Neurol. 219 (2), 385-397 (2009).</li><li>Weydt, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermoregulatory+and+metabolic+defects+in+Huntington's+disease+transgenic+mice+implicate+PGC-1alpha+in+Huntington's+disease+neurodegeneration.">Thermoregulatory and metabolic defects in Huntington's disease transgenic mice implicate PGC-1alpha in Huntington's disease neurodegeneration.</a> Cell Metab. 4 (5), 349-362 (2006).</li><li>Schulte, J., Littleton, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biological+function+of+the+Huntingtin+protein+and+its+relevance+to+Huntington's+Disease+pathology.">The biological function of the Huntingtin protein and its relevance to Huntington's Disease pathology.</a> Curr Trends Neurol. 5, 65-78 (2011).</li><li>Gipson, T. A., Neueder, A., Wexler, N. S., Bates, G. P., Housman, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrantly+spliced+HTT,+a+new+player+in+Huntington's+disease+pathogenesis.">Aberrantly spliced HTT, a new player in Huntington's disease pathogenesis.</a> RNA Biol. 10 (11), 1647-1652 (2013).</li><li>Neueder, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathogenic+exon+1+HTT+protein+is+produced+by+incomplete+splicing+in+Huntington's+disease+patients.">The pathogenic exon 1 HTT protein is produced by incomplete splicing in Huntington's disease patients.</a> Sci Rep. 7 (1), 1307 (2017).</li><li>Arndt, J. R., Chaibva, M., Legleiter, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+emerging+role+of+the+first+17+amino+acids+of+huntingtin+in+Huntington's+disease.">The emerging role of the first 17 amino acids of huntingtin in Huntington's disease.</a> Biomol Concepts. 6 (1), 33-46 (2015).</li><li>Saudou, F., Finkbeiner, S., Devys, D., Greenberg, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Huntingtin+acts+in+the+nucleus+to+induce+apoptosis+but+death+does+not+correlate+with+the+formation+of+intranuclear+inclusions.">Huntingtin acts in the nucleus to induce apoptosis but death does not correlate with the formation of intranuclear inclusions.</a> Cell. 95 (1), 55-66 (1998).</li><li>Kim, S., Kim, K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+Approaches+for+Inhibition+of+Protein+Aggregation+in+Huntington's+Disease.">Therapeutic Approaches for Inhibition of Protein Aggregation in Huntington's Disease.</a> Exp Neurobiol. 23 (1), 36-44 (2014).</li><li>O'Rourke, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUMO-2+and+PIAS1+modulate+insoluble+mutant+huntingtin+protein+accumulation.">SUMO-2 and PIAS1 modulate insoluble mutant huntingtin protein accumulation.</a> Cell Rep. 4 (2), 362-375 (2013).</li><li>Shibata, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+intracellular+accumulation+of+mutant+Huntingtin+by+Beclin+1.">Regulation of intracellular accumulation of mutant Huntingtin by Beclin 1.</a> J Biol Chem. 281 (20), 14474-14485 (2006).</li><li>Apostol, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cell-based+assay+for+aggregation+inhibitors+as+therapeutics+of+polyglutamine-repeat+disease+and+validation+in+Drosophila.">A cell-based assay for aggregation inhibitors as therapeutics of polyglutamine-repeat disease and validation in Drosophila.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100 (10), 5950-5955 (2003).</li><li>Wanker, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+filter+assay+for+detection+of+amyloid-like+polyglutamine-containing+protein+aggregates.">Membrane filter assay for detection of amyloid-like polyglutamine-containing protein aggregates.</a> Methods Enzymol. 309, 375-386 (1999).</li><li>Sontag, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+Mutant+Huntingtin+Aggregation+Conformers+and+Modulation+of+SDS-Soluble+Fibrillar+Oligomers+by+Small+Molecules.">Detection of Mutant Huntingtin Aggregation Conformers and Modulation of SDS-Soluble Fibrillar Oligomers by Small Molecules.</a> J Huntingtons Dis. 1 (1), 119-132 (2012).</li><li>Grima, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutant+Huntingtin+Disrupts+the+Nuclear+Pore+Complex.">Mutant Huntingtin Disrupts the Nuclear Pore Complex.</a> Neuron. 94 (1), 93-107 (2017).</li><li>Sontag, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methylene+blue+modulates+huntingtin+aggregation+intermediates+and+is+protective+in+Huntington's+disease+models.">Methylene blue modulates huntingtin aggregation intermediates and is protective in Huntington's disease models.</a> J Neurosci. 32 (32), 11109-11119 (2012).</li><li>Trushina, E., Rana, S., McMurray, C. T., Hua, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tricyclic+pyrone+compounds+prevent+aggregation+and+reverse+cellular+phenotypes+caused+by+expression+of+mutant+huntingtin+protein+in+striatal+neurons.">Tricyclic pyrone compounds prevent aggregation and reverse cellular phenotypes caused by expression of mutant huntingtin protein in striatal neurons.</a> BMC Neurosci. 10, 73 (2009).</li><li>Shahmoradian, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRiC's+tricks+inhibit+huntingtin+aggregation.">TRiC's tricks inhibit huntingtin aggregation.</a> Elife. 2, e00710 (2013).</li><li>Kim, Y. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteasome+inhibition+induces+alpha-synuclein+SUMOylation+and+aggregate+formation.">Proteasome inhibition induces alpha-synuclein SUMOylation and aggregate formation.</a> J Neurol Sci. 307 (1-2), 157-161 (2011).</li><li>Goldberg, N. R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Neural+Progenitor+Transplantation+Rescues+Behavior+and+Reduces+alpha-Synuclein+in+a+Transgenic+Model+of+Dementia+with+Lewy+Bodies.">Human Neural Progenitor Transplantation Rescues Behavior and Reduces alpha-Synuclein in a Transgenic Model of Dementia with Lewy Bodies.</a> Stem Cells Transl Med. 6 (6), 1477-1490 (2017).</li></ol>

为了确保一致性和定量的结果, 上述协议需要一些预防措施。首先, mHTT 在两个组分将自发地形成聚集体随着时间的推移在多个冻融循环, 特别是当在高浓度。因此, 冻结蛋白质眼影的整除数是至关重要的, 在按照上文议定书所述的方法运行化验之前, 只解冻所需的体积。此外, 如果不溶性分数产生白色沉淀后解冻, 重建可能是必要的额外的 5 s 超声波脉冲, 5 分钟煮沸, 并重新定量之前通过生化化验分?...

蛋白质质量控制网络的中断, 确保适当折叠和降解细胞蛋白, 可能是阿尔茨海默病 (AD)、帕金森病 (PD)、亨廷顿氏病 (HD) 和其他 "蛋白质错误折叠" 病理学的核心。异常2,3。因此, 对 proteostasis 网络组件及其对病理学的贡献的详细了解, 对于发展改进的治疗干预至关重要。hd 是由 hd 基因内的 CAG 重复异常扩展引起的, 导致杭丁顿蛋白 (HTT) 蛋白4中 polyglutamines (polyQ) 的扩张.HD 发病机制的一个一致的病理特征是产生的错误折叠, 积累和聚集的 HTT 在大脑区域和周围组织, 这已经表明干预的几种方式, 正常细胞稳态和功能5,6. 虽然 HTT 无所不在表达, 纹状体中的中刺神经元有选择性的脆弱性, 最明显的影响与显着皮质萎缩也与 HD 发病机制。
HD 患者和动物模型脑中 HTT 聚集的形成, 通常作为 mHTT7的疾病进展和显性负增益功能的代理标记。虽然蛋白质错误折叠和聚集可能导致 mHTT 毒性的精确机制仍不清楚, 但在 HD 患者和各种动物模型脑中形成这些包裹体是一个不变的、不可避免的特征。夹杂物似乎主要由累积的 HTT 片段组成, 其中包含 N 终端扩展 polyQ, 表明对全长 HTT 的分解和处理以及可选拼接8,9可能会起到在 HD 发病机制中的重要作用. n-端 HTT 片段可能构成一种病理形式的 HTT, 可以快速聚合, 并加速或传播聚合过程10。
然而, 这些包裹体的存在不一定与 HTT 诱导的毒性或细胞死亡有关11。HTT 已被建议从可溶性单体通过可溶性寡聚物种和β薄片纤维到不溶性骨料和夹杂物的聚合过程中, 12.通过标准生化检测方法解决这些不同的蛋白质物种在低洗涤剂裂解缓冲液中的稳定性和使用标准生化检测的难以可视化方面一直是一个挑战。因此, 方法学考虑对于检测累积和聚集 mHTT 的程度和模式至关重要。
这里提出的协议提供了一种方法, 以可视化几个中间体的 HTT, 特别是形成一个不溶性的高分子量 HTT 物种, 似乎密切跟踪 HD 发病机制和疾病进展1,13 ,14。能够解决和跟踪多种 mHTT 为研究人员提供了一种生化工具来研究疾病的发病机制和评估潜在的治疗干预, 通过其调节和对疾病发病机制的影响。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Filter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGP505RE</td>
			<td>Screw cap, sterile vaccum filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL Tissue Grinder, Dounce</td>
			<td>Wheaton</td>
			<td>357538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicator</td>
			<td>Qsonica</td>
			<td>Model Q125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DC Protein Assay</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>5000111</td>
			<td>Comparable to Lowry assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris 1M buffer solution</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>J60636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP151-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 5M solution</td>
			<td>Teknova</td>
			<td>S0251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP229-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20% SDS solution</td>
			<td>Teknova</td>
			<td>S0295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-ethylmaleimide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E1271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethylsulfony flouride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7626</td>
			<td>create 100mM stock solution in 100%EtOH, store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium orthovanadate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S6508</td>
			<td>Create 0.5M stock solution in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leupeptin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2884</td>
			<td>Create 10mg/ml stock solution in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aprotinin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1153</td>
			<td>Create 10mg/ml stock solution in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Fluoride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S4504</td>
			<td>Create 500mM stock solution in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-HTT</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB5492</td>
			<td>Use 1:1000 for western blot, 1:500 for filter retardation assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GAPDH</td>
			<td>Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td>NB100-56875</td>
			<td>Use 1:1000 for soluble western blot</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fractionation for resolution of soluble and insoluble huntingtin species

错误折叠蛋白的积累是亨廷顿病 (HD) 和许多其他神经退行性疾病的病理中枢。具体来说, HD 的一个关键病理特征是突变 HTT (mHTT) 蛋白在高分子量复合体中的异常积累, 以及由片段和其他蛋白质组成的细胞内包裹体内。传统的测量和理解各种形式的 mHTT 的贡献的方法包括荧光显微术, 西方印迹分析, 过滤器陷阱化验。
然而, 这些方法大多是构象特异性的, 因此由于聚合溶解度和分辨率的复杂性, 无法解决 mHTT 蛋白通量的全态。
为确定聚合 mHTT 和各种改良的形式和配合物, 细胞团聚体和碎片的分离和增溶是强制性的。在这里, 我们描述了一种分离和可视化可溶性 mHTT、单体、寡聚物、片段和不溶性高分子量 (mHTT) 积累的方法。高分子量蛋白 mHTT 跟踪与疾病进展, 对应于鼠标行为读数, 并已受益于某些治疗干预措施1。这种方法可用于小鼠大脑, 周边组织和细胞培养, 但可以适应其他模型系统或疾病的上下文。

可利用西方分析和过滤器延迟检测方法 (图 2) 测定可溶性和不溶性细胞裂解物后的分解。例如, HEK293T 细胞使用转染试剂 (例如, 脂质体 2000), 与 HTT 外显子1编码 cDNA 含有97谷氨酰胺重复15 其次是聚脯氨酸丰富的区域, 这些细胞被允许用5µM MG132 对44小时的细胞进行了治疗, 以阻止蛋白酶体或亚砜在收获和裂解前的18小时的控制。根...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species at JoVE.com

Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species

本文介绍了一种从小鼠脑和细胞培养中分离不溶性和可溶性突变体杭丁顿蛋白的方法。该方法对杭丁顿蛋白蛋白通量和艾滋病在分析疾病发病机制中蛋白质稳态和扰动存在时的定性和定量具有重要意义。

可溶性和不溶性杭丁顿蛋白的分离分解

The accumulation of misfolded proteins is central to pathology in Huntington's disease (HD) and many other neurodegenerative disorders. Specifically, a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

High-throughput Screening of Carbohydrate-degrading Enzymes Using Novel Insoluble Chromogenic Substrate Assay Kits

使用新型不溶性生色底物检测试剂盒碳水化合物降解酶的高通量筛选

Carbohydrates active enzymes (CAZymes) have multiple roles in vivo and are widely used for industrial processing in the biofuel, textile, detergent, paper ...

科研

生物化学

Brain Membrane Fractionation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Assess Subsynaptic Protein Localization

Brain Membrane Fractionation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Assess Subsynaptic Protein Localization

脑膜分离法<em&gt;体检</em评估亚突触蛋白定位的方法

Assessing the synaptic protein composition and function constitutes an important challenge in neuroscience. However, it is not easy to evaluate ...

Enrichment of Detergent-insoluble Protein Aggregates from Human Postmortem Brain

人死后脑中洗涤剂不溶性蛋白的富集

In this study, we describe an abbreviated single-step fractionation protocol for the enrichment of detergent-insoluble protein aggregates from human ...

Quantitative and Qualitative Method for Sphingomyelin by LC-MS Using Two Stable Isotopically Labeled Sphingomyelin Species

用两个稳定 Isotopically 标记鞘磷脂种鞘磷脂的定量和定性方法

We present a method of analyzing sphingomyelin (SM) qualitatively and quantitatively by liquid chromatography-electrospray Ionization-tandem mass ...

Generation of Native, Untagged Huntingtin Exon1 Monomer and Fibrils Using a SUMO Fusion Strategy

利用相扑融合策略生成国产、未加标签的杭丁顿蛋白 Exon1 单体和纤维

Huntington&#39;s Disease (HD) is an inherited fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG expansion (&#8805;36) in the first exon of the HD gene, ...

Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and  GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

膜分馏和 gtpase-关联免疫吸附法检测小 gtpase 预基化和 gtp 结合

The Rho GTPase family belongs to the Ras superfamily and includes approximately 20 members in humans. Rho GTPases are important in the regulation of ...

The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation

利用生物测定引导分馏法鉴定海洋鳗信息素

Bioassay-guided fractionation is an iterative approach that uses the results of physiological and behavioral bioassays to guide the isolation and ...

Cell Fractionation of U937 Cells in the Absence of High-speed Centrifugation

高速离心条件下 u937 细胞的细胞分裂

In this protocol we detail a method to obtain subcellular fractions of U937 cells without the use of ultracentrifugation or indiscriminate detergents. ...

Measuring Interactions between Fluorescent Probes and Lignin in Plant Sections by sFLIM Based on Native Autofluorescence

基于原生自荧光的sFLIM测量植物部分荧光探针和木质素之间的相互作用

In lignocellulosic biomass (LB), the activity of enzymes is limited by the appearance of non-specific interactions with lignin during the hydrolysis ...

Conventional BODIPY Conjugates for Live-Cell Super-Resolution Microscopy and Single-Molecule Tracking

用于活细胞超分辨率显微镜和单分子跟踪的传统 BODIPY 结合物

Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques overcome the optical diffraction limit of conventional fluorescence microscopy and can resolve ...