Name: fractionation for resolution of soluble and insoluble huntingtin species
Uploaded: 2018-02-27T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af NIH (RO1-NS090390). Vi vil også gerne takke Dr. Joan Steffanfor teknisk bistand og diskussion under udviklingen af denne analyse.

Animalske etik erklæring - eksperimenter blev udført i nøje overensstemmelse med vejledningen for pleje og anvendelse af forsøgsdyr af National Institutes of Health og en godkendt dyreforskning protokol af den institutionelle Animal Care og brug Udvalget ( IACUC) på University of California, Irvine, et AAALAC akkrediteret institution. Alle bestræbelser var at mindske dyrenes lidelser.
1. forberedelse af Lysis buffere
<ol><li>Forberede "Vandopløseligt" lysisbuffer (10 mM Tris pH 7,4, 1...

<ol>
	<li>Ochaba, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PIAS1+Regulates+Mutant+Huntingtin+Accumulation+and+Huntington's+Disease-Associated+Phenotypes+In+Vivo.">PIAS1 Regulates Mutant Huntingtin Accumulation and Huntington's Disease-Associated Phenotypes In Vivo.</a> Neuron. 90 (3), 507-520 (2016).</li><li>La Spada, A. R., Taylor, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeat+expansion+disease:+progress+and+puzzles+in+disease+pathogenesis.">Repeat expansion disease: progress and puzzles in disease pathogenesis.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 11 (4), 247-258 (2010).</li><li>Reiner, A., Dragatsis, I., Dietrich, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+and+neuropathology+of+Huntington's+disease.">Genetics and neuropathology of Huntington's disease.</a> Int Rev Neurobiol. 98, 325-372 (2011).</li><li>The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+gene+containing+a+trinucleotide+repeat+that+is+expanded+and+unstable+on+Huntington's+disease+chromosomes.">A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes.</a> Cell. 72 (6), 971-983 (1993).</li><li>Sassone, J., Colciago, C., Cislaghi, G., Silani, V., Ciammola, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Huntington's+disease:+the+current+state+of+research+with+peripheral+tissues.">Huntington's disease: the current state of research with peripheral tissues.</a> Exp Neurol. 219 (2), 385-397 (2009).</li><li>Weydt, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermoregulatory+and+metabolic+defects+in+Huntington's+disease+transgenic+mice+implicate+PGC-1alpha+in+Huntington's+disease+neurodegeneration.">Thermoregulatory and metabolic defects in Huntington's disease transgenic mice implicate PGC-1alpha in Huntington's disease neurodegeneration.</a> Cell Metab. 4 (5), 349-362 (2006).</li><li>Schulte, J., Littleton, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biological+function+of+the+Huntingtin+protein+and+its+relevance+to+Huntington's+Disease+pathology.">The biological function of the Huntingtin protein and its relevance to Huntington's Disease pathology.</a> Curr Trends Neurol. 5, 65-78 (2011).</li><li>Gipson, T. A., Neueder, A., Wexler, N. S., Bates, G. P., Housman, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrantly+spliced+HTT,+a+new+player+in+Huntington's+disease+pathogenesis.">Aberrantly spliced HTT, a new player in Huntington's disease pathogenesis.</a> RNA Biol. 10 (11), 1647-1652 (2013).</li><li>Neueder, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathogenic+exon+1+HTT+protein+is+produced+by+incomplete+splicing+in+Huntington's+disease+patients.">The pathogenic exon 1 HTT protein is produced by incomplete splicing in Huntington's disease patients.</a> Sci Rep. 7 (1), 1307 (2017).</li><li>Arndt, J. R., Chaibva, M., Legleiter, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+emerging+role+of+the+first+17+amino+acids+of+huntingtin+in+Huntington's+disease.">The emerging role of the first 17 amino acids of huntingtin in Huntington's disease.</a> Biomol Concepts. 6 (1), 33-46 (2015).</li><li>Saudou, F., Finkbeiner, S., Devys, D., Greenberg, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Huntingtin+acts+in+the+nucleus+to+induce+apoptosis+but+death+does+not+correlate+with+the+formation+of+intranuclear+inclusions.">Huntingtin acts in the nucleus to induce apoptosis but death does not correlate with the formation of intranuclear inclusions.</a> Cell. 95 (1), 55-66 (1998).</li><li>Kim, S., Kim, K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+Approaches+for+Inhibition+of+Protein+Aggregation+in+Huntington's+Disease.">Therapeutic Approaches for Inhibition of Protein Aggregation in Huntington's Disease.</a> Exp Neurobiol. 23 (1), 36-44 (2014).</li><li>O'Rourke, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUMO-2+and+PIAS1+modulate+insoluble+mutant+huntingtin+protein+accumulation.">SUMO-2 and PIAS1 modulate insoluble mutant huntingtin protein accumulation.</a> Cell Rep. 4 (2), 362-375 (2013).</li><li>Shibata, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+intracellular+accumulation+of+mutant+Huntingtin+by+Beclin+1.">Regulation of intracellular accumulation of mutant Huntingtin by Beclin 1.</a> J Biol Chem. 281 (20), 14474-14485 (2006).</li><li>Apostol, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cell-based+assay+for+aggregation+inhibitors+as+therapeutics+of+polyglutamine-repeat+disease+and+validation+in+Drosophila.">A cell-based assay for aggregation inhibitors as therapeutics of polyglutamine-repeat disease and validation in Drosophila.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100 (10), 5950-5955 (2003).</li><li>Wanker, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+filter+assay+for+detection+of+amyloid-like+polyglutamine-containing+protein+aggregates.">Membrane filter assay for detection of amyloid-like polyglutamine-containing protein aggregates.</a> Methods Enzymol. 309, 375-386 (1999).</li><li>Sontag, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+Mutant+Huntingtin+Aggregation+Conformers+and+Modulation+of+SDS-Soluble+Fibrillar+Oligomers+by+Small+Molecules.">Detection of Mutant Huntingtin Aggregation Conformers and Modulation of SDS-Soluble Fibrillar Oligomers by Small Molecules.</a> J Huntingtons Dis. 1 (1), 119-132 (2012).</li><li>Grima, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutant+Huntingtin+Disrupts+the+Nuclear+Pore+Complex.">Mutant Huntingtin Disrupts the Nuclear Pore Complex.</a> Neuron. 94 (1), 93-107 (2017).</li><li>Sontag, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methylene+blue+modulates+huntingtin+aggregation+intermediates+and+is+protective+in+Huntington's+disease+models.">Methylene blue modulates huntingtin aggregation intermediates and is protective in Huntington's disease models.</a> J Neurosci. 32 (32), 11109-11119 (2012).</li><li>Trushina, E., Rana, S., McMurray, C. T., Hua, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tricyclic+pyrone+compounds+prevent+aggregation+and+reverse+cellular+phenotypes+caused+by+expression+of+mutant+huntingtin+protein+in+striatal+neurons.">Tricyclic pyrone compounds prevent aggregation and reverse cellular phenotypes caused by expression of mutant huntingtin protein in striatal neurons.</a> BMC Neurosci. 10, 73 (2009).</li><li>Shahmoradian, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRiC's+tricks+inhibit+huntingtin+aggregation.">TRiC's tricks inhibit huntingtin aggregation.</a> Elife. 2, e00710 (2013).</li><li>Kim, Y. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteasome+inhibition+induces+alpha-synuclein+SUMOylation+and+aggregate+formation.">Proteasome inhibition induces alpha-synuclein SUMOylation and aggregate formation.</a> J Neurol Sci. 307 (1-2), 157-161 (2011).</li><li>Goldberg, N. R. 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Nogle forholdsregler er nødvendige for de ovenstående protokoller til at sikre konsekvent og kvantitative resultater. Første mHTT i begge fraktioner spontant vil danne aggregater over tid på flere fryse tø cykler, især når de er i en høj koncentration. Det er således afgørende at fryse delprøver af protein preps, og tø kun den nødvendige mængde, inden du kører analysen, som beskrevet i ovennævnte protokol. Yderligere, hvis uopløselige brøkdel udbytter hvid fældningsmiddel efter optøning, rekonstitutio...

Afbrydelse af protein kvalitetskontrol netværk, der sikrer korrekt falsning og nedbrydning af cellulære proteiner er sandsynligvis central til patologi i Alzheimers sygdom (AD), Parkinsons sygdom (PD), Huntington's chorea (HD), og andre "protein misfoldning" lidelser2,3. En detaljeret forståelse af proteostasis netværk komponenterne og deres bidrag til patologi er derfor afgørende at udvikle forbedrede terapeutiske indgreb. HD skyldes en unormal udvidelse af en CAG-gentagelse inden for HD-genet, som resulterer i en udvidet strækning af polyglutamines (polyQ) i huntingtin (HTT) protein4. En konsekvent patologiske funktion af HD patogenesen er den resulterende misfoldning, akkumulering og sammenlægning af HTT i regioner af hjernen og i perifere væv, som har vist sig at blande sig på flere måder med normal celle homøostase og funktion 5 , 6. mens HTT udtrykkes allestedsnærværende, mellemstore spiny neuroner i striatum er selektivt sårbare og mest åbenlyst ramte med bemærkelsesværdige kortikal atrofi også forbundet med HD patogenese.
Dannelsen af aggregater af HTT i hjernen hos HS-patienter og dyremodeller har typisk serveres som en proxy markør for sygdomsprogression og dominerende-negativ forstærkning af funktion for mHTT7. Selvom de præcise mekanismer ved hvilke protein misfoldning og sammenlægning kan bidrage til mHTT-induceret toksicitet er fortsat uklart, er dannelsen af disse optagelser i hjernen af HC-patienter og forskellige dyremodeller en invariant og uundgåelige funktion. Optagelser vises at være består stort set af akkumulerede HTT fragmenter der indeholder N-terminalen udvidet polyQ, der angiver at proteolyse og forarbejdning af fuld længde HTT samt alternativ splicing8,9 kan spille en vigtig rolle i patogenesen af HD. N-terminal HTT fragmenter kan udgøre en patologisk form af HTT, der kan samle hurtigt, samme, og fremskynde eller udbrede sammenlægning proces10.
Men tilstedeværelsen af disse optagelser, ikke nødvendigvis er korrelerer med HTT-fremkaldt toksicitet eller celle død11. HTT har foreslået at gennemgå en sammenlægning proces fra en opløselig monomer gennem opløselige oligomere arter og β-plade fibriller til uopløselige aggregater og indeslutninger12. Løse disse forskellige protein arter via standard biokemiske analyser har været en udfordring i feltet på grund af deres stabilitet i lav-vaskemiddel lysisbuffer og svært ved at visualisere ved hjælp af standard biokemiske assays. Således er metodiske overvejelser kritisk i påvisning af grad og mønster af akkumulerede og samlede mHTT.
Protokollen præsenteres her er en metode til at visualisere flere mellemprodukter af HTT, specielt dannelsen af en uopløselig HMW HTT arter, der vises til nøje styr med HD patogenese og sygdom progression1,13 ,14. At være i stand til at løse og spore flere arter af mHTT giver forskere et biokemisk værktøj at studere sygdom patogenese og vurdere potentielle terapeutiske interventioner gennem deres graduering og indvirkning på sygdommen patogenese.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Filter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGP505RE</td>
			<td>Screw cap, sterile vaccum filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL Tissue Grinder, Dounce</td>
			<td>Wheaton</td>
			<td>357538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicator</td>
			<td>Qsonica</td>
			<td>Model Q125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DC Protein Assay</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>5000111</td>
			<td>Comparable to Lowry assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris 1M buffer solution</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>J60636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP151-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 5M solution</td>
			<td>Teknova</td>
			<td>S0251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP229-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20% SDS solution</td>
			<td>Teknova</td>
			<td>S0295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-ethylmaleimide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E1271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethylsulfony flouride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7626</td>
			<td>create 100mM stock solution in 100%EtOH, store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium orthovanadate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S6508</td>
			<td>Create 0.5M stock solution in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leupeptin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2884</td>
			<td>Create 10mg/ml stock solution in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aprotinin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1153</td>
			<td>Create 10mg/ml stock solution in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Fluoride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S4504</td>
			<td>Create 500mM stock solution in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-HTT</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB5492</td>
			<td>Use 1:1000 for western blot, 1:500 for filter retardation assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GAPDH</td>
			<td>Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td>NB100-56875</td>
			<td>Use 1:1000 for soluble western blot</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fractionation for resolution of soluble and insoluble huntingtin species

Ophobning af fejlfoldede proteiner er central for patologi i Huntington's chorea (HD) og mange andre neurodegenerative lidelser. Specifikt, en patologisk nøglefunktionerne i HD er afvigende ophobning af mutante HTT (mHTT) protein i høj molekylvægt komplekser og intracellulære optagelse organer består af fragmenter og andre proteiner. Konventionelle metoder til at måle og forstå bidrag af forskellige former for mHTT-holdige aggregater indeholde Fluorescens mikroskopi, western blot analyse og filter fælde assays.
Men de fleste af disse metoder er kropsbygning specifikke, og derfor kan ikke løse den fuld tilstand af mHTT protein flux på grund af den komplekse karakter af samlede opløselighed og opløsning.
For identifikation af aggregerede mHTT og forskellige ændrede former og komplekser er adskillelse og oploesning af cellulære aggregater og fragmenter obligatorisk. Beskriver her vi en metode til at isolere og visualisere opløselige mHTT, monomerer, oligomerer, fragmenter, og en uopløselig høj molekylvægt (HMW) akkumuleret mHTT arter. HMW mHTT spor med sygdomsprogression, svarer med musen adfærd udlæsninger, og har været gavnlig moduleres af visse terapeutiske indgreb1. Denne fremgangsmåde kan kun bruges med mus hjernen, perifere væv og cellekultur men kan tilpasses andre modelsystemer eller sygdom sammenhænge.

Opløsning af opløselige og uopløselige cellelysater efter fraktionering kan påvises ved hjælp af vestlige analyse og filter retardering assays (figur 2). Som et eksempel, HEK293T celler blev transfekteret ved hjælp af Transfektion reagens (fx, lipofectamine 2000), med HTT exon 1 kodning cDNA indeholdende 97 glutamin gentager15 efterfulgt af poly prolin rig region, og disse celler fik lov til at udtrykkelig for 44 h. cell...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species at JoVE.com

Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species

En metode er beskrevet til fraktionering af uopløselige og opløselige mutant huntingtin arter fra mus hjernen og celle kultur. Den beskrevne metode er nyttig til karakterisering og kvantificering af huntingtin protein flux og aids i at analysere protein homøostase i sygdom patogenese og perturbationer

Fraktionering for opløsning af opløselige og uopløselige Huntingtin arter

The accumulation of misfolded proteins is central to pathology in Huntington's disease (HD) and many other neurodegenerative disorders. Specifically, a ...

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High-throughput screening af Carbohydrate-nedbrydende enzymer ved hjælp Novel Uopløseligt kromogene substrat Assay Kits

Carbohydrates active enzymes (CAZymes) have multiple roles in vivo and are widely used for industrial processing in the biofuel, textile, detergent, paper ...

Brain Membrane Fractionation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Assess Subsynaptic Protein Localization

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Hjernemembran Fraktionering: An<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Tilnærmelse til vurdering af subsynaptisk protein lokalisering

Assessing the synaptic protein composition and function constitutes an important challenge in neuroscience. However, it is not easy to evaluate ...

Enrichment of Detergent-insoluble Protein Aggregates from Human Postmortem Brain

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In this study, we describe an abbreviated single-step fractionation protocol for the enrichment of detergent-insoluble protein aggregates from human ...

Quantitative and Qualitative Method for Sphingomyelin by LC-MS Using Two Stable Isotopically Labeled Sphingomyelin Species

Kvantitative og kvalitative metode for Sphingomyelin af LC-MS bruger to stabile brændselsfremstilling mærket Sphingomyelin arter

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Generation of Native, Untagged Huntingtin Exon1 Monomer and Fibrils Using a SUMO Fusion Strategy

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Huntington&#39;s Disease (HD) is an inherited fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG expansion (&#8805;36) in the first exon of the HD gene, ...

Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and  GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Påvisning af små GTPase Prenylation og GTP bindende ved hjælp af membran fraktionering og GTPase-forbundet Immunosorbent Assay

The Rho GTPase family belongs to the Ras superfamily and includes approximately 20 members in humans. Rho GTPases are important in the regulation of ...

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Bioassay-guided fractionation is an iterative approach that uses the results of physiological and behavioral bioassays to guide the isolation and ...

Cell Fractionation of U937 Cells in the Absence of High-speed Centrifugation

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In this protocol we detail a method to obtain subcellular fractions of U937 cells without the use of ultracentrifugation or indiscriminate detergents. ...

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Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques overcome the optical diffraction limit of conventional fluorescence microscopy and can resolve ...