Name: experimental methods for spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with polarization-variable laser
Uploaded: 2018-06-28T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser at JoVE.com

Vi takker M. Nakayama, S. Toyohisa, A. Fukushima og Y. Ishida for understøtter til opsætningen af eksperimenterende. Vi parlamentsarbejdet finansiering fra JSP'ER Grantin-støtte til videnskabelig forskning (B) gennem projekt nr. 26287061 og for unge forskere (B) gennem projektet No. 15K 17675. Dette arbejde blev også støttet af MEXT of Japan (Innovative område "topologisk materialevidenskab," give No. 16 H 00979) og JSPS KAKENHI (Grant No. 16 H 02209)

1. prøve Mount og Installation
<ol><li>Skære single-krystal prøver af Bi2Se313 i et omtrentlige størrelse af 1 × 1 × 0,5 mm3 og brug splint-baserede epoxy til at lime prøven til prøveholderen.</li>
	<li>Indsæt scotch tape på prøveoverfladen. Bemærk: Scotch tape bruges til at kløve prøven i ultrahigh (UHV)-vakuumkammer til at opnå en atomically ren overflade.</li>
	<li>Installere prøven i stikprøven magasin i belastning lock og starte pumpen in...

<ol>
	<li>Damascelli, A., Hussain, Z., Shen, Z. -. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angle-resolved+photoemission+studies+of+the+cuprate+superconductors.">Angle-resolved photoemission studies of the cuprate superconductors.</a> Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 (2), 473-541 (2003).</li><li>Qiao, S., Kimura, A., Harasawa, A., Sawada, M., Chung, J. -. G., Kakizaki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+compact+electron+spin+polarimeter+with+a+high+efficiency.">A new compact electron spin polarimeter with a high efficiency.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68 (12), 4390-4395 (1997).</li><li>Dil, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin+and+angle+resolved+photoemission+on+non-magnetic+low-dimensional+systems.">Spin and angle resolved photoemission on non-magnetic low-dimensional systems.</a> J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 21 (40), 403001 (2009).</li><li>Hoesch, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin-polarized+Fermi+surface+mapping.">Spin-polarized Fermi surface mapping.</a> J. Electron Spectrosc. 124 (2), 263-279 (2002).</li><li>Souma, S., Takayama, S., Sugawara, K., Sato, T., Takahashi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrahigh-resolution+spin-resolved+photoemission+spectrometer+with+a+mini+Mott+detector.">Ultrahigh-resolution spin-resolved photoemission spectrometer with a mini Mott detector.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 (9), 096101 (2010).</li><li>Okuda, T., Kimura, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin-+and+angle-resolved+photoemission+of+strongly+spin-orbit+coupled+systems.">Spin- and angle-resolved photoemission of strongly spin-orbit coupled systems.</a> J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 82 (2), 021002 (2013).</li><li>Okuda, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+spin-polarized+photoemission+spectrometer+with+very+high+efficiency+and+energy+resolution.">A new spin-polarized photoemission spectrometer with very high efficiency and energy resolution.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79 (12), 123117 (2008).</li><li>Jozwiak, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-efficiency+spin-resolved+photoemission+spectrometer+combining+time-of-flight+spectroscopy+with+exchange-scattering+polarimetry.">A high-efficiency spin-resolved photoemission spectrometer combining time-of-flight spectroscopy with exchange-scattering polarimetry.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 (5), 053904 (2010).</li><li>Okuda, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+spin+resolved+spectroscopy+observation+machine+at+Hiroshima+Synchrotron+Radiation+Center.">Efficient spin resolved spectroscopy observation machine at Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82 (10), 103302 (2011).</li><li>Yaji, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+three-dimensional+spin-+and+angle-resolved+photoelectron+spectrometer+using+vacuum+ultraviolet+laser+light.">High-resolution three-dimensional spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometer using vacuum ultraviolet laser light.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 (5), 053111 (2016).</li><li>Shimojima, T., Okazaki, K., Shin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-temperature+and+high-energy-resolution+laser+photoemission+spectroscopy.">Low-temperature and high-energy-resolution laser photoemission spectroscopy.</a> J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 84 (7), 072001 (2015).</li><li>Augustine, S., Mathai, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth,+morphology,+and+microindentation+analysis+of+Bi2Se3,+Bi1.8In0.2Se3,+and+Bi2Se2.8Te0.2+single+crystals.">Growth, morphology, and microindentation analysis of Bi2Se3, Bi1.8In0.2Se3, and Bi2Se2.8Te0.2 single crystals.</a> Mater. Res. Bull. 36 (13), 2251-2261 (2001).</li><li>Hasan, M. Z., Kane, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colloquium:+Topological+insulators.">Colloquium: Topological insulators.</a> Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 (4), 3045-3067 (2010).</li><li>Ando, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topological+insulator+materials.">Topological insulator materials.</a> J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 82 (10), 102011 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, H., Liu, C. -. X., Qi, X. -. L., Dai, X., Fang, Z., Zhang, S. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topological+insulators+in+Bi2Se3,+Bi2Te3+and+Sb2Te3+with+a+single+Dirac+cone+on+the+surface.">Topological insulators in Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 with a single Dirac cone on the surface.</a> Nature Phys. 5 (6), 438-442 (2009).</li><li>Cao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+orbital+wavefunction+of+the+surface+states+in+three-dimensional+topological+insulators.">Mapping the orbital wavefunction of the surface states in three-dimensional topological insulators.</a> Nature Phys. 9 (8), 499-504 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, H., Liu, C. -. X., Zhang, S. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin-orbital+texture+in+topological+insulators.">Spin-orbital texture in topological insulators.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 (6), 066801 (2013).</li><li>Kuroda, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coherent+control+over+three-dimensional+spin-polarization+for+the+spin-orbit+coupled+surface+state+of+Bi2Se3.">Coherent control over three-dimensional spin-polarization for the spin-orbit coupled surface state of Bi2Se3.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 94 (16), 165162 (2016).</li><li>Meier, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interference+of+spin+states+in+photoemission+from+Sb/Ag(111)+surface+alloys.">Interference of spin states in photoemission from Sb/Ag(111) surface alloys.</a> J Phys-Condens Mat. 23 (7), 072207 (2011).</li><li>Dil, J. H., Meier, F., Osterwalder, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rashba-type+spin+splitting+and+spin+interference+of+the+Cu(111)+surface+state+at+room+temperature.">Rashba-type spin splitting and spin interference of the Cu(111) surface state at room temperature.</a> J Electron Spectrosc. 201, 42-46 (2015).</li><li>Yaji, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin-dependent+quantum+interference+in+photoemission+process+from+spin-orbit+coupled+states.">Spin-dependent quantum interference in photoemission process from spin-orbit coupled states.</a> Nature Commun. 8, 14588 (2017).</li><li>Noguchi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+mapping+of+spin+and+orbital+entangled+wave+functions+under+interband+spin-orbit+coupling+of+giant+Rashba+spin-split+surface+states.">Direct mapping of spin and orbital entangled wave functions under interband spin-orbit coupling of giant Rashba spin-split surface states.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 95 (6), 04111(R) (2017).</li></ol>

ARPES og SARPES teknikker har været almindeligt brugt til at studere elektronisk band strukturer gennem bandet kortlægning og registrering af spin1,2. Ud over disse generelle fordele vist ovenfor, kan laser-SARPES baseret på orbital udvælgelsesregel i optisk dipol excitation være ansat som en ny teknik til at visualisere effekten spin-orbital kobling i wavefunction og quantum spin indblanding . Som vist i figur 9 og 10<...

Vinkel-løst photoemission spektroskopi (ARPES) teknik har udviklet sig til en af de mest kraftfulde værktøj til at undersøge quasiparticle band strukturer i solid stater1. De fleste af attraktive træk ved ARPES er evnen nemlig band kortlægning at karakterisere elektroniske stater i energi og fremdrift plads. Spin-løst ARPES (SARPES), som er her udstyret med spin-detektorer, fx. Mott detektor2,3, yderligere sætter os i stand til at løse spin karakter af observerede band strukturer4. Da Mott detektoren kan måle spin med to akser (x og z, eller y og z), tillader kombinationen af de to Mott detektorer yderligere en at opnå spin orientering i tre dimension4,5 . I flere årtier, men SARPES eksperimenter blev lidt fra deres lav effektivitet (typisk 1/10000 sammenlignes for spin-integreret ARPES måling)3,4,5,6 ,7, der havde begrænset energi og kantede-resolutioner. For nylig, energi opløsningen af SARPES er blevet forøget med en høj-effektiv spin detektor baseret på exchange spredning, det såkaldte meget-lav-energi elektron-diffraktion (VLEED) detektor7,8,9 ,10. Med denne detektor, datakvalitet er blevet væsentligt forbedret og data erhvervelse tid er blevet forkortet. For nylig har lykkedes SARPES meget spin-polariseret elektroniske stater og især spin-orbit kobling virkning resulterer i spin tekstur af overfladen bands7.
Her, vi anvender SARPES målinger med en polarisering-variabel vakuum ultraviolet laser lys (laser-SARPES) og vise de store fordele ved denne kombinerede teknik. Gennem undersøgelsen på spin-orbit kombineret overflade stater i Bi2Se3præsenterer vi to kapaciteter af laser-SARPES. For det første på grund af orbital udvælgelsesreglen lineært polariseret lasere i dipol overgang regime, p- og s-polariseret lys selektivt vække en del af eigen-wavefunctions med forskellige orbital symmetri. Sådan en orbital selektive excitation er dermed tilgængelige i SARPES, nemlig orbital-selektive SARPES. For det andet, tre-dimensionelle (3D) spin-påvisning i SARPES viser retningen af spin quantum akse og direkte viser fuld information af lys-polarisering afhængighed. I denne protokol beskrive vi kort en metode til at udføre denne state-of-the-art laser-SARPES teknik til at studere de stærke spin-orbit kobling effekter.
Vores laser-SARPES system er placeret på Institut for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo11. Skematisk tegning af vores laser-SAPRES maskine er vist i figur 1. Polarisering-variabel 7-eV laser lys12 lyser prøveoverfladen og photoelectrons der udsendes fra prøven. Polariseringen af laser styres automatisk af MgF2- baseret λ/2- og λ/4-waveplates til selektivt anvende lineære og cirkulære polarisationer. En halvkugleformet elektron analyzer korrigerer photoelectrons, og analyserer deres kinetiske energi (Ekin) og emission vinkel (θx og θy). Photoelectron støtteintensiteter er kortlagt på Ekin-θx skærm overvåges af en CCD kamera. Dette billede er direkte omdannet til energi band struktur i gensidige plads.
Til måling af SARPES, photoelectrons med en specifik emission vinkel og kinetisk energi analyseret af elektron analyzer er guidet til to VLEED-type spin detektorer med en 90-graders photoelectron deflektor og photoelectron bjælker er fokuseret på to forskellige mål af Fe(001) -p(1 × 1) film opsiges af ilt. Photoelectrons afspejles af mål, der er opdaget i single channel-påvisning ved hjælp af en channeltron, placeret i hvert spin detektor. VLEED mål kan være magnetisk med Helmholtz-type elektriske spoler, som er arrangeret med retvinklede geometri med hensyn til hinanden. Magnetisering retning styres af bipolar kondensator bank. Dobbelt VLEED spin detektorer muligt derved at analysere spin-polarisering vektor af photoelectron i tre dimensioner.

<table>
	<tbody>
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			<td>DA30-L hemispherical analyzer</td>
			<td>ScientaOmicron</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.scientaomicron.com/en/products/353/1170</td>
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			<td>Silver-based epoxy</td>
			<td>Epoxy Technology</td>
			<td>H20E</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Sctoch tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>801-1-18C</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>UHV valve</td>
			<td>VAT</td>
			<td>01034-KE01</td>
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			<td>linear/rotary feedthrough</td>
			<td>Ferrovac</td>
			<td>MD40</td>
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			<td>transfer rod</td>
			<td>UHV design</td>
			<td>PP series</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>wobble stick</td>
			<td>Ferrovac</td>
			<td>WM40</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Paladin compact 355</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
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			<td>half waveplate</td>
			<td>Kogakugiken</td>
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			<td>order made</td>
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			<td>Bipolar condenser bank</td>
			<td>Tsuji electronics</td>
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</table>

experimental methods for spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with polarization-variable laser

Målet med denne protokol er at præsentere, hvordan til at udføre spin - og vinkel-løst photoemission spektroskopi kombineret med polarisering-variabel 7-eV laser (laser-SARPES), og vise en strøm af denne teknik til at studere Faststoffysik. Laser-SARPES opnår to store kapaciteter. For det første ved at undersøge orbital udvælgelsesregel lineært polariseret lasere, kan orbital selektive excitation foretages i SAPRES eksperiment. For det andet, teknikken kan vise fuld information af en variation af spin quantum akse som en funktion af den lys polarisering. For at demonstrere magt for i samarbejde med disse kapaciteter i laser-SARPES, anvender vi denne teknik til undersøgelser af spin-bane kombineret overflade stater af Bi2Se3. Denne teknik giver nedbrydes spin og orbital komponenter fra spin-orbit kombineret wavefunctions. Desuden, som en repræsentant fordelen ved at bruge direkte spin påvisning samarbejdede med polarisering-variabel laser, teknikken utvetydigt visualiserer lys polarisering afhængighed af spin quantum akse i tre-dimension. Laser-SARPES øger dramatisk en evne til photoemission teknik.

Før du starter SARPES eksperimenter, skal k positioner fastlægges præcist for at tage spin-løst spektrum ved hjælp af høje statistik spin-integreret ARPES resultater med høje energi - og kantede-opløsninger (protocol 5.1-5.5). Dette er vist i figur 7 hvor ARPES resultaterne for en Bi2Se3 enkelt krystal er præsenteret. Dette materiale er kendt som en prototypiske topologiske isolator med et spin-polariseret overflade sta...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser at JoVE.com

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Her, kombinerer vi polarisering-variabel 7-eV laser med spin - og vinkel-løst photoemission teknik til at visualisere effekten spin-orbital kobling i solid stater.

Eksperimentelle metoder for Spin - og vinkel-løst Photoemission spektroskopi kombineret med polarisering-variabel Laser

The goal of this protocol is to present how to perform spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with polarization-variable 7-eV laser ...

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