Name: three-dimensional rendering and analysis of immunolabeled, clarified human placental villous vascular networks
Uploaded: 2018-03-29T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Rendering and Analysis of Immunolabeled, Clarified Human Placental Villous Vascular Networks at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了纽约国家办事处的支持, 为发展中残疾人士和胎盘分析有限责任公司, 新的拉罗谢尔, 纽约。

本议定书遵循了纽约国家发展残疾基础研究研究所人类研究伦理学委员会的指导方针。
1. 长柔毛树解剖
<ol><li>用磷酸盐抛光生理盐水 (PBS)14冲洗福尔马林固定胎盘组织, 在解剖显微镜的舞台上取出福尔马林并放置在培养皿中。使用手术刀和细钳, 以逗胎盘组织分开寻找长柔毛树 (白色丝状分支结构)。解剖出绒毛树 (几毫米长) 的碎片, 将组织转移到含有1毫升 P...

<ol>
	<li>Thornburg, K. L., Kolahi, K., Pierce, M., Valent, A., Drake, R., Louey, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+features+of+placental+programming.">Biological features of placental programming.</a> Placenta. 48, 47-53 (2016).</li><li>Misra, D. P., Salafia, C. M., Charles, A. K., Miller, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Birth+weights+smaller+or+larger+than+the+placenta+predict+BMI+and+blood+pressure+at+age+7+years.">Birth weights smaller or larger than the placenta predict BMI and blood pressure at age 7 years.</a> J Dev Orig Health Dis. 1 (2), 123-130 (2010).</li><li>Burton, G. J., Fowden, A. L., Thornburg, K. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+transcriptional+activity+in+the+syncytiotrophoblast+of+the+human+placenta.">Evidence for transcriptional activity in the syncytiotrophoblast of the human placenta.</a> Placenta. 30 (4), 329-334 (2009).</li><li>Jirkovsk&#225;, M., Kub&#237;nov&#225;, L., Jan&#225;&#269;ek, J., Kal&#225;b, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3-D+study+of+vessels+in+peripheral+placental+villi.">3-D study of vessels in peripheral placental villi.</a> Image Anal Stereol. 26 (3), 165-168 (2011).</li><li>Pearce, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image-Based+Modeling+of+Blood+Flow+and+Oxygen+Transfer+in+Feto-Placental+Capillaries.">Image-Based Modeling of Blood Flow and Oxygen Transfer in Feto-Placental Capillaries.</a> PLOS ONE. 11 (10), 0165369 (2016).</li><li>Plitman Mayo, R., Olsthoorn, J., Charnock-Jones, D. S., Burton, G. J., Oyen, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computational+modeling+of+the+structure-function+relationship+in+human+placental+terminal+villi.">Computational modeling of the structure-function relationship in human placental terminal villi.</a> J Biomech. 49 (16), 3780-3787 (2016).</li><li>Mayhew, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+stereological+perspective+on+placental+morphology+in+normal+and+complicated+pregnancies.">A stereological perspective on placental morphology in normal and complicated pregnancies.</a> J Anat. 215 (1), 77-90 (2009).</li><li>Teasdale, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gestational+changes+in+the+functional+structure+of+the+human+placenta+in+relation+to+fetal+growth:+a+morphometric+study.">Gestational changes in the functional structure of the human placenta in relation to fetal growth: a morphometric study.</a> Am J Obstet Gynecol. 137 (5), 560-568 (1980).</li><li>Richardson, D. S., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clarifying+Tissue+Clearing.">Clarifying Tissue Clearing.</a> Cell. 162 (2), 246-257 (2015).</li><li>Dulbecco, R., Vogt, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plaque+formation+and+isolation+of+pure+lines+with+poliomyelitis+viruses.">Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses.</a> J Exp Med. 99 (2), 167-182 (1954).</li><li>Gill, J. S., Salafia, C. M., Grebenkov, D., Vvedensky, D. 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机构审查委员会批准了收集胎盘绒毛组织选择性终止妊娠的福尔马林固定。在执行这些程序之前, 对医疗记录作了简要的回顾, 指出了孕产妇年龄、均等, 并确认没有任何潜在的医疗 (如例如、高血压、糖尿病和狼疮) 或胎儿 (结构或染色体异常,异常生长) 进行。数据表和任何收集的标本只用研究 ID 标记。因此, 所有标本都在离开操作套件之前被取消标识。绒毛由训练有素的观察者收集;去除了...

我们对发育中胎盘及其病理的理解, 在很大程度上局限于推断相邻绒毛之间的空间关系以及从组织学切片中提取的毛细血管。在这项研究中, 我们通过开发方法来生成三维 (3D) 的人胎盘毛细管网络的效果图, 这些结果适合于分析毛细管网络特征 (例如分支、固态)。为此, 我们将免疫荧光染色与两种商业组织清洁产品、Visikol-1 和 Visikol-2 (以下简称 Solution-1 和 Solution-2) 相结合。
人胎盘是一个巨大的复杂的血管位于母亲的 intervillous 血液和发育中的胎儿之间的接口。脐带从插入到绒毛膜板中延伸出来, 在动脉和静脉网络中 ramify, 用精心制作的血管网络覆盖绒毛膜表面。他们的末端然后击穿入胎盘盘的内部或深度, 在那里他们接受几个分支世代并且结束在末端绒毛和他们包含的毛细管网络, 气体交换的地点, 营养素和新陈代谢胎儿和母体血液之间的浪费。
对胎盘毛细管网络的侮辱在发展期间有持久的后果为胎儿、新生儿和紧急成人1,2,3的健康。鉴于妊娠相关的病症, 如流产, 宫内生长限制, 先兆子痫和孕妇糖尿病4,5,6有一个很高的价值, 制定测量方法和胎盘绒毛毛细管网络的表征。一个主要的障碍是胎盘血管网络包含广泛的范围。表面血管网络的直径可达4-5 毫米。末端具长柔毛毛细血管的顺序为 10-20 µm 直径;胎盘含有超过300公里的血管7。目前, 很少有易于使用和快速的技术, 可以捕捉这些极端的船只规模。到目前为止, 只有少量的绒毛可以通过显微镜来呈现。例如, Jirkovska et将重点放在足月胎盘绒毛上, 将共焦显微术与连续光学切片结合, 从120µm 厚剖面获得1µm 间隔;未提供所研究的样本数和统计数据, 8。对毛细管结构进行了鉴定, 并对绒毛和毛细血管的轮廓进行了手工绘制, 并将追查导出用于图像分析。虽然作者们讨论了他们的发现对 "生长的长柔毛血管网" 的影响, 但这样的结论是有问题的, 只有 "期限" (36 + 周孕龄) 组织的研究。类似地, 梅奥et al 和皮尔斯et等. 依赖于同一年龄的组织, 用于模拟血液流动和氧转运, 但其分析仅限于几个术语, 终端绒毛9,10.视学也被应用于研究绒毛状血管的结构。但同样的, 重点通常是以后怀孕分娩 liveborn 婴儿有一个或多个妊娠并发症11,12。
直到最近, 共焦显微术被限制为100-200 µm 的组织深度的成像, 因为吸收的激发和发射荧光的覆盖组织13 。虽然组织清除和3D 组织学已被广泛描述的文献和有许多方法, 组织清除许多不适合使用与组织一般, 因为他们不可逆转地破坏细胞形态学通过 hyperhydration蛋白质或脂肪的去除。因此, 无法验证这些结果是否表明了组织本身, 而不是加工工件, 而我们的组织清除过程是一种可逆的技术, 能够验证传统的组织学。组织清除一般涉及三种主要方法之一: 1) 在 RI 匹配解中, 对组织成分的折射率 (ri) 进行均匀匹配, 消除由于连续而引起的透镜的累积光散射。低 ri (细胞质) 和高 ri (蛋白质/脂) 成分的波动;2) 将脂质成分嵌入水凝胶中, 利用电泳/扩散法去除脂质成分;3) 蛋白质结构的扩张/变性, 以增加溶剂的穿透力, 以鼓励 RI 13的均匀性。虽然这些方法可以使组织透明, 并允许生成生物标志物的3D 表示, 但这些3D 表示有疑问的临床价值, 因为它是挑战, 以确定这些图像是否预示着组织的性质或组织清除过程。另一方面, 由于我们的组织清除是可逆的标准组织学和/或免疫组化可以应用到同一组织, 以评估是否有临床意义的改变。
本研究对47例从23例正常和选择性终止妊娠到9-23 个完成周妊娠期和两次足月正常分娩的远端长柔毛标本进行了分析。免疫荧光标记滋养层和内皮已经使对长柔毛血管网络的变化及其复杂性进行了定量和自动化的分析。
通过该协议, 我们对终端绒毛及其毛细管网络进行了前所未有的分离和分析。这种方法, 当应用到长柔毛和毛细管网络发展横跨妊娠将确定这些属性是出生的健康儿童的基础。当应用于复杂妊娠的研究时, 它还将阐明胎盘病变何时以及如何改变其鞘的绒毛状树木和毛细血管网络, 以及这些如何影响胎儿的福祉。

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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:435px;">10% Formaldehyde solution (w/v) in aqueous phosphate buffer</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Macron Fine Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">H-121-08</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">General fixation agent, ready to use formula, use caution as vapors are toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scalpel blades</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">08-916-5B No. 11</td>
			<td style="width:517px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">08-913-5</td>
			<td style="width:517px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Electron Microscopy Services</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">78354-119</td>
			<td style="width:517px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro Tube (1.7 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">PGC Scientifics</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">505-201</td>
			<td style="width:517px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">D8537</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">PBS</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">52947-948</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">disposable, 3ml transfer pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Boehriner Mannheim</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">789 704</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Dilute to 0.1% from stock</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat Serum</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">16210-064</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Dilute to 2% in PBS solution</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse monoclonial anti-ck7 Keratin 7 Ab-2 (Clone OV-TL 12/30)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">MS-1352-RQ</td>
			<td style="width:517px;"></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rabbit Anti-CD31 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ab28364</td>
			<td style="width:517px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">green emitting (520 nm) fluorochrome&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">A11017</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Alexa-Fluor 488</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">infrared emitting (652 nm) fluorochrome</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">A21072</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Alexa Fluor 633</td>
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			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Ethanol alcohol 200 proof</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Pharmco-Aaper</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">111000200</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Dilute down to lower concentrations using PBS as needed</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Solution-1</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Visikol Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Visikol Histo-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Solution-2</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Visikol Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Visikol Histo-2</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Skyes-Moore chambers</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">BellCo Glass Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">P/N 1943-11111</td>
			<td style="width:517px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">25 gauge needle</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">14-826AA</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">BD Precision Glide Needes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">14-823-40</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">BD disposable syringe</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PDMS silicon sheets</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">P/N 578T31</td>
			<td style="width:517px;"></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Nikon Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Nikon C1 Confocal Microscope</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deconvolution software</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Media Cybernetics</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:517px;">AutoQuant X22</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fiji image processing software</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:517px;">free, Open source&#160; software available at https://fiji.sc</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hematoxylin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">3801570</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Component 1 of SelecTech H&#38;E staining system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alcoholic Eosin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">3801615</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Component 2 of SelecTech H&#38;E staining system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blue Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">3802918</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Component 3 of SelecTech H&#38;E staining system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Aqua Define MCX</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">3803598</td>
			<td style="width:517px;">Component 4 of SelecTech H&#38;E staining system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:435px;">Immunohistochemistry detection system</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">TL-125-QHD</td>
			<td>UltraVision Quanto Detection System HRP DAB</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional rendering and analysis of immunolabeled, clarified human placental villous vascular networks

母亲和胎儿之间的养分和气体交换发生在母体 intervillous 血的界面和巨大的长柔毛毛细血管网络中, 构成了人类胎盘的大部分实质。远端长柔毛毛细管网络是胎儿血液供应的终点后, 几代分支的血管延伸出脐带。这个网络有一个连续的细胞鞘, 合胞滋养屏障层, 防止胎儿血液和产妇血液的混合, 在其中持续沐浴。对胎盘毛细血管网络的完整性的侮辱, 发生在诸如孕产妇糖尿病、高血压和肥胖等疾病中, 会给胎儿、婴儿和成人带来严重的健康风险。为了更好地定义这些侮辱的结构效果, 为这项研究制定了一项协议, 它捕获毛细管网络结构的顺序为 1-2 毫米3 , 其中一个可以调查其拓扑特征的完全复杂性。为达到这一目的, 对胎盘端绒毛簇进行了解剖, 滋养层和毛细血管内皮 immunolabeled。然后用新的组织清理过程澄清这些样本, 从而可以获得共焦图像栈到 z 深度的 ~ 1 毫米。然后对这些堆栈的三维渲染进行处理和分析, 以生成基本的毛细管网络度量, 如体积、毛细管分支数和毛细管分支端点, 以验证这种方法是否适合毛细管网络特性。

从8周孕龄到足月分娩, 将人胎盘端绒毛簇中毛细血管的生成3D 效果计算为个体簇和骷髅进行网络分析。胎盘的功能单位 (图 1A) 是绒毛树, 是它们穿透胎盘实质的表面血管的延伸 (图 1B, 并在1C中放大)。然后 immunolabeled 解剖树的远端部分 (Figure1D和1E) 的碎片, 以显示绒?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Rendering and Analysis of Immunolabeled, Clarified Human Placental Villous Vascular Networks at JoVE.com

Three-dimensional Rendering and Analysis of Immunolabeled, Clarified Human Placental Villous Vascular Networks

本研究提出了一种可逆转组织清除、染色、3 d 渲染和分析人胎盘绒毛样品中血管网络的方法, 其顺序为 1-2 毫米3。

Immunolabeled, 澄清人胎盘长柔毛血管网络的三维渲染与分析

Nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus occurs at the interface of the maternal intervillous blood and the vast villous capillary network that ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

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High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is ...

Three-dimensional Inflammatory Human Tissue Equivalents of Gingiva

牙龈三维炎症人体组织当量

Periodontal diseases (such as gingivitis and periodontitis) are the leading causes of tooth loss in adults. Inflammation in gingiva is the fundamental ...

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The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. ...

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High Frequency Ultrasound for the Analysis of Fetal and Placental Development In Vivo

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Ultrasound imaging is a widespread method used to detect organ anomalies and tumors in human and animal tissues. The method is non-invasive, harmless, and ...