Name: determining if dna stained with a cyanine dye can be digested with restriction enzymes
Uploaded: 2018-02-02T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining if DNA Stained with a Cyanine Dye Can Be Digested with Restriction Enzymes at JoVE.com

This research was funded by the National Institute for General Medical Science (NIGMS) (5605100122001), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as University of Nebraska at Kearney (UNK) Summer Student Research Program (SSRP), and UNK Undergraduate Research Fellowship (URF).

1. Preparation of Dyes, Buffers and Agarose Gel
<ol>
	<li>Prepare the following solutions for staining DNA or the digestion of stained DNA.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare 1x TE (Tris-HCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EDTA) buffer using 10 mM Tris-HCl and 1 mM EDTA in a graduated cylinder or volumetric flask. Store at room temperature (18 - 25 &#176;C).</li>
		<li>Make aliquots of each dye: TOTO-1, YOYO-1, POPO-1, BOBO-1, TOTO-3, YOYO-3, POPO-3, BOBO-3 (Table 1). Pipette 4 &#181;L of 1 mM dye into a dark am...

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+YOYO-1+on+the+mechanical+properties+of+DNA.">Effect of YOYO-1 on the mechanical properties of DNA.</a> Soft Matter. 10 (48), 9721-9728 (2014).</li><li>Technologies, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Molecular Probes Handbook: A guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies. , (2010).</li><li>Riehn, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restriction+mapping+in+nanofluidic+devices.">Restriction mapping in nanofluidic devices.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (29), 10012-10016 (2005).</li><li>Meng, X., Cai, W., Schwartz, D. 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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+DNA+intercalators+on+DNA+and+DNA-processing+enzymes+elucidated+through+force-dependent+binding+kinetics.">The impact of DNA intercalators on DNA and DNA-processing enzymes elucidated through force-dependent binding kinetics.</a> Nature Communications. 6, 7304 (2015).</li><li>Gunther, K., Mertig, M., Seidel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+and+structural+properties+of+YOYO-1+complexed+DNA.">Mechanical and structural properties of YOYO-1 complexed DNA.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 38 (19), 6526-6532 (2010).</li><li>Zhou, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+clone-free,+single+molecule+map+of+the+domestic+cow+(Bos+taurus)+genome.">A clone-free, single molecule map of the domestic cow (Bos taurus) genome.</a> BMC Genomics. 16, 644 (2015).</li><li>Ray, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery+of+structural+alterations+in+solid+tumor+oligodendroglioma+by+single+molecule+analysis.">Discovery of structural alterations in solid tumor oligodendroglioma by single molecule analysis.</a> BMC Genomics. 14, 505 (2013).</li><li>Chen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+sequence+of+the+model+medicinal+mushroom+Ganoderma+lucidum.">Genome sequence of the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum.</a> Nat Commun. 3, 913 (2012).</li><li>Zhou, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+molecule+scaffold+for+the+maize+genome.">A single molecule scaffold for the maize genome.</a> PLoS Genet. 5 (11), e1000711 (2009).</li><li>Sischka, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+and+kinetics+between+DNA+and+DNA+binding+ligands.">Molecular mechanisms and kinetics between DNA and DNA binding ligands.</a> Biophys J. 88 (1), 404-411 (2005).</li><li>Lee, P. 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In order to digest fluorescently labeled DNA (Figure 1), a series of steps are required. First, DNA is stained with a fluorochrome overnight. DNA can be incubated with cyanine dimers for a shorter period of time; however, Carlsson et al. found that DNA created double bands for each DNA size due to incomplete staining20. To remedy this, the DNA can be stained overnight to prevent double bands from occurring. This is a critical step in the prot...

The TOTO series (TOTO-1, YOYO-1, POPO-1, BOBO-1, TOTO-3, YOYO-3, POPO-3, and BOBO-3; Table 1) is utilized in a wide variety of experiments where the visualization of DNA is required1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17. The cyanine dimer family is widely used due to their quantum yield, sensitivity, and high affinity for DNA molecules18,19,20. Cyanine dimer dyes have great selectivity for double stranded DNA and when intercalated have a 100 to 1000 fold increase of fluorescence21. Pyridinium dyes (YOYO-1, TOTO-1, YOYO-3, and TOTO-3) have a shorter emission wavelength than their quinolium dye (BOBO-1, POPO-1, BOBO-3, and POPO-3) counterparts (Table 1)22. Also, the quantum yield for cyanine dimers intercalated into DNA is high (0.2 - 0.6)22. However, using an enzyme to determine the methylation profile of a DNA molecule2 or stretch23 of a DNA molecule already stained with fluorescent dye requires a method to determine what enzymes will digest stained DNA. Any type of dye that intercalates into DNA or any enzyme that gives a discernable pattern of the DNA substrate can be used for this method.
Meng et al. first determined the digestion rate of prestained DNA through gel electrophoresis using a variety of different dyes24. Maschmann et al. delved in deeper to look at the TOTO family of dyes. Both determined the digestion rate of stained DNA to see if DNA stained with a given dye could be digested with a restriction enzyme25. Other methods study binding effects of dyes intercalated with DNA using optical tweezers26 or NMR27. Either method requires specialized equipment; whereas, this method allows equipment that most molecular biology labs have to determine if a dye interferes with a restriction enzyme digestion.
Additionally, in other methods to measure the length of a given molecule, optical mapping has elongated unstained DNA molecules on a surface and digested DNA to determine the stretch and size of fragments. Intercalation of dye has been shown to increase the contour length of fluorescently stained DNA molecules and depending on the dye used, the contour lengths are different21. This method has been utilized in a variety of genomes1,3,4,6,13,28,29,30,31. However, if molecules were pre-stained, depending on the dye and enzyme, the enzyme may not be able to cut DNA stained with a given dye. Therefore, this method determines if DNA stained with a given dye can be digested with an enzyme. Additionally, depending on the concentration of the dye and the dye utilized, the mobility of the DNA bands in a gel will migrate more slowly than native DNA due to the partial unwinding of the DNA backbone to make room for the dye to insert between base pairs32.
However, sometimes these dyes can partially or completely inhibit the action of certain restriction enzymes7,24. This is thought to be due to a structural change in DNA caused by the attachment of the fluorescent dye, which may prevent the enzyme from recognizing its specific sequence. Understanding how these dyes affect restriction enzymes can help in experiments where the methylation profile or the stretch of stained DNA is required.
In our method, DNA was stained with a fluorochrome of interest and digested with a restriction enzyme. Then DNA was electrophoresed on a gel, imaged, and the restriction enzyme digestion rate was measured. The restriction enzymes were chosen based on the cut pattern on a gel. Too many bands caused overlap of DNA bands and too few bands did not give a complete picture of the DNA molecule. There is a sweet spot to be able to determine the profile of the digested DNA molecule; therefore, it will depend on the DNA used and the enzyme. An advantage of this method is its simplicity; it only requires equipment used in a restriction digestion and gel electrophoresis.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="605">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">Unmethylated lambda DNA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">N3013S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">YOYO-1</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Y3601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">TOTO-1</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T3600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">POPO-1</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P3580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">BOBO-1</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>B3582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">YOYO-3</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Y3606</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">TOTO-3</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T3604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">POPO-3</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P3584</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">BamHI</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R0136S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">PmlI</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R0532S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">ScaI</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R3122S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">EcoRI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R0101S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">HindIII</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R0104S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">SmaI</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R0141S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Tris</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>BP152-1</td>
			<td>Irritant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">S316-212</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>S25358</td>
			<td>Corrosive and irritant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Buffer 1</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>B7201S</td>
			<td>NEB 1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Buffer 2</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>B7202S</td>
			<td>NEB 2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Buffer 3</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>B7204S</td>
			<td>NEB Cutsmart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">High gelling temperature agarose gel</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Lonza</td>
			<td>50041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Acetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>S25118</td>
			<td>Hazardous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">Blue light transilluminator</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Dark Reader</td>
			<td>DR196</td>
			<td>Wear correct eyewear&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:173px;">Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>15585011</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Carcinogen; other alternatives are Nancy 520, Gel red, etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">Cannon EOS Rebel T3I camera</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Cannon</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Apogee Model H4</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Biorad</td>
			<td>1704510</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">Power Pac Basic Power Supply</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Biorad</td>
			<td>1645050&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Ficoll</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">BP525-25</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Xylene Cyanol</td>
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</table>

determining if dna stained with a cyanine dye can be digested with restriction enzymes

Visualization of DNA for fluorescence microscopy utilizes a variety of dyes such as cyanine dyes. These dyes are utilized due to their high affinity and sensitivity for DNA. In order to determine if the DNA molecules are full length after the completion of the experiment, a method is required to determine if the stained molecules are full length by digesting DNA with restriction enzymes. However, stained DNA may inhibit the enzymes, so a method is needed to determine what enzymes one could use for fluorochrome stained DNA. In this method, DNA is stained with a cyanine dye overnight to allow the dye and DNA to equilibrate. Next, stained DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme, loaded into a gel and electrophoresed. The experimental DNA digest bands are compared to an in silico digest to determine the restriction enzyme activity. If there is the same number of bands as expected, then the reaction is complete. More bands than expected indicate partial digestion and less bands indicate incomplete digestion. The advantage of this method is its simplicity and it uses equipment that a scientist would need for a restriction enzyme assay and gel electrophoresis. A limitation of this method is that the enzymes available to most scientists are commercially available enzymes; however, any restriction enzymes could be used.

In order to determine if an intercalating dye will affect a restriction enzyme digesting DNA, the correct order of steps must be followed (Figure 1). Once DNA is stained and digested with a given enzyme, a picture of the gel can be taken to determine the number of fragments and their size (Figure 2). In order to determine the enzyme efficiency, the total number of expected visible bands divided by the number of visible bands. Enz...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining if DNA Stained with a Cyanine Dye Can Be Digested with Restriction Enzymes at JoVE.com

Determining if DNA Stained with a Cyanine Dye Can Be Digested with Restriction Enzymes

Staining DNA molecules for fluorescence microscopy allows a scientist to view them during an experiment. In the method presented here, DNA molecules are pre-stained with fluorescent dyes and digested with methylation and non-methylation sensitive restriction enzymes.

Visualization of DNA for fluorescence microscopy utilizes a variety of dyes such as cyanine dyes. These dyes are utilized due to their high affinity and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis&#8211;Mass Spectrometry for Metabolic Profiling of Biological Samples

Sheathless Capillary ElectrophoresisÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œMass Spectrometry for Metabolic Profiling of Biological Samples

In metabolomics, a wide range of analytical techniques is used for the global profiling of (endogenous) metabolites in complex samples. In this paper, a ...

Imaging Amyloid Tissues Stained with Luminescent Conjugated Oligothiophenes by Hyperspectral Confocal Microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

Proteins that deposit as amyloid in tissues throughout the body can be the cause or consequence of a large number of diseases. Among these we find ...

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

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Characterizing Cellular Proteins with In-cell Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins

Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a hydroxyl radical protein footprinting method used to characterize protein structure and interactions. ...

Cryo-EM and Single-Particle Analysis with Scipion

Cryo-electron microscopy has become one of the most important tools in biological research to reveal the structural information of macromolecules at ...

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors

DNA methylation, a form of epigenetic gene regulation, is important for normal cellular function. In cells, proteins called DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) ...

Preparation of Nucleosome Core Particles Complexed with DNA Repair Factors for Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structural Determination

DNA repair in the context of chromatin is poorly understood. Biochemical studies using nucleosome core particles, the fundamental repeating unit of ...

Determining the Thermodynamic and Kinetic Association of a DNA Aptamer and Tetracycline Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry

The determination of binding affinity and behavior between an aptamer and its target is the most crucial step in selecting and using an aptamer for ...

Measuring Ubiquitylated, SUMOylated, and ADP-Ribosylated DNA-Protein Crosslinks

Quantitative Detection of DNA-Protein Crosslinks and Their Post-Translational Modifications

Quantitative Detection of DNA Protein Crosslinks and Their Post-Translational Modifications (Video) | JoVE 

DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) are frequent, ubiquitous, and deleterious DNA lesions, which arise from endogenous DNA damage, enzyme (topoisomerases, ...

Assessing Hepatic Steatosis with 3D Fluorescence Lipid Droplet Reconstruction

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Lipid droplets (LDs) are specialized organelles that mediate lipid storage and play a very important role in suppressing lipotoxicity and preventing ...