Name: determining if dna stained with a cyanine dye can be digested with restriction enzymes
Uploaded: 2018-02-02T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining if DNA Stained with a Cyanine Dye Can Be Digested with Restriction Enzymes at JoVE.com

这项研究由国家普通医学科学研究所 (研究院) (5605100122001)、国立卫生研究院 (NIH) 的一个组成部分以及内布拉斯加州大学科尔尼 (UNK) 暑期学生研究计划 (SSRP) 和 UNK本科研究奖学金 (报告)。

1. 染料、缓冲剂和琼脂糖凝胶的制备
<ol><li>
为染色 dna 或对染色 dna 的消化准备下列溶液。
	<ol>
<li>制备 1x TE (三盐酸和乙酸酸;edta) 缓冲使用10毫米三盐酸和1毫米 edta 在一个毕业的圆筒或容量烧瓶。室温贮存 (18-25 ° c)。</li>
		<li>制作每种染料的等分: TOTO-1、YOYO-1、POPO-1、BOBO-1、TOTO-3、YOYO-3、POPO-3、BOBO-3 (表 1)。吸管4µL 1 毫米染料到深琥珀色或黑色1.5 毫升管和添加36µL 的 1x TE, 混合使?...

<ol>
	<li>Teague, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+human+genome+structure+by+single-molecule+analysis.">High-resolution human genome structure by single-molecule analysis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (24), 10848-10853 (2010).</li><li>Ananiev, G. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+mapping+discerns+genome+wide+DNA+methylation+profiles.">Optical mapping discerns genome wide DNA methylation profiles.</a> BMC Mol Biol. 9, 68 (2008).</li><li>Zhou, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+rice+genome+sequence+by+optical+mapping.">Validation of rice genome sequence by optical mapping.</a> BMC Genomics. 8, 278 (2007).</li><li>Reslewic, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-genome+shotgun+optical+mapping+of+Rhodospirillum+rubrum.">Whole-genome shotgun optical mapping of Rhodospirillum rubrum.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 71 (9), 5511-5522 (2005).</li><li>Zhou, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-genome+shotgun+optical+mapping+of+Rhodobacter+sphaeroides+strain+2.4.1+and+its+use+for+whole-genome+shotgun+sequence+assembly.">Whole-genome shotgun optical mapping of Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain 2.4.1 and its use for whole-genome shotgun sequence assembly.</a> Genome Res. 13 (9), 2142-2151 (2003).</li><li>Gupta, A., Kounovsky-Shafer, K. L., Ravindran, P., Schwartz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+mapping+and+nanocoding+approaches+to+whole-genome+analysis.">Optical mapping and nanocoding approaches to whole-genome analysis.</a> Microfluidics and Nanofluidics. 20 (44), 1-14 (2016).</li><li>Kounovsky-Shafer, K. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presentation+of+large+DNA+molecules+for+analysis+as+nanoconfined+dumbbells.">Presentation of large DNA molecules for analysis as nanoconfined dumbbells.</a> Macromolecules. 46 (20), 8356-8368 (2013).</li><li>Kim, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanochannel+confinement:+DNA+stretch+approaching+full+contour+length.">Nanochannel confinement: DNA stretch approaching full contour length.</a> Lab Chip. 11 (10), 1721-1729 (2011).</li><li>Yu, H., Jo, K., Kounovsky, K. L., de Pablo, J. J., Schwartz, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+propulsion:+chemical+sensing+and+chemotaxis+of+DNA+driven+by+RNA+polymerase.">Molecular propulsion: chemical sensing and chemotaxis of DNA driven by RNA polymerase.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 131 (16), 5722-5723 (2009).</li><li>Lam, E. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+mapping+on+nanochannel+arrays+for+structural+variation+analysis+and+sequence+assembly.">Genome mapping on nanochannel arrays for structural variation analysis and sequence assembly.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 30 (8), 771-776 (2012).</li><li>Cao, H., Tegenfeldt, J. O., Austin, R. H., Chou, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gradient+nanostructures+for+interfacing+microfluidics+and+nanofluidics.">Gradient nanostructures for interfacing microfluidics and nanofluidics.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 81 (16), 3058-3060 (2002).</li><li>Gupta, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-molecule+analysis+reveals+widespread+structural+variation+in+multiple+myeloma.">Single-molecule analysis reveals widespread structural variation in multiple myeloma.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (25), 7689-7694 (2015).</li><li>Wu, C. W., Schramm, T. M., Zhou, S., Schwartz, D. C., Talaat, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+mapping+of+the+Mycobacterium+avium+subspecies+paratuberculosis+genome.">Optical mapping of the Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis genome.</a> BMC Genomics. 10, 25 (2009).</li><li>Jo, K., Schramm, T. M., Schwartz, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single-molecule+barcoding+system+using+nanoslits+for+DNA+analysis+:+nanocoding.">A single-molecule barcoding system using nanoslits for DNA analysis : nanocoding.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 544, 29-42 (2009).</li><li>Jo, K., Chen, Y. L., de Pablo, J. J., Schwartz, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elongation+and+migration+of+single+DNA+molecules+in+microchannels+using+oscillatory+shear+flows.">Elongation and migration of single DNA molecules in microchannels using oscillatory shear flows.</a> Lab Chip. 9 (16), 2348-2355 (2009).</li><li>Jo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single-molecule+barcoding+system+using+nanoslits+for+DNA+analysis.">A single-molecule barcoding system using nanoslits for DNA analysis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104 (8), 2673-2678 (2007).</li><li>Reccius, C. H., Mannion, J. T., Cross, J. D., Craighead, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compression+and+free+expansion+of+single+DNA+molecules+in+nanochannels.">Compression and free expansion of single DNA molecules in nanochannels.</a> Phys Rev Lett. 95 (26), 268101 (2005).</li><li>Staerk, D., Hamed, A. A., Pedersen, E. B., Jacobsen, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bisintercalation+of+homodimeric+thiazole+orange+dyes+in+DNA:+effect+of+modifying+the+linker.">Bisintercalation of homodimeric thiazole orange dyes in DNA: effect of modifying the linker.</a> Bioconjug Chem. 8 (6), 869-877 (1997).</li><li>Spielmann, H. P., Wemmer, D. E., Jacobsen, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solution+structure+of+a+DNA+complex+with+the+fluorescent+bis-intercalator+TOTO+determined+by+NMR+spectroscopy.">Solution structure of a DNA complex with the fluorescent bis-intercalator TOTO determined by NMR spectroscopy.</a> Biochemistry. 34, 8542-8553 (1995).</li><li>Carlsson, C., Jonsson, M., Akerman, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double+bands+in+DNA+gel+electrophoresis+caused+by+bis-intercalating+dyes.">Double bands in DNA gel electrophoresis caused by bis-intercalating dyes.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 23 (13), 2413-2420 (1995).</li><li>Kundukad, B., Yan, J., Doyle, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+YOYO-1+on+the+mechanical+properties+of+DNA.">Effect of YOYO-1 on the mechanical properties of DNA.</a> Soft Matter. 10 (48), 9721-9728 (2014).</li><li>Technologies, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Molecular Probes Handbook: A guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies. , (2010).</li><li>Riehn, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restriction+mapping+in+nanofluidic+devices.">Restriction mapping in nanofluidic devices.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (29), 10012-10016 (2005).</li><li>Meng, X., Cai, W., Schwartz, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+restriction+endonuclease+activity+by+DNA+binding+fluorochromes.">Inhibition of restriction endonuclease activity by DNA binding fluorochromes.</a> J Biomol Struct Dyn. 13 (6), 945-951 (1996).</li><li>Maschmann, A., Kounovsky-Shafer, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+restriction+enzyme+activity+when+cutting+DNA+labeled+with+the+TOTO+Dye+family.">Determination of restriction enzyme activity when cutting DNA labeled with the TOTO Dye family.</a> Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. , 1-12 (2017).</li><li>Biebricker, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+DNA+intercalators+on+DNA+and+DNA-processing+enzymes+elucidated+through+force-dependent+binding+kinetics.">The impact of DNA intercalators on DNA and DNA-processing enzymes elucidated through force-dependent binding kinetics.</a> Nature Communications. 6, 7304 (2015).</li><li>Gunther, K., Mertig, M., Seidel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+and+structural+properties+of+YOYO-1+complexed+DNA.">Mechanical and structural properties of YOYO-1 complexed DNA.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 38 (19), 6526-6532 (2010).</li><li>Zhou, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+clone-free,+single+molecule+map+of+the+domestic+cow+(Bos+taurus)+genome.">A clone-free, single molecule map of the domestic cow (Bos taurus) genome.</a> BMC Genomics. 16, 644 (2015).</li><li>Ray, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery+of+structural+alterations+in+solid+tumor+oligodendroglioma+by+single+molecule+analysis.">Discovery of structural alterations in solid tumor oligodendroglioma by single molecule analysis.</a> BMC Genomics. 14, 505 (2013).</li><li>Chen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+sequence+of+the+model+medicinal+mushroom+Ganoderma+lucidum.">Genome sequence of the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum.</a> Nat Commun. 3, 913 (2012).</li><li>Zhou, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+molecule+scaffold+for+the+maize+genome.">A single molecule scaffold for the maize genome.</a> PLoS Genet. 5 (11), e1000711 (2009).</li><li>Sischka, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+and+kinetics+between+DNA+and+DNA+binding+ligands.">Molecular mechanisms and kinetics between DNA and DNA binding ligands.</a> Biophys J. 88 (1), 404-411 (2005).</li><li>Lee, P. Y., Costumbrado, J., Hsu, C. Y., Kim, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agarose+gel+electrophoresis+for+the+separation+of+DNA+fragments.">Agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments.</a> J Vis Exp. (62), (2012).</li><li>Zipper, H., Brunner, H., Bernhagen, J., Vitzthum, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigations+on+DNA+intercalation+and+surface+binding+by+SYBR+Green+I,+its+structure+determination+and+methodological+implications.">Investigations on DNA intercalation and surface binding by SYBR Green I, its structure determination and methodological implications.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 32 (12), e103 (2004).</li></ol>

为了消化荧光标记的 DNA (图 1), 需要一系列步骤。首先, DNA 在一夜之间被荧光染色。DNA 可以用青菁聚孵育一段较短的时间;但是, 卡尔松et al.发现, 由于不完整的染色20, dna 为每个 dna 大小创建了双波段。为了纠正这种现象, DNA 可以在一夜之间被染色以防止双波段的发生。这是协议中的关键步骤。如果染料没有孵育足够长的时间, 染料-DNA 可?...

托托系列 (TOTO-1、YOYO-1、POPO-1、BOBO-1、TOTO-3、YOYO-3、POPO-3 和 BOBO-3;表 1)用于多种实验, 其中 DNA 的可视化是 必需的1,234568,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17. 由于其量子产率、灵敏度和对 DNA 分子的高亲和性, 使菁二聚体被广泛应用于18、19、20。菁二聚体染料对双链 DNA 有很大的选择性, 当插层有100到1000倍的荧光21。吡啶染料 (YOYO-1、TOTO-1、YOYO-3 和 TOTO-3) 的发射波长较其 quinolium 染料 (BOBO-1、POPO-1、BOBO-3 和 POPO-3) 相对较短 (表 1)22。此外, 菁聚插入 DNA 的量子产率高 (0.2-0.6)22。然而, 使用一种酶来确定 dna 分子的甲基化分布,2或在已经沾有荧光染料的 dna 分子的拉伸23中需要一种方法来确定什么酶能消化染色的 dna。任何类型的染料, intercalates 成 dna 或任何酶, 提供了一个可辨认的 dna 基质的模式可以用于这种方法。
孟et al.首先通过使用各种不同染料的凝胶电泳测定 prestained DNA 的消化率24。Maschmann 的et al.深入研究了染料的托托系列。两者都确定了染色 dna 的消化率, 看看是否可以用限制性酶25来消化带有特定染料染色的 dna。其他方法研究染料插层与 DNA 的结合效应使用光学镊子26或核磁共振27。任何一种方法都需要专用设备;然而, 这种方法允许大多数分子生物学实验室确定染料是否干扰限制性酶消化的设备。
此外, 在其他测量给定分子长度的方法中, 光学制图在表面上拉长了不 dna 分子, 并消化了 dna, 以确定片段的拉伸和大小。染料的插层显示增加了荧光染色 DNA 分子的轮廓长度, 并根据所使用的染料, 其轮廓长度是不同的21。该方法已在各种基因组中得到了应用 1,3461328293031. 然而, 如果分子是前染色的, 根据染料和酶, 该酶可能无法切割 DNA 染色与给定的染料。因此, 这种方法确定是否 DNA 染色的特定染料可以消化的酶。此外, 根据染料的浓度和染料的使用, 在凝胶中的 dna 带的迁移速度会比原生 dna 的移动慢得多, 因为 dna 骨架部分解除, 使染料空间插入基对32.
然而, 有时这些染料可以部分或完全抑制某些限制性酶的作用7,24。这被认为是由于荧光染料的附着导致 DNA 结构的改变, 这可能会阻止酶识别其特定的序列。了解这些染料如何影响限制性酶可以帮助在实验中的甲基化剖面或染色 DNA 的延伸是必需的。
在我们的方法, DNA 被染色的荧光的兴趣和消化的限制酶。然后在凝胶上电泳 DNA, 对其进行了成像, 并测定了限制性酶消化率。根据凝胶上的切口形态选择限制性酶。太多的波段导致 dna 带的重叠, 而太少的波段没有给出完整的 dna 分子的图像。有一个甜美的斑点, 能够确定的轮廓的消化 DNA 分子;因此, 它将取决于所使用的 DNA 和酶。这种方法的优点是它的简单性;它只需要在限制消化和凝胶电泳中使用的设备。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="605">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">Unmethylated lambda DNA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">N3013S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">YOYO-1</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Y3601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">TOTO-1</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T3600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">POPO-1</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P3580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">BOBO-1</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>B3582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">YOYO-3</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Y3606</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">TOTO-3</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T3604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">POPO-3</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P3584</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">BamHI</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R0136S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">PmlI</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R0532S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">ScaI</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R3122S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">EcoRI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R0101S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">HindIII</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R0104S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">SmaI</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R0141S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Tris</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>BP152-1</td>
			<td>Irritant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">S316-212</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>S25358</td>
			<td>Corrosive and irritant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Buffer 1</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>B7201S</td>
			<td>NEB 1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Buffer 2</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>B7202S</td>
			<td>NEB 2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Buffer 3</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NEB</td>
			<td>B7204S</td>
			<td>NEB Cutsmart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">High gelling temperature agarose gel</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Lonza</td>
			<td>50041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Acetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>S25118</td>
			<td>Hazardous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">Blue light transilluminator</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Dark Reader</td>
			<td>DR196</td>
			<td>Wear correct eyewear&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:173px;">Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>15585011</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Carcinogen; other alternatives are Nancy 520, Gel red, etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">Cannon EOS Rebel T3I camera</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Cannon</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Apogee Model H4</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Biorad</td>
			<td>1704510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:173px;">Power Pac Basic Power Supply</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Biorad</td>
			<td>1645050&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Ficoll</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">BP525-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">B-392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:173px;">Xylene Cyanol</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Eastmen</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">T1579</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining if dna stained with a cyanine dye can be digested with restriction enzymes

荧光显微镜的 DNA 可视化利用了各种染料, 如菁染料。这些染料因其对 DNA 的亲和力和敏感性而被利用。为了确定在实验完成后 dna 分子是否全长, 需要用限制性酶消化 dna 来确定染色分子是否全长。然而, 染色的 dna 可能会抑制酶, 因此需要一种方法来确定什么酶可以用于荧光染色 dna。在这种方法中, dna 在一夜之间被染有菁染料, 使染料和 dna 平衡。接下来, 染色 DNA 被一种限制性的酶消化, 装入凝胶和电泳。将实验的 DNA 消化带与在硅片中的文摘进行比较, 以确定限制性酶活性。如果有相同数量的波段如预期, 那么反应是完整的。超过预期的波段表明部分消化和较少的带表示不完全消化。这种方法的优点是它的简单性, 它使用的设备, 科学家将需要一个限制酶检测和凝胶电泳。这种方法的一个局限性是, 大多数科学家可用的酶是商业上可用的酶;但是, 任何限制酶都可以使用。

为了确定插染料是否会影响消化 DNA 的限制性酶, 必须遵循正确的步骤顺序 (图 1)。一旦 DNA 被一种特定的酶染色和消化, 可以采取凝胶的图片来确定碎片的数量及其大小 (图 2)。为了确定酶的效率, 预期可见带的总数除以可见带数。酶的效率等同于统一, 如果数量的波段预期和看到匹配。如果在凝胶上有更多的带, 然后预期, 该值?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining if DNA Stained with a Cyanine Dye Can Be Digested with Restriction Enzymes at JoVE.com

Determining if DNA Stained with a Cyanine Dye Can Be Digested with Restriction Enzymes

染色 DNA 分子荧光显微镜允许科学家在实验中看到他们。在这里提出的方法, DNA 分子是前染色的荧光染料和消化的甲基化和非甲基化的敏感限制酶。

用限制性酶来测定染有菁染料的 DNA

Visualization of DNA for fluorescence microscopy utilizes a variety of dyes such as cyanine dyes. These dyes are utilized due to their high affinity and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis&#8211;Mass Spectrometry for Metabolic Profiling of Biological Samples

Sheathless Capillary ElectrophoresisÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œMass Spectrometry for Metabolic Profiling of Biological Samples

鞘毛细管电泳 - 质谱联用生物样品的代谢谱

In metabolomics, a wide range of analytical techniques is used for the global profiling of (endogenous) metabolites in complex samples. In this paper, a ...

科研

生物化学

Imaging Amyloid Tissues Stained with Luminescent Conjugated Oligothiophenes by Hyperspectral Confocal Microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

用高光谱共聚焦显微镜和荧光寿命成像对发光共轭吩染色的淀粉样组织的成像

Proteins that deposit as amyloid in tissues throughout the body can be the cause or consequence of a large number of diseases. Among these we find ...

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

双DNA标尺研究单核苷酸分辨率的核糖体易位机制

The ribosome translocation refers to the ribosomal movement on the mRNA by exactly three nucleotides (nt), which is the central step in protein synthesis. ...

Characterizing Cellular Proteins with In-cell Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins

用细胞内快速光化学氧化蛋白质对细胞内蛋白质进行特征化

Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a hydroxyl radical protein footprinting method used to characterize protein structure and interactions. ...

Cryo-EM and Single-Particle Analysis with Scipion

使用沉降机进行冷冻电镜和单颗粒分析

Cryo-electron microscopy has become one of the most important tools in biological research to reveal the structural information of macromolecules at ...

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors

基于荧光的连续核酸内切酶偶联DNA甲基化测定，用于筛选DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂

DNA methylation, a form of epigenetic gene regulation, is important for normal cellular function. In cells, proteins called DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) ...

Preparation of Nucleosome Core Particles Complexed with DNA Repair Factors for Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structural Determination

制备与DNA修复因子络合的核小体核心颗粒用于冷冻电镜结构测定

DNA repair in the context of chromatin is poorly understood. Biochemical studies using nucleosome core particles, the fundamental repeating unit of ...

Determining the Thermodynamic and Kinetic Association of a DNA Aptamer and Tetracycline Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry

使用等温滴定量热法测定DNA适配体和四环素的热力学和动力学关联

The determination of binding affinity and behavior between an aptamer and its target is the most crucial step in selecting and using an aptamer for ...

Measuring Ubiquitylated, SUMOylated, and ADP-Ribosylated DNA-Protein Crosslinks

Quantitative Detection of DNA-Protein Crosslinks and Their Post-Translational Modifications

Quantitative Detection of DNA Protein Crosslinks and Their Post-Translational Modifications (Video) | JoVE 

DNA-蛋白质交联及其翻译后修饰的定量检测

DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) are frequent, ubiquitous, and deleterious DNA lesions, which arise from endogenous DNA damage, enzyme (topoisomerases, ...

Assessing Hepatic Steatosis with 3D Fluorescence Lipid Droplet Reconstruction

Analysis of Fluorescent-Stained Lipid Droplets with 3D Reconstruction for Hepatic Steatosis Assessment

Analysis of Fluorescent-Stained Lipid Droplets with 3D Reconstruction for Hepatic Steatosis Assessment (Video) | JoVE 

荧光染色脂滴分析与3D重建，用于肝脂肪变性评估

Lipid droplets (LDs) are specialized organelles that mediate lipid storage and play a very important role in suppressing lipotoxicity and preventing ...