Name: paraffin embedding and thin sectioning of microbial colony biofilms for microscopic analysis
Uploaded: 2018-03-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis at JoVE.com

Dette arbeidet ble støttet av NSF karriere AWARD 1553023 og NIH/NIAID award R01AI103369.

1. vekst av Pseudomonas aeruginosa kolonien biofilm
<ol><li>Utarbeidelse av Medium-Bilayer plater<ol>
<li>Forberede en 10 g/L tryptone, 10 finans agar (se Tabell for materiale) løsning i deionisert vann.</li>
		<li>Autoclave i 20 min. kult å 50-60 ° C i et vannbad.</li>
		<li>Hell 45 mL av agar-tryptone løsningen i en 100 x 100 mm firkantet rett (se Tabell for materiale) med en 50 mL konisk rør. Tillate agar å stivne (~ 20-30 minutter). Hell andre, 15 mL lag på toppen første la...

<ol>
	<li>Ray, V. A., Morris, A. R., Visick, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+semi-quantitative+approach+to+assess+biofilm+formation+using+wrinkled+colony+development.">A semi-quantitative approach to assess biofilm formation using wrinkled colony development.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (64), e4035 (2012).</li><li>Friedman, L., Kolter, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+involved+in+matrix+formation+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+PA14+biofilms.">Genes involved in matrix formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilms.</a> Mol. Microbiol. 51 (3), 675-690 (2004).</li><li>Okegbe, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron-shuttling+antibiotics+structure+bacterial+communities+by+modulating+cellular+levels+of+c-di-GMP.">Electron-shuttling antibiotics structure bacterial communities by modulating cellular levels of c-di-GMP.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 114 (26), E5236-E5245 (2017).</li><li>Vlamakis, H., Aguilar, C., Losick, R., Kolter, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+cell+fate+by+the+formation+of+an+architecturally+complex+bacterial+community.">Control of cell fate by the formation of an architecturally complex bacterial community.</a> Genes Dev. 22 (7), 945-953 (2008).</li><li>Serra, D. O., Richter, A. M., Klauck, G., Mika, F., Hengge, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microanatomy+at+cellular+resolution+and+spatial+order+of+physiological+differentiation+in+a+bacterial+biofilm.">Microanatomy at cellular resolution and spatial order of physiological differentiation in a bacterial biofilm.</a> MBio. 4 (2), e00103-e00113 (2013).</li><li>Serra, D. O., Richter, A. M., Hengge, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellulose+as+an+architectural+element+in+spatially+structured+Escherichia+coli+biofilms.">Cellulose as an architectural element in spatially structured Escherichia coli biofilms.</a> J. Bacteriol. 195 (24), 5540-5554 (2013).</li><li>McGlinn, E., Mansfield, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+gene+expression+in+mouse+embryos+and+tissue+sections.">Detection of gene expression in mouse embryos and tissue sections.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 770, 259-292 (2011).</li><li>Choi, Y. S., Kim, Y. C., Baek, K. J., Choi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Situ+Detection+of+Bacteria+within+Paraffin-embedded+Tissues+Using+a+Digoxin-labeled+DNA+Probe+Targeting+16S+rRNA.">In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (99), e52836 (2015).</li><li>James, G., Hunt, A. M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+Biofilms+in+Tissue+Specimens.">Imaging Biofilms in Tissue Specimens.</a> Antibiofilm Agents. , 31-44 (2014).</li><li>Madsen, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facultative+control+of+matrix+production+optimizes+competitive+fitness+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+PA14+biofilm+models.">Facultative control of matrix production optimizes competitive fitness in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilm models.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 81 (24), 8414-8426 (2015).</li><li>Jo, J., Cortez, K. L., Cornell, W. -. C., Price-Whelan, A., Dietrich, L. E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+orphan+cbb3-type+cytochrome+oxidase+subunit+supports+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+growth+and+virulence.">An orphan cbb3-type cytochrome oxidase subunit supports Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth and virulence.</a> bioRxiv. , 171538 (2017).</li><li>Fong, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+dynamics+of+RbmA+governs+plasticity+of+Vibrio+cholerae+biofilms.">Structural dynamics of RbmA governs plasticity of Vibrio cholerae biofilms.</a> Elife. 6, (2017).</li><li>Bertani, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lysogeny+at+mid-twentieth+century:+P1,+P2,+and+other+experimental+systems.">Lysogeny at mid-twentieth century: P1, P2, and other experimental systems.</a> J. Bacteriol. 186 (3), 595-600 (2004).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nat. Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Dietrich, L. E. P., Teal, T. K., Price-Whelan, A., Newman, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox-active+antibiotics+control+gene+expression+and+community+behavior+in+divergent+bacteria.">Redox-active antibiotics control gene expression and community behavior in divergent bacteria.</a> Science. 321 (5893), 1203-1206 (2008).</li><li>Zupan&#269;i&#269;, D., Ter&#269;elj, M., &#352;trus, B., Verani&#269;, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+obtain+good+morphology+and+antigen+detection+in+the+same+tissue+section?.">How to obtain good morphology and antigen detection in the same tissue section?.</a> Protoplasma. , (2017).</li><li>Priester, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+visualization+of+microbial+biofilms+by+staining+and+environmental+scanning+electron+microscopy.">Enhanced visualization of microbial biofilms by staining and environmental scanning electron microscopy.</a> J. Microbiol. Methods. 68 (3), 577-587 (2007).</li><li>Boyles, J., Anderson, L., Hutcherson, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+fixative+for+the+preservation+of+actin+filaments:+fixation+of+pure+actin+filament+pellets.">A new fixative for the preservation of actin filaments: fixation of pure actin filament pellets.</a> J. Histochem. Cytochem. 33 (11), 1116-1128 (1985).</li><li>Blackburn, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+normal+and+abnormal+placentation+in+the+mouse.">Examination of normal and abnormal placentation in the mouse.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 136, 185-193 (2000).</li><li>Hoffman, E. A., Frey, B. L., Smith, L. M., Auble, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formaldehyde+crosslinking:+a+tool+for+the+study+of+chromatin+complexes.">Formaldehyde crosslinking: a tool for the study of chromatin complexes.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 290 (44), 26404-26411 (2015).</li><li>Jennings, L. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pel+is+a+cationic+exopolysaccharide+that+cross-links+extracellular+DNA+in+the+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+matrix.">Pel is a cationic exopolysaccharide that cross-links extracellular DNA in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112 (36), 11353-11358 (2015).</li></ol>

Innebygging av parafin og tynn-snitting vevsprøver er en klassisk histologiske teknikk som lar avbilding av mikro-morfologisk strukturer er vanlig på eukaryote vev og brukes med en viss suksess på mikrobiell prøver8 ,9. Mens cryoembedding gir sterk oppbevaring av endogene og immunofluorescent signal, anbefales parafin innebygging generelt som det gir bedre bevaring morfologi16. Tilpasse denne metoden skal mikrobiell biofilm, fokuserte...

De fleste mikrober har kapasitet til skjemaet biofilm, holdt samfunn av celler sammen av egenproduserte matriser. Biofilm kan dyrkes i mange typer fysiske oppsett, med ulike regimer av nærings og underlaget bestemmelsen. Konkrete analyser for biofilm formasjon pleier å gi reproduserbar flercellet strukturer og felles arkitekturer observeres for phylogenetically ulike arter på fellesskapet eller makroskopisk nivå. Når mikrober dyrkes som kolonier på solid medium under en atmosfære, makroskopisk morfologi formidler informasjon om kapasiteten for matrise produksjon og ofte korrelerer med andre trekk 1,2,3. Den interne arkitekturen i mikrobiell kolonier gir også hint om biofilm-spesifikke kjemi og fysiologi, men har vært vanskelig å karakterisere. Siste programmer cryoembedding og og kryosnitt teknikker bakteriell koloniene har aktivert bildebehandling og visualisering av spesielle funksjoner på enestående oppløsning 4,5,6. Men har studier med dyr tissue vist at parafininnstøper gir overlegen bevaring av morfologi sammenlignet med cryoembedding 7 og har blitt brukt til å visualisere bakterier i vev 8,9. Derfor har vi utviklet en protokoll for fiksering, parafin innebygging og tynn snitting av mikrobielle kolonien biofilm. Her vil vi beskrive utarbeidelse av Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 koloni-biofilm tynne snitt 10,11, men vi har også lykkes brukt denne teknikken biofilm dannet av bakterier Pseudomonas synxantha, Bacillus subtilis, og Vibrio cholerae12.
Prosessen med innebygging av parafin og tynn-snitting biofilm følger en enkel logikk. Først er biofilm omsluttet av et lag av agar å bevare morfologi under behandling. Andre, innkapslet-biofilm senkes i et bindemiddel til krysskobling makromolekyler og bevare micromorphology. Dette er så dehydrert med alkohol, fjernet med en mer ikke-polar løsemiddel og så infiltrert med flytende parafin voks. Når tok er prøvene innebygd i voks blokkerer snitting. Inndelinger er kuttet, montert på lysbilder og deretter utvannet for å returnere dem til en mer naturlig tilstand. Fra dette punktet, kan de være beiset eller dekket i montering medium for mikroskopisk analyse.
Denne protokollen gir tynne snitt av mikrobielle biofilm egnet for histologiske analyse. Kolonien biofilm underlag er synlige når tynne snitt tilberedt med denne metoden er fotografert av * lys. Biofilm kan også dyrket på medier som inneholder fluorescerende flekker spesifikke for enkeltfunksjoner eller farget ved rehydrering trinn, umiddelbart før montering (trinn 9.5-9.6). Til slutt, mikrober kan være konstruert for å produsere fluorescerende proteiner i et grunnleggende eller regulert mote tillater i situ rapportering av cellen distribusjon eller genet uttrykk innenfor disse samfunnene. Vi har brukt disse metodene til å bestemme kolonien biofilm dybde, celle distribusjon, matrix distribusjon, vekst mønstrene og spatiotemporal genuttrykk.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1205">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">5 3/4&#34; Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13-678-6A</td>
			<td style="width:577px;">Purchased from univeristy biostores&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Agar&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Teknova&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A7777</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Buchner Aspirator (Vacuum) Flask&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">5340</td>
			<td>Purchased from univeristy biostores&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Chemically-resistant Marking Pen</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">103051-182</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: Leica</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Clear Fingernail Polish&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">********</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">********</td>
			<td>Store bought</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Congo Red Indicator Grade</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">AAAB24310-14</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: Alfa Aesar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Coomassie Blue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">EM-3340</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: EMD Millipore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">TRIS-buffered Mounting Medium (w/ DAPI)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">50 247 04</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Embedding Mold&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">********</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">********</td>
			<td>3D printed in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">Embedding Mold (commercial)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">70182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Ethanol 200P</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Decon Labs, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">2701</td>
			<td>Purchased from univeristy biostores&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Fine-tipped Brush</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">********</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">********</td>
			<td>Store bought, paint brush</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Glass Coverslips 60x22mm</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">12-519-21C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Glass Rehydration Mailer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">21043</td>
			<td>20 slide mailer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">Histoclear-II, orange oil-based clearing agent&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">50 899 90150</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: National Diagnostics&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Histosette, Embedding Casette</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15 182 701A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">L-lysine hydrochloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP386 100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Low Profile Microtome Blades</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">22 210 048</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: Sturkey&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Micropipette&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">89080-004</td>
			<td>Promo-pack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Micropipette Tips&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">See comments section</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">See comments section</td>
			<td>p10 (Fisher Scientific, 02 707 469), p200 (VWR, 89079-474), p1250 (VWR, 89079-486)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Microtome&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">905200U/00016050</td>
			<td>Model: HM355S, Manufacturer: Microm, NON-CATALOG, Vendor Catalog # 905200U/00016050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Formaldehyde, 37% Aqueous (Formalin)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Ricca Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">RSOF0010-500A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Paraplast Xtra (paraffin wax)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15159-486</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: McCormick Scientific&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">Petri Dishes Square 100x100x15mm</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Laboratory Disposable Products&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D210-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Potassium chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">EMD Chemicals&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">PX1405-1</td>
			<td>Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Potassium phosphate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">P380-500</td>
			<td>Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Razor Blades&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">55411-050</td>
			<td>Purchased from univeristy biostores&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Slide Warmer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NC0865259</td>
			<td>NON-CATALOG, Vendor Catalog # 12857D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Sodium chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">0241-1KG</td>
			<td>Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Sodium phosphate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BDH9296.500</td>
			<td>,Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Suprafrost Histology Slides&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">12-544-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Tissue Flotation Water Bath&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NC0815797</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: Ted Pella, Vendor Catalog # 28156-B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Automatic Tissue Processor&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">813160U/Q#00009061</td>
			<td>Model: STP120 Tissue Processor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Tryptone&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Teknova&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">T9012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Teknova&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Y9010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

paraffin embedding and thin sectioning of microbial colony biofilms for microscopic analysis

Snitting via parafin innebygging er en bredt etablerte teknikk i eukaryote systemer. Her gir vi en metode for fiksering, innebygging, og skjæring av intakt mikrobiell kolonien biofilm bruker perfused parafinvoks. For å tilpasse denne metoden for bruk på kolonien biofilm, vi utviklet teknikker for å opprettholde hvert utvalg på sin vekst substrat og laminering det med en agar overlayer, og lagt lysin etappe, den stabiliserende løsningen. Disse optimaliseringer bedre eksempel oppbevaring og bevaring av micromorphological funksjoner. Prøver forberedt på denne måten er mottagelig å tynne snitting og tenkelig av lys, fluorescens og overføring elektronmikroskop. Vi har brukt denne teknikken kolonien biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas synxantha, Bacillus subtilisog Vibrio cholerae. Det høyt detaljnivået som er synlig i prøver generert av denne metoden, kombinert med reporter belastning engineering eller bruk av bestemte fargestoffer, gir spennende innblikk i fysiologi og utvikling av mikrobielle samfunn.

Denne metoden genererer biofilm tynn-deler der distinkte morfologiske egenskaper og soner av genuttrykk kan avbildes DIC, fluorescens mikroskopi og TEM. Mens DIC bildevisning på en 40 X oljeobjektiv nedsenking kan være tilstrekkelig til å vise noen morfologiske funksjoner (figur 2E), vi har funnet at fluorescens mikroskopi av stammer utviklet constitutively uttrykke fluorescerende protein gir forbedret visualisering av cellen distribusjon i prøven (<stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis at JoVE.com

Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis

Parafin innebygging og tynn snitting av mikrobielle kolonien biofilm for mikroskopisk analyse

Vi beskriver fiksering, parafin innebygging og tynne snitt teknikker for mikrobiell kolonien biofilm. I forberedt prøver, kan biofilm underlaget og reporter uttrykk mønstre visualiseres mikroskopi.

Sectioning via paraffin embedding is a broadly established technique in eukaryotic systems. Here we provide a method for the fixation, embedding, and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Colony Forming Cell (CFC) Assay for Human Hematopoietic Cells

Colony Forming Cell CFC Assay for Human Hematopoietic Cells

Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells are usually obtained from bone marrow, cord blood, or peripheral blood and are used to study hematopoiesis and ...

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Single-celle Analyse av Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Bruke fluorescensmikroskopi og flowcytometrisystemer

Biofilm formation is a general attribute to almost all bacteria 1-6. When bacteria form biofilms, cells are encased in extracellular matrix that is mostly ...

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Vekst av Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilm

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including ...

Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'

Isolasjon og Genome Analysis of single Virioner bruker &#39;enkelt virus Genomics&#39;

Whole genome amplification and sequencing of single microbial cells enables genomic characterization without the need of cultivation 1-3. Viruses, which ...

A New Method for Qualitative Multi-scale Analysis of Bacterial Biofilms on Filamentous Fungal Colonies Using Confocal and Electron Microscopy

En ny metode for kvalitativ Multi-skala analyse av bakterielle biofilmer på Trådformede soppkolonier Bruke Confocal og elektronmikroskopi

Bacterial biofilms frequently form on fungal surfaces and can be involved in numerous bacterial-fungal interaction processes, such as metabolic ...

Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis

Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis

Utvinning av Hemocytes fra Drosophila melanogaster larver for mikrobielle infeksjoner og analyse

During the pathogenic infection of Drosophila melanogaster, hemocytes play an important role in the immune response throughout the infection. Thus, the ...

Complementary Use of Microscopic Techniques and Fluorescence Reading in Studying Cryptococcus-Amoeba Interactions

Complementary Use of Microscopic Techniques and Fluorescence Reading in Studying Cryptococcus-Amoeba Interactions

Komplementær bruk av mikroskopiske teknikker og fluorescens Reading i Studying Cryptococcus-Amoeba interaksjoner

To simulate Cryptococcus infection, amoeba, which is the natural predator of cryptococcal cells in the environment, can be used as a model for ...

Applying Live Cell Imaging and Cryo-Electron Tomography to Resolve Spatiotemporal Features of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Secretion System

Applying Live Cell Imaging and Cryo-Electron Tomography to Resolve Spatiotemporal Features of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Secretion System

Bruke Live Cell Imaging og Cryo-Electron Tomography for å løse spatiotemporal funksjoner av Legionella pneumophila Dot / Icm Sekresjon System

The Dot/Icm secretion system of Legionella pneumophila is a complex type IV secretion system (T4SS) nanomachine that localizes at the bacterial pole and ...

Analysis of the Lipid Composition of Mycobacteria by Thin Layer Chromatography

Analyse av Lipidsammensetningen av mykobakterier ved tynn lagkromatografi

Mycobacteria species can differ from one another in the rate of growth, presence of pigmentation, the colony morphology displayed on solid media, as well ...

Standardized In vitro Assays to Visualize and Quantify Interactions between Human Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms

Standardized In vitro Assays to Visualize and Quantify Interactions between Human Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms

Standardiserte in vitro-analyser for å visualisere og kvantifisere interaksjoner mellom humane nøytrofiler og Staphylococcus aureus biofilmer

Neutrophils are the first line of defense deployed by the immune system during microbial infection. In vivo, neutrophils are recruited to the site of ...