Name: a microbiomechanical system for studying varicosity formation and recovery in central neuron axons
Uploaded: 2018-04-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Microbiomechanical System for Studying Varicosity Formation and Recovery in Central Neuron Axons at JoVE.com

所有动物实验都是按照国家卫生研究院动物使用指南进行的。这项工作部分是由国立卫生研究院 (R01NS093073 和 R21AA024873) 提供给 c。

下面描述的所有方法都已由俄亥俄州立大学的机构动物护理和使用委员会 (IACUC) 批准。
1. 盖玻片准备
<ol><li>将一个或多个12毫米或25毫米的盖玻片盒放入含有70% 硝酸的玻璃烧杯中, 并在室温下一夜之间孵化盖玻片。 注意: 不要在同一个烧杯中洗25毫米的盖玻片12毫米盖玻片。最好分开洗。</li>
	<li>将所有盖玻片转换为4升烧杯, 填充2.5 升ddH2 O, 并摇动包含盖玻片的烧杯...

<ol>
	<li>Niki&#263;, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reversible+form+of+axon+damage+in+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+and+multiple+sclerosis.">A reversible form of axon damage in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis.</a> Nat. Med. 17, 495-499 (2011).</li><li>Yang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+axon+degeneration+after+injury+and+in+development+by+the+endogenous+calpain+inhibitor+calpastatin.">Regulation of axon degeneration after injury and in development by the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin.</a> Neuron. 80 (5), 1175-1189 (2013).</li><li>Debanne, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Information+processing+in+the+axon.">Information processing in the axon.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 304-316 (2004).</li><li>Gu, Y., Jukkola, P., Wang, Q., Esparza, T., Zhao, Y., Brody, D., Gu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polarity+of+varicosity+initiation+in+central+neuron+mechanosensation.">Polarity of varicosity initiation in central neuron mechanosensation.</a> J Cell Biol. 216 (7), 2179-2199 (2017).</li><li>Chung, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mild+axonal+stretch+injury+in+vitro+induces+a+progressive+series+of+neurofilament+alterations+ultimately+leading+to+delayed+axotomy.">Mild axonal stretch injury in vitro induces a progressive series of neurofilament alterations ultimately leading to delayed axotomy.</a> J. Neurotrauma. 22 (10), 1081-1091 (2005).</li><li>Staal, J. A., Dickson, T. C., Chung, R. S., Vickers, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclosporin-A+treatment+attenuates+delayed+cytoskeletal+alterations+and+secondary+axotomy+following+mild+axonal+stretch+injury.">Cyclosporin-A treatment attenuates delayed cytoskeletal alterations and secondary axotomy following mild axonal stretch injury.</a> Dev. Neurobiol. 67 (14), 1831-1842 (2007).</li><li>Tang-Schomer, M. D., Johnson, V. E., Baas, P. W., Stewart, W., Smith, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partial+interruption+of+axonal+transport+due+to+microtubule+breakage+accounts+for+the+formation+of+periodic+varicosities+after+traumatic+axonal+injury.">Partial interruption of axonal transport due to microtubule breakage accounts for the formation of periodic varicosities after traumatic axonal injury.</a> Exp. Neurol. 233 (1), 364-372 (2012).</li><li>Donkin, J. J., Vink, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+cerebral+edema+in+traumatic+brain+injury:+therapeutic+developments.">Mechanisms of cerebral edema in traumatic brain injury: therapeutic developments.</a> Curr Opin Neurol. 23 (3), 293-299 (2010).</li><li>Gardner, A., Jukkola, P., Gu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelination+of+rodent+hippocampal+neurons+in+culture.">Myelination of rodent hippocampal neurons in culture.</a> Nat Protoc. 7 (10), 1774-1782 (2012).</li><li>Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Zhao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micromechanical+stimulator+for+localized+cell+loading:+fabrication+and+strain+analysis.">Micromechanical stimulator for localized cell loading: fabrication and strain analysis.</a> J. Micromech. Microeng. 23, 015002 (2013).</li><li>Lu, Y. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viscoelastic+properties+of+individual+glial+cells+and+neurons+in+the+CNS.">Viscoelastic properties of individual glial cells and neurons in the CNS.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 103 (47), 17759-17764 (2006).</li><li>Elkin, B. S., Azeloglu, E. U., Costa, K. D., Morrison, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+heterogeneity+of+the+rat+hippocampus+measured+by+atomic+force+microscope+indentation.">Mechanical heterogeneity of the rat hippocampus measured by atomic force microscope indentation.</a> J. 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这 microbiomechanical 化验的程序是直接的。它将产生可靠的结果, 如果所有的步骤都仔细执行。有几个关键步骤, 如果执行不当, 将阻碍成功的数据收集。关键步骤从实际应用到膨化刺激的上游开始。仔细解剖, 培养和照顾的主要神经元培养是至关重要的。如果培养的神经元不健康, 它们就不会持续反应, 因为它们可能已经被灌输给压力。下游的文化, 初始设置和校准的膨化设备提供一致的压力, 这将诱?...

静脉曲张形成, 或肿胀/珠, 沿轴突, 是一个突出的特点变性观察到许多疾病或损伤的中枢神经系统, 包括多发性硬化症, 阿尔茨海默病, 帕金森病, 和创伤脑损伤1,2。尽管轴突静脉曲张对动作电位传播和突触传输有显著的生理影响3, 但如何生成静脉曲张仍然不得而知。最近, 利用新建立的 microbiomechanical 对啮齿动物培养的海马神经元进行了检测, 发现机械刺激能诱发这些神经元中的静脉曲张, 具有极具吸引力的特征。第一, 静脉曲张诱导迅速 (< 十年代), 这个过程是出乎意料的可逆的。其次, 静脉曲张的萌生取决于膨化压力的强度: 压力越大, 启动速度越快。第三, 静脉曲张的萌生取决于神经元的年龄。与较旧的神经元相比, 年轻神经元的轴突对机械应力的反应更大。第四, 静脉曲张沿海马神经元的轴突形成, 而这些神经元的树突和初始轴突段在同一膨化条件下无变化。因此, 我们的研究揭示了一种新的神经极性特征。这些发现与体外系统在生理上是相关的。使用体内模型进行轻度创伤性脑损伤 (mTBI), 我们表明, 轴突静脉曲张在小鼠体感皮层的多焦点模式下, 在闭合颅骨撞击后立即形成, 与我们的体内一致。结果4。值得注意的是, 我们的 mTBI 小鼠的染色和成像只提供了神经元形态学变化的快照, 因为执行体内的神经元形态学在机械撞击过程中的时间推移成像仍然是不可行的。
这种液体膨化系统不仅使我们能够捕捉到与机械应力引起的静脉曲张形成相关的独特特征, 而且还可以确定其内在机制。通过对不同细胞外溶液、mechanosensitive 离子通道不同候选者的阻滞剂和开启器的测试, 以及细胞电生理学, 我们确定了瞬态受体电位阳离子通道亚科 V 成员 4 (TRPV4)可渗透到 Ca2 +和 Na+并由膨化激活的通道主要负责检测轴突静脉曲张形成的初始机械应力4。这进一步证实了以 siRNA 淘汰赛方法。结合这一新的实验系统, 我们开发了海马神经元培养, 对于研究中枢神经元的微机械特性, 特别是与其他技术相结合, 具有重要的价值。
我们建立的这一微机械系统是独一无二的, 不同于以前存在的系统在几个主要方面。首先, 在这个系统中, 神经元在压缩和剪切的形式中经历了平面外的机械应力。在机械撞击过程中, 神经元的过程仍然附着在盖玻片表面, 不移动。这与其他主要涉及弯曲和平面拉伸 (或张力) 的实验系统不同, 例如, 捆绑轴突的偏转, 如移动字符串5,6或在 micropatterned 上生长的拉伸轴突。通道和伸缩膜7,8。此外, 虽然轴突静脉曲张也可以在这些化验中诱发像我们的液体膨化系统, 这些设置的过程需要更多的时间 (从10分钟到几个小时6,7,8), 并出现不可逆转。最后, 我们的系统使用局部液体膨化允许检查静脉曲张形成的空间特征 (e. g., 树突, 树枝状刺, 躯体, 轴突的初始段, 轴突终端), 除了它的世俗特征。利用该系统, 我们发现了轴突静脉曲张形成的几种意想不到的独特特征, 特别是快速发作、慢可逆性和轴突-枝晶极性。
本文所讨论的系统与多种分子和细胞生物学技术相适应。例如, 研究机械应激对神经元形态和功能的影响, 可与髓鞘共培养、荧光共振能量转移 (焦虑) 的时移成像和全内反射荧光 (TIRF) 一起使用,钙成像和膜片钳记录。本文重点讨论了系统的核心组件。海马神经元培养, 液体膨化设置, 高分辨率的轴突传输的时间推移成像, 和钙成像, 说明了逐步下一步。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:765px;" width="765">
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:341px;">12 mm coverslips&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Warner Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">64-0702</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for 24-well plate&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">25 mm coverslips&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>12-545-102&#160;</td>
			<td>for 6-well plate&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>A38-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Poly-D-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>P6407</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Rat tail collagen&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche&#160;</td>
			<td>11 179 179 001&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">10X PBS&#160;</td>
			<td>National Diagnostics&#160;</td>
			<td>CL-253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td align="left" height="40" style="height:40px;">Na2SO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>S373-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td align="left" height="40" style="height:40px;">K2SO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>P304-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">HEPES&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>BP410-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">D-glucose&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>D16-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td align="left" height="40" style="height:40px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>BP214-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">NaOH</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>SS255-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Protease enzyme&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>P4032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>26140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Sodium pyruvate&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>11360-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">L-glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin 100x (P/S)</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">MEM Earle&#39;s Salts&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>11090</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">B27 supplement&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Neurobasal&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>21103-049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Arabinosylcytosine (Ara-C)</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>147-94-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Opti-MEM media&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>31985-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>1854313</td>
			<td>transfection reagent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Borosilicate rods&#160;</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>PG52151-4</td>
			<td>for puffing pipette&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rubber tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-169-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10cc plastic syringe and plunger</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">micromanipulator&#160;</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>S640-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>BP366-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>C70-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:341px;">Cell culture dish (35 mm x 10 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Corning&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3294</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:341px;">Fluo-4 AM</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Molecular Probes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F14201</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for calcium imaging&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:341px;">Mito-YFP construct&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Takara Bio Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for cell transfection&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:341px;">YFP-N1 construct&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Takara Bio Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for cell transfection&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:341px;">Model P-1000 Flaming/Brown Micropipette puller&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sutter Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:341px;">Eclipse TE2000-U Mcroscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:341px;">Plan Fluor ELWD 20x lens&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">062933</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">objective&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:341px;">Apo TIRF 100x/1.49 oil lens&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MRD01991</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">objective&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a microbiomechanical system for studying varicosity formation and recovery in central neuron axons

轴突静脉曲张是在高异质性的轴轴上扩大结构。它们不仅存在于神经退行性疾病或损伤的大脑中, 还存在于正常大脑中。在这里, 我们描述了一个新建立的微机械系统快速, 可靠, 可逆诱发轴突静脉曲张, 使我们能够理解的机制, 控制静脉曲张形成和异构蛋白组成。该系统代表了一种新的方法来评估压缩和剪切应力对不同的神经元亚细胞间隔的影响, 不同于其他体外系统, 主要集中于伸展作用。重要的是, 由于系统的独特性, 我们最近提出了一种新的发现, 即加压液的应用可以通过瞬态受体电位通道的活化, 快速、可逆地诱发轴突静脉曲张。我们的生物力学系统可以方便地与药物灌注、活细胞成像、钙成像和膜片钳记录结合使用。因此, 该方法可用于研究 mechanosensitive 离子通道、轴突转运调节、轴突细胞骨架动力学、钙信号传递以及与颅脑损伤相关的形态学变化。

在膨化前, 轴突通常表现为小静脉曲张形成。随着我们的标准压力 (190 嗯2O 高度) 的膨胀, 轴突开始发展许多像珠样的静脉曲张。静脉曲张的形成部分是可逆的, 如轴突区域在10分钟恢复期后返回到其预膨胀状态 (图 2a B) 所示。经过较长时间的恢复 (> 20 分钟), 一些轴突完全恢复。膨化吸管的次优定位以及190毫米以上的注射器准确定?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Microbiomechanical System for Studying Varicosity Formation and Recovery in Central Neuron Axons at JoVE.com

A Microbiomechanical System for Studying Varicosity Formation and Recovery in Central Neuron Axons

本协议描述了一种生理上相关的加压液方法, 用于快速可逆地诱导神经元中的静脉曲张。

中枢神经元轴突静脉曲张形成和恢复的 Microbiomechanical 系统研究

Axonal varicosities are enlarged structures along the shafts of axons with a high degree of heterogeneity. They are present not only in brains with ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

全身和局部给药治疗的中枢神经系统疾病的啮齿动物模型

Thorough preclinical testing of central nervous system (CNS) therapeutics includes a consideration of routes of administration and agent biodistribution ...

科研

神经科学

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

视神经横断：一个成人在中枢神经系统的神经元凋亡模型

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. 
The optic nerve can be ...

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

形态分析果蝇幼虫外周感觉神经元树突和轴突使用遗传马赛克

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic ...

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

在OVO在鸡胚中脑多巴胺神经元发育中的基因功能研究电穿孔

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain ...

Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System

从中枢神经系统转导细胞的慢病毒载体生产

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing ...

A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds

一个轻量级的，耳机为基础的系统操作鸣禽听觉反馈

Experimental manipulations of sensory feedback during complex behavior have provided valuable insights into the computations underlying motor control and ...

Direct Intraventricular Delivery of Drugs to the Rodent Central Nervous System

啮齿动物的中枢神经系统药物直接脑室交货

Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses ...

Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Rat Central Nervous System and Peripheral Lymph Node Tissue Sections

免疫组化分析大鼠中枢神经系统和周围淋巴结组织切片

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides highly specific, reliable and attractive protein visualization. Correct performance and interpretation of an IHC-based ...

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

小脑轴突的激光Nanosurgery<em&gt;在体内</em

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

在啮齿动物中枢神经系统的体内光遗传学刺激

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...