Name: experimental investigation of the flow structure over a delta wing via flow visualization methods
Uploaded: 2018-04-23T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Hong Kong Research Grants Council (no. GRF526913), Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission (no. ITS/334/15FP), and the US Office of Naval Research Global (no. N00014-16-1-2161) for financial support.

1. Wind Tunnel Setup
<ol>
	<li>Delta wing model
	<ol>
		<li>Construct a delta wing model from aluminum, with a sweep angle &#966; of 75&#176;, a chord length c of 280 mm, a root span b of 150 mm, and a thickness of 5 mm. Have both leading edges beveled at 35&#176; to fix the separation point17 (see Figure 1a).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Wind tunnel facility
	<ol>
		<li>Conduct experiments in a closed-loop low...

<ol>
	<li>Smits, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Flow visualization: Techniques and examples. , (2012).</li><li>Barlow, J. B., Rae, W. H., Pope, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Low-speed wind tunnel testing. , (1999).</li><li>Merzkirch, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Flow visualization. , (1987).</li><li>Raffel, M., Willert, C. E., Wereley, S., Kompenhans, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Particle image velocimetry: A practical guide. , (2007).</li><li>Westerweel, J., Elsinga, G. E., Adrian, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Particle+Image+Velocimetry+for+Complex+and+Turbulent+Flows.">Particle Image Velocimetry for Complex and Turbulent Flows.</a> Annu Rev Fluid Mech. 45 (1), 409-436 (2013).</li><li>Meinhart, C. D., Wereley, S. T., Santiago, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PIV+measurements+of+a+microchannel+flow.">PIV measurements of a microchannel flow.</a> Exp Fluids. 27 (5), 414-419 (1999).</li><li>Gursul, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+of+unsteady+vortex+flows+over+slender+delta+wings.">Review of unsteady vortex flows over slender delta wings.</a> J Aircraft. 42 (2), 299-319 (2005).</li><li>Gursul, I., Gordnier, R., Visbal, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unsteady+aerodynamics+of+nonslender+delta+wings.">Unsteady aerodynamics of nonslender delta wings.</a> Prog Aerosp Sci. 41 (7), 515-557 (2005).</li><li>Lowson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+experiments+with+vortex+breakdown.">Some experiments with vortex breakdown.</a> JRoy Aeronaut Soc. 68, 343-346 (1964).</li><li>Payne, F. M., Ng, T., Nelson, R. C., Schiff, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+and+wake+surveys+of+vortical+flow+over+a+delta+wing.">Visualization and wake surveys of vortical flow over a delta wing.</a> AIAA J. 26 (2), 137-143 (1988).</li><li>Lowson, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+three+dimensional+vortex+sheet+structure+on+delta+wings.">The three dimensional vortex sheet structure on delta wings.</a> Fluid Dynamics of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Shear Flows and Transition. , 11.11-11.16 (1989).</li><li>Riley, A. J., Lowson, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+three-dimensional+free+shear+layer.">Development of a three-dimensional free shear layer.</a> J Fluid Mech. 369, 49-89 (1998).</li><li>Menke, M., Gursul, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unsteady+nature+of+leading+edge+vortices.">Unsteady nature of leading edge vortices.</a> Phys Fluids. 9 (10), 2960 (1997).</li><li>Yayla, S., Canpolat, C., Sahin, B., Akilli, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yaw+angle+effect+on+flow+structure+over+the+nonslender+diamond+wing.">Yaw angle effect on flow structure over the nonslender diamond wing.</a> AIAA J. 48 (10), 2457-2461 (2010).</li><li>Menke, M., Gursul, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+response+of+vortex+breakdown+over+a+pitching+delta+Wing.">Nonlinear response of vortex breakdown over a pitching delta Wing.</a> J Aircraft. 36 (3), 496-500 (1999).</li><li>Sahin, B., Yayla, S., Canpolat, C., Akilli, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+structure+over+the+yawed+nonslender+diamond+wing.">Flow structure over the yawed nonslender diamond wing.</a> Aerosp Sci Technol. 23 (1), 108-119 (2012).</li><li>Kohlman, D. L., Wentz, J. W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vortex+breakdown+on+slender+sharp-edged+wings.">Vortex breakdown on slender sharp-edged wings.</a> J Aircraft. 8 (3), 156-161 (1971).</li><li>Lu, L., Sick, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-speed+Particle+Image+Velocimetry+Near+Surfaces.">High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces.</a> J Vis Exp. (76), e50559 (2013).</li><li>Mitchell, A. M., Barberis, D., Molton, P., D&#233;lery, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillation+of+Vortex+Breakdown+Location+and+Blowing+Control+of+Time-Averaged+Location.">Oscillation of Vortex Breakdown Location and Blowing Control of Time-Averaged Location.</a> AIAA J. 38 (5), 793-803 (2000).</li><li>Shen, L., Wen, C. -. y., Chen, H. -. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetric+Flow+Control+on+a+Delta+Wing+with+Dielectric+Barrier+Discharge+Actuators.">Asymmetric Flow Control on a Delta Wing with Dielectric Barrier Discharge Actuators.</a> AIAA J. 54 (2), 652-658 (2016).</li><li>Leibovich, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Structure+of+Vortex+Breakdown.">The Structure of Vortex Breakdown.</a> Annu Rev Fluid Mech. 10 (1), 221-246 (1978).</li><li>Mitchell, A. M., Molton, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vortical+Substructures+in+the+Shear+Layers+Forming+Leading-Edge+Vortices.">Vortical Substructures in the Shear Layers Forming Leading-Edge Vortices.</a> AIAA J. 40 (8), 1689-1692 (2002).</li><li>Gad-El-Hak, M., Blackwelder, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+discrete+vortices+from+a+delta+wing.">The discrete vortices from a delta wing.</a> AIAA J. 23 (6), 961-962 (1985).</li><li>Zhou, J., Adrian, R. J., Balachandar, S., Kendall, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+for+generating+coherent+packets+of+hairpin+vortices+in+channel+flow.">Mechanisms for generating coherent packets of hairpin vortices in channel flow.</a> J. Fluid Mech. 387, 353-396 (1999).</li><li>Adrian, R. J., Christensen, K. T., Liu, Z. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+and+interpretation+of+instantaneous+turbulent+velocity+fields.">Analysis and interpretation of instantaneous turbulent velocity fields.</a> Exp Fluids. 29 (3), 275-290 (2000).</li><li>Yoda, M., Hesselink, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-dimensional+visualization+technique+applied+to+flow+around+a+delta+wing.">A three-dimensional visualization technique applied to flow around a delta wing.</a> Exp. Fluids. 10 (2-3), (1990).</li><li>Greenwell, D. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> RTO AVT Symposium. , (2001).</li><li>Furman, A., Breitsamter, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Turbulent+and+unsteady+flow+characteristics+of+delta+wing+vortex+systems.">Turbulent and unsteady flow characteristics of delta wing vortex systems.</a> Aerosp Sci Technol. 24 (1), 32-44 (2013).</li><li>Wang, C., Gao, Q., Wei, R., Li, T., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+flow+visualization+and+tomographic+particle+image+velocimetry+for+vortex+breakdown+over+a+non-slender+delta+wing.">3D flow visualization and tomographic particle image velocimetry for vortex breakdown over a non-slender delta wing.</a> Exp Fluids. 57 (6), (2016).</li></ol>

This article presents the two flow visualization methods, improved smoke flow visualization and PIV measurement, to investigate flow structure over the delta wing qualitatively and quantitatively. The general procedures of the experiment are described step by step. The setups of these two methods are almost the same, while the devices involved are different. The basic principle of these two flow visualization methods is to illuminate the particles in the flow via the laser sheet. The improved smoke flow visualization can...

Flow field measurement via visualization techniques is a basic methodology in fluid engineering. Among the different visualization techniques, smoke wire flow visualization in wind tunnel experiments and dye visualization in water tunnel experiments are the most widely used to illustrate flow structures qualitatively. PIV and laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) are two typical quantitative techniques1.
In smoke wire flow visualization, smoke streaklines are generated from oil droplets on a heating wire or injected from the outer smoke generator/container during the experiments. High-power lights or laser sheets are used to illuminate the smoke streaklines. Images are then recorded for further analysis. This is a simple but very useful flow visualization method2. However, the effectiveness of this method may be limited by various factors, such as the short duration of smoke wires, the complex three-dimensional flow field, the relatively high velocity of the flow, and the efficiency of smoke generation3.
In PIV measurements, a cross-section of a flow field with entrained particles is illuminated by a laser sheet, and instant positions of the particles in this cross-section are captured by a high-speed camera. Within an extremely small time interval, a pair of images is recorded. By dividing the images into a grid of interrogation areas and calculating the average motion of particles in interrogation areas through cross-correlation functions, the instantaneous velocity vector map in this observed cross-section can be obtained. However, it is also known that compromises must be reached for factors including the size of the observation window, the resolution of the velocity map, the velocity magnitude in the plane, the time interval between the pair of images, the orthogonal velocity magnitude, and the particle density4. Therefore, many exploratory experiments may be needed to optimize the experimental settings. It would be expensive and time-consuming to investigate an unknown and complex flow field with PIV measurement alone5,6. Considering the above concerns, a strategy to combine smoke flow visualization and PIV measurement is proposed and demonstrated here to study the complex flow over a slender delta wing.
Numerous studies of LEV flows over delta wings have been conducted7,8, with flow visualization techniques used as the primary tools. Many interesting flow phenomena have been observed: spiral type and bubble type vortex breakdowns9,10, an unsteady shear layer substructure11,12, oscillations of LEV breakdown locations13, and effects of pitching and yaw angles14,15,16 on the flow structures. However, the underlying mechanisms of some unsteady phenomena in the delta wing flows remain unclear7. In this work, the smoke flow visualization is improved using the same seeding particles used in PIV measurement, instead of a smoke wire. This improvement greatly simplifies the operation of the visualization and increases the quality of the images. Based on the results from the improved smoke flow visualization, PIV measurement focuses on those flow fields of interest to acquire the quantitative information.
Here, a detailed description is provided to explain how to conduct a flow visualization experiment in a wind tunnel and to investigate unsteady flow phenomena over a delta wing. Two visualization methods, the improved smoke flow visualization and PIV measurement, are used together in this experiment. The procedure includes step-by-step guidance for device setup and parameter adjustment. Typical results are demonstrated to show the advantage of combining these two methods for measuring the complex flow field spatially and temporally.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>532 nm Nd:YAG laser</td>
			<td>Quantel Laser</td>
			<td>Evergreen 600mJ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High speed camera</td>
			<td>Dantec Dynamic</td>
			<td>HiSense 4M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>camera lens</td>
			<td>Tamron</td>
			<td>SP AF180mm F/3.5 Di</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIV recording and processing software</td>
			<td>Dantec Dynamic</td>
			<td>DynamicStudio</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cylindrical lens</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#934;=12 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>convex lens</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>f=700 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>neutral density filter</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calibration target</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aerosol generator</td>
			<td>TSI</td>
			<td>TSI 9307-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PULSE GENERATOR</td>
			<td>Berkeley Nucleonics Corp</td>
			<td>BNC 575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>continuous laser</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>APGL-FN-532-1W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital camera</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Nikon D5200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image processing</td>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>custom code</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>wind tunnel support</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser level</td>
			<td>BOSCH</td>
			<td>GLL3-15X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>angle meter</td>
			<td>BOSCH</td>
			<td>GAM220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental investigation of the flow structure over a delta wing via flow visualization methods

It is well known that the flow field over a delta wing is dominated by a pair of counter rotating leading edge vortices (LEV). However, their mechanism is not well understood. The flow visualization technique is a promising non-intrusive method to illustrate the complex flow field spatially and temporally. A basic flow visualization setup consists of a high-powered laser and optic lenses to generate the laser sheet, a camera, a tracer particle generator, and a data processor. The wind tunnel setup, the specifications of devices involved, and the corresponding parameter settings are dependent on the flow features to be obtained.
Normal smoke wire flow visualization uses a smoke wire to demonstrate the flow streaklines. However, the performance of this method is limited by poor spatial resolution when it is conducted in a complex flow field. Therefore, an improved smoke flow visualization technique has been developed. This technique illustrates the large-scale global LEV flow field and the small-scale shear layer flow structure at the same time, providing a valuable reference for later detailed particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement.
In this paper, the application of the improved smoke flow visualization and PIV measurement to study the unsteady flow phenomena over a delta wing is demonstrated. The procedure and cautions for conducting the experiment are listed, including wind tunnel setup, data acquisition, and data processing. The representative results show that these two flow visualization methods are effective techniques for investigating the three-dimensional flow field qualitatively and quantitatively.

Figure 2d shows the time histories of the LEV breakdown locations. The black curve indicates the portside LEV and the red curve indicates the starboard LEV. The time scale is nondimensionalized by the free stream velocity and chord length. The correlation coefficient between these two time histories is r = &#8722;0.53, indicating a strong anti-symmetric interaction of the LEV breakdown location oscillations. This result agrees well with the work of o...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods at JoVE.com

Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods

Here, we present a protocol to observe unsteady vortical flows over a delta wing using a modified smoke flow visualization technique and investigate the mechanism responsible for the oscillations of the leading-edge vortex breakdown locations.

It is well known that the flow field over a delta wing is dominated by a pair of counter rotating leading edge vortices (LEV). However, their mechanism is ...

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