Name: lipid index determination by liquid fluorescence recovery in the fungal pathogen ustilago maydis
Uploaded: 2018-04-03T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lipid Index Determination by Liquid Fluorescence Recovery in the Fungal Pathogen Ustilago Maydis at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af tilskud Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Secretaria de Investigación y Posgrado (IPN-SIP-20170864), Programa de Apoyo en Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PAPIIT IN222117)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM), og Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT 254904-JPP og 256520-GGS). Fundação de Amparo en Pesquisa Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ-Cientistas gøre Nosso Estado: E 26/103.353/2011). Vi takket være QFB. Oscar Iván Luqueño Bocardo for den skematiske oversigt. Vi takker Dr. Miguel Tapia Rodríguez for værdifuld hjælp i den Konfokal mikroskopi af LDs. Vi vil gerne takke Dr. Bruno Bozaquel Morais for hans banebrydende arbejde med at udvikle teknikken i S. cerevisiae som vi tilpasset U. maydis.

1. fremstilling af buffere og løsninger
<ol><li>For at forberede 1 L af phosphat bufferet saltvand (PBS, pH 7), 8 g NaCl, 0,2 g af KCl, 1.44 g Na2HPO4, 0,24 g KH2PO4 i 800 mL distillated vand opløses. PH indstilles til 7.0 med HCl, og derefter tilføje vand til en afsluttende bind 1 L. PBS kan være lavet som en 10 x stamopløsning og opbevares ved stuetemperatur.</li>
	<li>For at forberede 10 mL af fastsættelse af løsning, der tilsættes 1 mL af 37% formaldehyd til 9 mL ...

<ol>
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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+lipid+droplets+in+metabolic+disease+in+rodents+and+humans.">The role of lipid droplets in metabolic disease in rodents and humans.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 121 (6), 2102-2110 (2011).</li><li>Aguilar, L. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+droplets+accumulation+and+other+biochemical+changes+induced+in+the+fungal+pathogen+Ustilago+maydis+under+nitrogen-starvation.">Lipid droplets accumulation and other biochemical changes induced in the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis under nitrogen-starvation.</a> Archives of Microbiology. , (2017).</li><li>Bozaquel-Morais, B. L., Madeira, J. B., Maya-Monteiro, C. M., Masuda, C. A., Montero-Lomeli, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+fluorescence-based+method+identifies+protein+phosphatases+regulating+lipid+droplet+metabolism.">A new fluorescence-based method identifies protein phosphatases regulating lipid droplet metabolism.</a> PLoS One. 5 (10), e13692 (2010).</li><li>Madeira, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TORC1+Inhibition+Induces+Lipid+Droplet+Replenishment+in+Yeast.">TORC1 Inhibition Induces Lipid Droplet Replenishment in Yeast.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 35 (4), 737-746 (2015).</li><li>Maya-Monteiro, C. 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LFR er en roman metode, der blev anvendt for første gang at studere lipid metabolisme i S. cerevisiae og senere det var med held gennemført i U. maydis20,21. Selv om LD indekset ikke giver absolut værdi af TAGs akkumulerede i cellerne, det giver et hurtigt indtryk af lipid indholdet af celler, og fortolkning af data er ligetil sammenlignet LD indeks fra to eller flere forsøgsbetingelser. BODIPY 493/503 er meget specifik for neutral lipider, ...

Lipid dråber (LDs) er allestedsnærværende intracellulære fedt organer består af en kerne af neutrale lipider, hovedsagelig TAGs og sterol estere (SE). Kernen er omgivet af en éncellelag af fosfolipider, der interagerer med proteiner som perilipin og enzymer involveret i syntesen af neutrale lipider, som diacylglycerol acyl-transferase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase og acyl-CoA syntase1. På grund af dens dynamiske opførsel indeholder phospholipid éncellelag også triacylglycerol lipaser, der hydrolyserer TAGs og SE2. Celletype og organisme, gemte neutral lipider kan bruges til at generere energi, eller syntetisere fosfolipider og signalering molekyler. Gær og andre svampe, indholdet af LDs ændringer som reaktion på variationer af kvælstof/carbon forhold i dyrkningsmedier, der angiver, at nedsat kvælstof tilgængelighed kan være nøglen til at øge neutral lipid produktion3,4 ,5. Produktion af store mængder af TAGs i gær har en potentiel brug i bioteknologi som kilde til biobrændstof og i fødevareindustrien. Nogle lagrede lipider indeholder høje proportioner af flerumættede fedtsyrer som omega 3 og omega 6, med ernæringsmæssige og diætetiske vægt 6,7,8,9,10 , 11. LDs i pattedyrceller, herunder menneskeceller, også indeholde TAGs og kolesterol estere. Fosfolipid éncellelag interagerer med pattedyr homologe af de proteiner, der er beskrevet i gær LDs, og med en ekstra protein, perilipin, som er fraværende i S. cerevisiae12. En foreslået rolle for phospholipid éncellelag og dets tilknyttede proteiner er at stabilisere LDs struktur og tillade interaktion af LDs med organeller som mitokondrier, endoplasmatiske reticulum, peroxisomer og vacuoles, hovedsagelig for lipid udveksling 13,14. Interessant, i mennesker synes LDs at være involveret i sygdomme som type 2-diabetes, åreforkalkning, steatohepatitis og koronar hjertesygdom, hvor der er en stigning i deres nummer 15,16,17 . Nogle typer af virus bruge LDs som platforme til at samle virioner 2,18,19.
På grund af konsekvenserne af LDs i menneskelige patologier og deres potentielle bioteknologiske brug er nøjagtige eksperimentel bestemmelse af LDs dannelse en vigtig opgave. I denne artikel beskrives en pålidelig analyse baseret på genopretning af fluorescens (LFR) af BODIPY 493/503 (4, 4-difluoro-1, 3, 5, 7, 8-pentamethyl-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene), at få en relativ værdi af indholdet af neutrale lipider i celler. Med denne analyse er det muligt at følge dynamikken i ophobning af neutrale lipider i svampe som U. maydis og S. cerevisiae, og også i pattedyrceller, uden brug af lipid udvinding 20. Metoden blev anvendt for første gang i S. cerevisiae til at identificere protein fosfataser og kinaser involveret i regulering af lipid metabolisme. Dette var muligt uden lipid udvinding eller protein oprensning21,22. LFR er også blevet brugt til at etablere dynamikken i LDs dannelse i peritoneal makrofager23. Brug af BODIPY 493/503 har nogle fordele i forhold til andre neutrale lipid farvestoffer som Nilen rød. BODIPY 493/503 er meget specifik for neutral lipider og har en smal emission spektrum, lette den samtidige påvisning af signaler fra farvestoffer som rødt fluorescerende proteiner eller Mito-tracker, når prøverne er analyseret af Konfokal mikroskopi. Desværre BODIPY 493/503 er følsomme over for photobleaching, men denne proces kan undgås ved hjælp af en antiquenching reagens under eksponering for lys24.
For at udføre LFR assay i gærceller, de er kulturperler på de ønskede ernæringsmæssige betingelser, og etherlaget trækkes på forskellige tidspunkter. Næste, celler er rettet med formaldehyd, som bevarer integriteten af LDs måneder når celler opbevares ved 4 ° C. Andre fiksering teknikker bør undgås, især dem, der bruger methanol eller kolde acetone, eftersom de fører til nedbrydning af LDs inden celler24. For at måle LD indeks, er formaldehyd-fast celler suspenderet i vand for at opnå en defineret koncentration. Derefter, de føjes til en løsning, der indeholder fluorophore BODIPY 493/503 bratkølet af KI, og når fluorophore ind i cellen og associates med LDs, der er en genoprettelse af dets fluorescens. Samtidig til fluorescens målingen (485 nm/510 nm), koncentration af celler er kvantificeret ved måling af ekstinktionen på 600 nm. Hver prøve er læst fire gange ved at tilføje efterfølgende 5 µL delprøver af en formaldehyd-fast cellesuspension til samme godt. Tomme af fluorescens og absorbansen er erhvervet før tilsætning af celler. Kvaliteten af fluorescens og absorbans data evalueres ved at bestemme lineariteten af målingerne: Hvis f < 0,9, data er kasseret. R-værdien er vigtigt, fordi dybest set intensiteten af fluorescens skal producere en lineær respons til stigende celle koncentrationer. Hvis cellen er alt for høj, er lineariteten tabt. LFR analysen giver en hurtig, enkel og økonomisk metode til at vælge den ønskede LD fænotype i høj overførselshastighed eksperimenter. Når du har valgt de ønskede betingelser, kan LD indhold i individuelle celler studeres af Konfokal mikroskopi, ved hjælp af de samme formaldehyd-fast celler farves med BODIPY, hvilket giver et billede af LDs i cellen. Deres TAGs og SE indhold kan nu yderligere analyseres ved tyndtlagskromatografi.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Varioskan Lux multimode microplate reade</td>
			<td>D5879</td>
			<td>Filter 493/503 or monochromator detector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate costar</td>
			<td>Corning Inc.</td>
			<td>3615</td>
			<td>96 well black-wall/clear bottom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate costar&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning Inc</td>
			<td>3598</td>
			<td>96 well cell culture plate costar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BODIPY 493/503</td>
			<td>Invitrogen/ Thermofisher</td>
			<td>D3922</td>
			<td>4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde solution</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>252549</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, 37 wt % in H2O, contains 10-15% methanol to prevent polymerization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium iodide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>60399</td>
			<td>BioUltra, &#8805; 99.5% (AT)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FB2 Ustilago maydis</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>201384</td>
			<td>Basidiomycete-Yeast</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>746398</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, inorganic salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0662</td>
			<td>ACS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Select Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Y100</td>
			<td>Mixture of amini acids, peptides, water- soluble, vitamins and carbohydrates for culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Z case plus</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>N4642</td>
			<td>Casein enzymatic hydrolyzate from bovine milk</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G-8270</td>
			<td>D (+) glucose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skaker flask</td>
			<td>Pirex</td>
			<td>CLS4450250-6EA</td>
			<td>Borosiicate glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>SEV M&#233;xico</td>
			<td>INO650V-7</td>
			<td>Orbital shaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge table</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5415C</td>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtubes</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z606340</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet tips</td>
			<td>Axygen scientific</td>
			<td>T-200-Y</td>
			<td>Universal Pipet Tips with Bevelled End, 200 microliter, non sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mLine pipette</td>
			<td>Biohit</td>
			<td>725130</td>
			<td>8 channels, volume range 5-100 uL</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lipid index determination by liquid fluorescence recovery in the fungal pathogen ustilago maydis

Artiklen viser hvordan man gennemfører LD indeks assay, som er en følsom mikrotiterplade assay til at bestemme ophobning af triglycerider (TAGs) i lipid dråber (LDs). LD indeks er fremstillet uden lipid udvinding. Det giver mulighed for måling af LDs indhold i høj overførselshastighed eksperimenter under forskellige betingelser som vækst i rige eller nitrogen forarmet medier. Omend metoden blev beskrevet for første gang at studere droplet lipidmetabolismen i Saccharomyces cerevisiae, det blev anvendt til basidiomycete Ustilago maydis. Interessant nok, og fordi LDs er organelles Fylogenetisk bevaret i eukaryote celler, metoden kan anvendes til en lang række celler, fra gær til pattedyrsceller. LD-indekset er baseret på flydende fluorescens opsving assay (LFR) af BODIPY 493/503 quenching betingelser, ved tilsætning af celler fast med formaldehyd. Kalium jod bruges som et fluorescens quencher. Forholdet mellem fluorescens og ekstinktionen skråninger er opkaldt LD indeks. Pisterne er beregnet ud fra de lige linjer opnås når BODIPY fluorescens og optisk tæthed på 600 nm (OD600) afbildes mod prøven tilsætning. Optimal datakvalitet afspejles af korrelationskoefficienterne lig eller over 0,9 (r ≥ 0,9). Flere prøver kan læses samtidig, som det kan gennemføres i en mikrotiterplade. Da BODIPY 493/503 er en lipofile fluorescerende farvestof at partitioner i lipid dråber, kan det bruges i mange typer af celler, der ophobes LDs.

LFR, med BODIPY 493/503 som fluorescerende sonden er en pålidelig og nem metode til at studere det dynamiske ophobning af LDs i U. maydis, uanset vækstbetingelserne. Når cellerne blev kulturperler i YPD-medium, var der en stigning i LD-indekset i den eksponentielle fase, efterfulgt af et fald i den stationære fase (figur 2A). Derimod i celler dyrket under kvælstof sult, var der en støt stigning i LD indeks i begge eksponentielle og stationære ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lipid Index Determination by Liquid Fluorescence Recovery in the Fungal Pathogen Ustilago Maydis at JoVE.com

Lipid Index Determination by Liquid Fluorescence Recovery in the Fungal Pathogen Ustilago Maydis

Her, beskriver vi en protokol for at opnå lipid droplet index (LD indeks) for at studere dynamikken i triglycerider i celler dyrkes i høj overførselshastighed eksperimenter. LD indeks assay er en nem og pålidelig metode, der bruger BODIPY 493/503. Denne analyse behøver ikke dispendious lipid udvinding eller mikroskopi analyse.

Lipid indeks bestemmelse af flydende fluorescens opsving i svampe patogen Ustilago Maydis

The article shows how to implement the LD index assay, which is a sensitive microplate assay to determine the accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Lipid Index Determination by Liquid Fluorescence Recovery in the Fungal Pathogen Ustilago Maydis

Using Scaffold Liposomes to Reconstitute Lipid-proximal Protein-protein Interactions In Vitro

Using Scaffold Liposomes to Reconstitute Lipid-proximal Protein-protein Interactions In Vitro

Brug Stillads Liposomer at Rekonstituer Lipid-proksimal protein-protein interaktioner<em&gt; In vitro</em

Studies of integral membrane proteins in vitro are frequently complicated by the presence of a hydrophobic transmembrane domain. Further complicating ...

Determination of the Glycogen Content in Cyanobacteria

Bestemmelse af glycogenindholdet i cyanobakterier

Cyanobacteria accumulate glycogen as a major intracellular carbon and energy storage&#160;during photosynthesis. Recent developments in research have ...

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

Dannelsen af kovalent DNA adukter af enzymatisk aktiveret kræftfremkaldende stoffer og narkotika In Vitro og deres bestemmelse af 32P-postlabeling

Covalent DNA adducts formed by chemicals or drugs with carcinogenic potency are judged as one of the most important factors in the initiation phase of ...

The Determination of Protease Specificity in Mouse Tissue Extracts by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Manipulating PH to Cause Specificity Changes

Bestemmelse af Protease specificitet i mus væv ekstrakter af MALDI-TOF-massespektrometri: manipulere PH for at forårsage specificitet ændringer

Proteases have several biological functions, including protein activation/inactivation and food digestion. Identifying protease specificity is important ...

Characterization of Glycoproteins with the Immunoglobulin Fold by X-Ray Crystallography and Biophysical Techniques

Karakterisering af glykoproteiner med immunglobulin Fold af røntgenkrystallografi og biofysiske metoder

Glycoproteins on the surface of cells play critical roles in cellular function, including signalling, adhesion and transport. On leukocytes, several of ...

Dissipative Microgravimetry to Study the Binding Dynamics of the Phospholipid Binding Protein Annexin A2 to Solid-supported Lipid Bilayers Using a Quartz Resonator

Antistatiske Microgravimetry at studere bindende dynamikken i Phospholipid bindende Protein Annexin A2 til fast-understøttet Lipid dobbeltlag ved hjælp af et Quartz Resonator

The dissipative quartz crystal microbalance technique is a simple and label-free approach to measure simultaneously the mass uptake and viscoelastic ...

Expression and Purification of the Human Lipid-sensitive Cation Channel TRPC3 for Structural Determination by Single-particle Cryo-electron Microscopy

Proteinekspression og -oprensning af menneskelige Lipid-følsomme kation kanal TRPC3 for Strukturbestemmelse af enkelt-partikel kryo-elektronmikroskopi

Transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) of the canonical TRP subfamily are nonselective cation channels that play an essential role in calcium ...

Rapid Determination of Antibody-Antigen Affinity by Mass Photometry

Hurtig bestemmelse af antistof-antigen affinitet ved massefotometri

Measurements of the specificity and affinity of antigen-antibody interactions are critically important for medical and research applications. In this ...

Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Peptidoglycan by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Bioinformatics

Semikvantitativ analyse af peptidoglycan ved væskekromatografi, massespektrometri og bioinformatik

Peptidoglycan is an important component of bacterial cell walls and a common cellular target for antimicrobials. Although aspects of peptidoglycan ...

Crystallization and Structural Determination of an Enzyme:Substrate Complex by Serial Crystallography in a Versatile Microfluidic Chip

Krystallisering og strukturel bestemmelse af et enzym:Substratkompleks ved seriel krystallografi i en alsidig mikrofluidisk chip

The preparation of well diffracting crystals and their handling before their X-ray analysis are two critical steps of biocrystallographic studies. We ...