Name: following endocardial tissue movements via cell photoconversion in the zebrafish embryo
Uploaded: 2018-02-20T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Following Endocardial Tissue Movements via Cell Photoconversion in the Zebrafish Embryo at JoVE.com

Gostaríamos de agradecer a Anne-Laure Duchemin, Denise Duchemin, Nathalie Faggianelli e Basile Gurchenkov ajuda a projetar e fazer o molde descrito neste protocolo. Este trabalho foi apoiado pela FRM (DEQ20140329553), o ANR (ANR-15-CE13-0015-01, ANR-12-ISV2-0001-01), a EMBO Young Investigator programa da Comunidade Europeia, a ERC CoG N ° 682938 Evalve e pela subvenção ANR-10-LABX-0030-INRT, um fundo de Estado francês gerenciado pelo a Agence Nationale de la Recherche sob o quadro programa Investissements d'Avenir rotulado ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02.

1. preparar moldes e montagem do agarose
<ol><li>Crie um molde com as dimensões indicadas na Figura 1 , usando uma impressora 3D ou ferramentas de oficina mecânica tradicional.</li>
	<li>Pipete cerca de 1,5 mL de agarose a 1% derretido em um prato de plástico montagem 35mm. Coloque o molde de plástico o agarose líquido, tendo o cuidado de evitar armadilhas de ar entre o molde e o agarose. Coloque o prato em 4 ° C, espere até a agarose endurece (leva cerca de 5 min) e, em seguida, re...

<ol>
	<li>Chow, R. W., Vermot, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rise+of+photoresponsive+protein+technologies+applications+in+vivo:+a+spotlight+on+zebrafish+developmental+and+cell+biology.">The rise of photoresponsive protein technologies applications in vivo: a spotlight on zebrafish developmental and cell biology.</a> F1000Res. 6, (2017).</li><li>Sehnert, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+troponin+T+is+essential+in+sarcomere+assembly+and+cardiac+contractility.">Cardiac troponin T is essential in sarcomere assembly and cardiac contractility.</a> Nat Genet. 31, 106-110 (2002).</li><li>Peal, D. S., Lynch, S. N., Milan, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterning+and+development+of+the+atrioventricular+canal+in+zebrafish.">Patterning and development of the atrioventricular canal in zebrafish.</a> J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 4, 720-726 (2011).</li><li>Boselli, F., Freund, J. B., Vermot, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+flow+mechanics+in+cardiovascular+development.">Blood flow mechanics in cardiovascular development.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 72 (13), 2545-2559 (2015).</li><li>Steed, E., Boselli, F., Vermot, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemodynamics+driven+cardiac+valve+morphogenesis.">Hemodynamics driven cardiac valve morphogenesis.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. , (2015).</li><li>Boselli, F., Vermot, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+and+modeling+for+shear+stress+quantification+in+the+embryonic+zebrafish+heart.">Live imaging and modeling for shear stress quantification in the embryonic zebrafish heart.</a> Methods. , (2015).</li><li>Steed, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=klf2a+couples+mechanotransduction+and+zebrafish+valve+morphogenesis+through+fibronectin+synthesis.">klf2a couples mechanotransduction and zebrafish valve morphogenesis through fibronectin synthesis.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 11646 (2016).</li><li>Herwig, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+cellular+mechanisms+of+blood+vessel+fusion+in+the+zebrafish+embryo.">Distinct cellular mechanisms of blood vessel fusion in the zebrafish embryo.</a> Curr Biol. 21 (22), 1942-1948 (2011).</li><li>Boselli, F., Steed, E., Freund, J., Vermot, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anisotropic+shear+stress+patterns+predict+the+orientation+of+convergent+tissue+movements+in+the+embryonic+heart.">Anisotropic shear stress patterns predict the orientation of convergent tissue movements in the embryonic heart.</a> Development. , (2017).</li><li>Lombardo, V. A., Sporbert, A., Abdelilah-Seyfried, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Tracking+Using+Photoconvertible+Proteins+During+Zebrafish+Development.">Cell Tracking Using Photoconvertible Proteins During Zebrafish Development.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (67), (2012).</li><li>JoVE Science Education Database. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biology II: Mouse, Zebrafish, and Chick. Zebrafish Breeding and Embryo Handling. , (2017).</li><li>Watanabe, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+effect+of+2,3-butanedione+monoxime+(BDM)+on+Na(+)/Ca(2+)+exchange+current+in+guinea-pig+cardiac+ventricular+myocytes.">Inhibitory effect of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) on Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange current in guinea-pig cardiac ventricular myocytes.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 132 (6), 1317-1325 (2001).</li><li>Jou, C. J., Spitzer, K. W., Tristani-Firouzi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blebbistatin+effectively+uncouples+the+excitation-contraction+process+in+zebrafish+embryonic+heart.">Blebbistatin effectively uncouples the excitation-contraction process in zebrafish embryonic heart.</a> Cell Physiol Biochem. 25 (4-5), 419-424 (2010).</li><li>Pestel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+3D+visualization+of+cellular+rearrangements+during+cardiac+valve+formation.">Real-time 3D visualization of cellular rearrangements during cardiac valve formation.</a> Development. 143 (12), 2217-2227 (2016).</li><li>Swinburne, I. A., Mosaliganti, K. R., Green, A. A., Megason, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+Long-Term+Imaging+of+Embryos+with+Genetically+Encoded+alpha-Bungarotoxin.">Improved Long-Term Imaging of Embryos with Genetically Encoded alpha-Bungarotoxin.</a> PLoS One. 10 (8), e0134005 (2015).</li><li>Kaufmann, A., Mickoleit, M., Weber, M., Huisken, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multilayer+mounting+enables+long-term+imaging+of+zebrafish+development+in+a+light+sheet+microscope.">Multilayer mounting enables long-term imaging of zebrafish development in a light sheet microscope.</a> Development. 139 (17), 3242-3247 (2012).</li><li>Marchant, J. S., Stutzmann, G. E., Leissring, M. A., LaFerla, F. M., Parker, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiphoton-evoked+color+change+of+DsRed+as+an+optical+highlighter+for+cellular+and+subcellular+labeling.">Multiphoton-evoked color change of DsRed as an optical highlighter for cellular and subcellular labeling.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 19 (7), 645-649 (2001).</li><li>Dempsey, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+single-cell+labeling+by+confined+primed+conversion.">In vivo single-cell labeling by confined primed conversion.</a> Nat Methods. 12 (7), 645-648 (2015).</li><li>Mohr, M. A., Pantazis, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+neuron+morphology+in+vivo+with+confined+primed+conversion.">Single neuron morphology in vivo with confined primed conversion.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 133, 125-138 (2016).</li><li>Mohr, M. A., Argast, P., Pantazis, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Labeling+cellular+structures+in+vivo+using+confined+primed+conversion+of+photoconvertible+fluorescent+proteins.">Labeling cellular structures in vivo using confined primed conversion of photoconvertible fluorescent proteins.</a> Nat Protoc. 11 (12), 2419-2431 (2016).</li><li>Mohr, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rational+Engineering+of+Photoconvertible+Fluorescent+Proteins+for+Dual-Color+Fluorescence+Nanoscopy+Enabled+by+a+Triplet-State+Mechanism+of+Primed+Conversion.">Rational Engineering of Photoconvertible Fluorescent Proteins for Dual-Color Fluorescence Nanoscopy Enabled by a Triplet-State Mechanism of Primed Conversion.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 56 (38), 11628-11633 (2017).</li><li>Dempsey, W. P., Fraser, S. E., Pantazis, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PhOTO+zebrafish:+a+transgenic+resource+for+in+vivo+lineage+tracing+during+development+and+regeneration.">PhOTO zebrafish: a transgenic resource for in vivo lineage tracing during development and regeneration.</a> PLoS One. 7 (3), e32888 (2012).</li><li>Dempsey, W. P., Qin, H., Pantazis, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+cell+tracking+using+PhOTO+zebrafish.">In vivo cell tracking using PhOTO zebrafish.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1148, 217-228 (2014).</li></ol>

Calendário de photoconversion: apesar de Kaede permanece brilhantemente expressa em CDE mesmo em 96 hpf, deve-se notar que o embrião cresce, luz laser difunde-se mais antes de atingir o AVC, tornando mais difícil a photoconversion confinado de Kaede. At embrionária dos estágios, o mais tardar 55 hpf, o Balonismo do ventrículo e o átrio também significa que o feixe de laser violeta, usado para photoconversion não pode atingir células de AVC sem primeiro passando o átrio ou ventrículo. Isso significa q...

O peixe-zebra é atualmente um dos mais importantes modelos para estudar processos celulares e do desenvolvimento na vivovertebrados. Isto é principalmente devido a transparência óptica do zebrafish e acessibilidade à genética, o que o torna um poderoso modelo para a aplicação de técnicas ópticas envolvendo geneticamente codificado photoresponsive proteína tecnologias1. Específico para o estudo do desenvolvimento do coração, zebrafish receber oxigênio suficiente através de difusão tal que até mesmo mutantes sem batimento cardíaco podem sobreviver a primeira semana de desenvolvimento, permitindo análises sobre os efeitos de genes de desenvolvimento e perturbado o fluxo de sangue na morfogênese do coração não é possível na maioria dos vertebrados,2.
O tubo de coração zebrafish é formado por 24 horas pós fertilização (hpf). Logo após sua formação, o tubo de coração começa a bater uma ativamente. Por 36 hpf, uma constrição clara separa o átrio do ventrículo. Esta região de constrição é chamado o canal atrioventricular (AVC) e células nessa região de alteração de uma morfologia escamosa a morfologia cuboidal3. Começa a morfogênese zebrafish válvula atrioventricular cerca de 48 h pós fertilização. Por 5 dias pós fertilização, dois folhetos da válvula se estendem até o AVC e prevenir o refluxo do sangue do ventrículo para o átrio durante o ciclo cardíaco4. Rastreamento de células durante a formação de AVC e a válvula é um desafio como a batida rápida do coração torna difícil seguir as células através de microscopia de lapso de tempo tradicional5,6. Este protocolo, adaptado do corcel et al, 20167, descreve um método que usa a Tg (fli1a:gal4FFubs, UAS:kaede)zebrafish transgênica linha8 , em que a proteína photoconvertible Kaede é expresso em células endoteliais, incluindo o endocárdio. A droga 2,3-butanodiona-2-monoxime (BDM) é usado para interromper temporariamente o coração batendo, permitindo photoconversion exata de CDE entre 36 e 55 hpf e imagens de alta resolução de photoconverted CDE em pontos específicos de tempo no desenvolvimento. Tem sido mostrado anteriormente que CDE photoconverted usando este método pode permanecer distinguível de seus vizinhos não convertidos por cinco dias ou mais após o tempo de photoconversion7. Este protocolo também detalha um método usado para análise de imagem de photoconverted CDE em menos de 48 embriões hpf, que tem sido usada com sucesso para seguir os movimentos do tecido durante o desenvolvimento de AVC (Boselli et al, no prelo)9. Esperamos que os leitores encontraria este protocolo útil para estudar o desenvolvimento de AVC e válvula em embriões normais e em mutantes, morphants ou embriões tratados com drogas. Para um protocolo mais geral relacionadas com o rastreamento de pilha usando photoconvertible proteínas durante o desenvolvimento do zebrafish, por favor veja o artigo por Lombardo et al, 201210.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Necessary equipment for raising fish and collecting eggs (see the Zebrafish Book22 for details).</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upright confocal microscope (Equipped with lasers operating at 488 nm, 561 nm, and 405 nm, a tunable multiphoton laser, and a Leica HCX IRAPO L, 25 &#215;, N.A. 0.95 objective)</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Leica SP8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat block</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>88870001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm x 10 mm tissue culture dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass pipette</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mold</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8 mg/mL Tricaine stock solution&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M BDM stock solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure low melting point agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16520-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>50004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTU (1-phenyl-2-thiourea)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embryo medium: 30x stock solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab equipped with the Image Analysis, Curve Fitting, Bio-Formats Toolboxes</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8 mg/mL Tricaine stock solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 mg of tricaine powder (Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonic acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E10521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mL Danieau</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjust to pH 7, aliquot and store at -20 &#176;C&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M BDM stock solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 g BDM</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>112135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL ddH2O</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aliquot and store at -20 &#176;C</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embryo medium: 30x stock solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50.7 g NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7647-14-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.78 g KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7447-40-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.47 g Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;7487-88-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.1 g Calcium nitrite tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>13477-34-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>19.52 g HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7365-45-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjust to pH 7.2 and store at room temperature</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mold</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PlasCLEAR resin</td>
			<td>Asiga</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plus 39&#160;Freeform Pico 3D printer</td>
			<td>Asiga</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

following endocardial tissue movements via cell photoconversion in the zebrafish embryo

Durante a embriogênese, as células passam por mudanças dinâmicas no comportamento da célula, e decifrar a celular lógica por trás destas mudanças é um objetivo fundamental no campo da biologia do desenvolvimento. A descoberta e o desenvolvimento de proteínas photoconvertible grandemente ajudado nossa compreensão dessas mudanças dinâmicas, fornecendo um método para opticamente destacar células e tecidos. No entanto, enquanto photoconversion, microscopia de lapso de tempo e análise de imagens subsequentes provaram para ser muito bem sucedido na descoberta dinâmica celular em órgãos como o cérebro ou os olhos, essa abordagem geralmente não é usada no coração em desenvolvimento devido à desafios colocados pelo movimento rápido do coração durante o ciclo cardíaco. Esse protocolo consiste de duas partes. A primeira parte descreve um método para photoconverting e posteriormente de rastreamento células endocárdico (CDE) durante zebrafish canal atrioventricular (AVC) e desenvolvimento de válvula atrioventricular coração. O método envolve temporariamente parando o coração com uma droga em ordem para photoconversion preciso tomar o lugar. Corações são permitidas para continuar batendo em cima da remoção da droga e desenvolvimento embrionário normalmente continua até que o coração está parado novamente para geração de imagens de alta resolução de photoconverted CDE em um ponto mais tarde o tempo do desenvolvimento. A segunda parte do protocolo descreve um método de análise de imagem para quantificar o comprimento de uma região photoconverted ou não-photoconverted no AVC em embriões jovens mapeando o sinal fluorescente da estrutura tridimensional em um mapa bidimensional . Juntas, as duas partes do protocolo permite examinar a origem e o comportamento das células que compõem o zebrafish AVC e válvula cardíaca atrioventricular e potencialmente pode ser aplicado para estudar os mutantes, morphants ou embriões que tenham sido tratados com reagentes que perturbam o desenvolvimento de AVC e/ou válvula.

Um exemplo de um photoconverted de embrião em 48 hpf e fotografada novamente em 80 hpf é mostrado na Figura 2, filmes 1 e 2. Expondo a Kaede a luz de nm 405 irreversivelmente conversos da proteína de sua forma verde fluorescente para formar vermelho fluorescente, permitindo que o comportamento de células rotulado com o verde ou sua forma vermelha para ser seguido com respeitam aos seus diferencialmente coloridas vizinhos ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Following Endocardial Tissue Movements via Cell Photoconversion in the Zebrafish Embryo at JoVE.com

Following Endocardial Tissue Movements via Cell Photoconversion in the Zebrafish Embryo

Este protocolo descreve um método para o photoconversion de Kaede proteína fluorescente em células endocárdico dos vivos zebrafish embrião que permite o rastreamento de células endocárdico durante canal atrioventricular e desenvolvimento de válvula atrioventricular coração .

Seguindo os movimentos de tecido endocárdico através de célula Photoconversion no embrião Zebrafish

During embryogenesis, cells undergo dynamic changes in cell behavior, and deciphering the cellular logic behind these changes is a fundamental goal in the ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to follow endocardial cells during atrioventricular canal and heart valve formation. This method can help to address key question in the field of cardiac development, such as to understand how endocardial cells behave in different types of mutants. Tracking cells during AVC and valve formation is challenging because of the rapid beat of the heart.It makes it difficult to follow cells via traditional time-lapse microscopy. The main advantage of this technique is that it bypasses some of these difficulties. Demonstrating the procedure will be Renee, a postdoc in my lab.After creating a mold according to the text protocol, pipette about 1.5 milliliters of melted 1%agarose into a 35-millimeter plastic mounting dish. Then, position the plastic mold in the liquid agarose, taking care to avoid trapping air between the mold and the agarose. Place the dish at four degrees Celsius until the agarose hardens.Then, remove the plastic mold from the agarose. Next, add two milliliters of previously prepared mounting medium to the mounting dish, and allow 15 to 30 minutes for the solution to diffuse into the agarose. In the meantime, melt a one-milliliter aliquot of 0.7%low melting point, or LMP, agarose by placing the tube in a 70-degree Celsius heat block for about five minutes.Pipette the LMP agarose up and down to cool it slightly. Then, add 25 microliters of eight milligram per milliliter tricaine and 40 microliters of one molar BDM solutions to the tube. Mix by pipetting up and down.Then, transfer the tube to a 38-degree Celsius heat block to keep the LMP agarose in its liquid state. Transfer the embryos to a separate dish containing two milliliters of mounting medium. Then, when the hearts have stopped beating, transfer the embryos to the mounting dish and use forceps to arrange them in the wells so that they lie at a 25-degree angle, tails pointing toward the deeper part of the well, with the yolk facing up.When the embryos are roughly in place, remove the medium, and embed them in approximately 200 microliters of 0.7%LMP agarose containing tricaine and BDM. Then, readjust the embryo positions, tilting them to the left or right as necessary. Press down on the walls of the indented square to allow excess agarose to overflow to the side areas of the mounting dish.Wait approximately five minutes for the LMP agarose to set, then add mounting medium to the dish. The embryos are now ready to be photoconverted. To carry out photoconversion, on an upright confocal microscope equipped with a 405, 488, and 561-nanometer laser sources, use transmitted white light and an objective lens to locate the embryo's heart.Using the 561-nanometer laser, check for red Kaede fluorescence. Then, use the 488-nanometer laser to visualize the endocardium. Next, on the microscope acquisition software, enter FRAP mode.Then, select approximately 1%laser power for both the 488 and the 561-nanometer lasers. While focusing on the plane of interest, select a region of interest, or ROI. Then, using the 405-nanometer diode laser at 25%laser power, photoconvert the cells, scanning over the ROI three times.Should insufficient Kaede be photoconverted in the ROI, scan the 405-nanometer laser over the area three times again. Return to the TCS SP8 mode on the software, and using the 561 and 488-nanometer lasers sequentially, in Bidirectional mode, acquire a Z-stack. After photoconversion, use a glass pipette to press down slightly just above the head of the embryo to break the LMP agarose.Then, gently suck up the embryo. To wash away the BDM containing medium, eject the embryo from the glass pipette into an 85-millimeter Petri dish containing embryo medium with PTU. Transfer the embryo to a well in a six-well plate containing embryo medium with PTU.During this step, make sure to keep note of which embryo goes into which well, as this is essential to correlate the position of photoconverted cells at later developmental stages. Now that the embryos have been removed from the BDM containing medium, their hearts should start beating again in about five minutes. Return embryos to the dark at 28.5 degrees Celsius to allow them to continue to develop normally.At the desired stage, stop the heart and re-embed the embryos, as demonstrated earlier in this video, with the important difference that the embryos must be treated with BDM in separate, marked dishes to keep track of them. For embryos up to 62 hpf, acquire Z-stacks of the endocardium using 561 and 488 nanometers for red and green fluorescent signals, respectively. For embryos older than 62 hpf, use a multiphoton laser set to 940 nanometers to image green Kaede instead of the 488-nanometer laser.For embryos younger than 48 hpf, it is possible to project the three-dimensional AVC onto a two-dimensional image for analysis. First, threshold the image. Then, erase points that lie outside of the heart.To perform manual segmentation, orient the image on the left to match the image on the right. Segment the side of the heart in which the orange vector passes through, and add points in the direction of the blue vector. Next, interpolate the cross-sections, and project the color intensity onto the surface.Finally, adjust the orientation of the AVC, and project it onto a 2D surface. An example of an embryonic heart just after photoconversion at 48 hpf is shown here. Cytoplasmic Kaede in several cells of the superior side of the AVC has been converted from green to red.In the same embryo at 80 hpf, it's evident that the photoconverted cells have proliferated and have migrated to the inner side of the superior atrioventricular valve. An example of a 36 hpf embryo where the EdCs in the atrium and ventricle have been photoconverted is shown here. The AVC is then projected into two dimensions for easier visualization and analysis and allows one to quantify the distance between the two photoconverted regions.While attempting this procedure, it's important to keep the time the heart is stopped to a minimum to avoid affecting normal development. With practice, photoconversion can be completed within about 30 minutes provided that everything is prepared in advance. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to track endocardial cells after photoconversion in live zebrafish embryo and analyze your data sets.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Measuring Protein Stability in Living Zebrafish Embryos Using Fluorescence Decay After Photoconversion (FDAP)

Measuring Protein Stability in Living Zebrafish Embryos Using Fluorescence Decay After Photoconversion FDAP

Medir a estabilidade da proteína em Viver embriões Zebrafish Usando Fluorescência Decay Após Fotoconversão (FDAP)

Protein stability influences many aspects of biology, and measuring the clearance kinetics of proteins can provide important insights into biological ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Microbead Implantation in the Zebrafish Embryo

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Imaging Subcellular Structures in the Living Zebrafish Embryo

Imagiologia estruturas celulares no embrião vivo Zebrafish

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Observing Mitotic Division and Dynamics in a Live Zebrafish Embryo

Observando mitótico Division e Dinâmica em um embrião de peixe-zebra ao vivo

Mitosis is critical for organismal growth and differentiation. The process is highly dynamic and requires ordered events to accomplish proper chromatin ...

Visualizing the Interrenal Steroidogenic Tissue and Its Vascular Microenvironment in Zebrafish

Visualizando o Tissue interrenais Steroidogenic e sua Vascular Microenvironment em Zebrafish

This protocol introduces how to detect differentiated interrenal steroidogenic cells through a simple whole-mount enzymatic activity assay. Identifying ...

Use of Immunolabeling to Analyze Stable, Dynamic, and Nascent Microtubules in the Zebrafish Embryo

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Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic and fragile structures that are challenging to image in vivo, particularly in vertebrate embryos. Immunolabeling methods ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

Imagem ao vivo do mouse Fusão do palato secundário

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

AFM and Microrheology in the Zebrafish Embryo Yolk Cell

AFM e Microrheology na célula de embrião de Zebrafish gema

Elucidating the factors that direct the spatio-temporal organization of evolving tissues is one of the primary purposes in the study of development. ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Photoconversion de célula única no Zebrafish intacta vida

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Microinjection-based System for In Vivo Implantation of Embryonic Cardiomyocytes in the Avian Embryo

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Interpreting the relative impact of cell autonomous patterning versus extrinsic microenvironmental influence on cell lineage determination represents a ...