Name: simultaneous video-eeg-ecg monitoring to identify neurocardiac dysfunction in mouse models of epilepsy
Uploaded: 2018-01-29T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Video-EEG-ECG Monitoring to Identify Neurocardiac Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Epilepsy at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (grant number 35489); the National Institutes of Health (grant numbers R01NS100954, R01NS099188); and a Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Malcolm Feist Postdoctoral Fellowship.

All experimental procedures should be carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as approved by your institution&#39;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). The main surgical tools needed for this protocol are shown in Figure 1.
1. Preparing Electrode for Implantation
<ol>
	<li>Place the 10-socket female nanoconnector (i.e, the electrode; Figure 2A) into a tabletop vise w...

<ol>
	<li>Fisch, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fisch and Spehlmann's EEG Primer. , (1999).</li><li>Constant, I., Sabourdin, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+EEG+signal:+a+window+on+the+cortical+brain+activity.">The EEG signal: a window on the cortical brain activity.</a> Paediatr. Anaesth. 22 (6), 539-552 (2012).</li><li>Mendez, O. E., Brenner, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+the+yield+of+EEG.">Increasing the yield of EEG.</a> J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 23 (4), 282-293 (2006).</li><li>Smith, S. J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+in+the+diagnosis,+classification,+and+management+of+patients+with+epilepsy.">EEG in the diagnosis, classification, and management of patients with epilepsy.</a> J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 76, ii2-ii7 (2005).</li><li>Bauer, G., Trinka, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonconvulsive+status+epilepticus+and+coma.">Nonconvulsive status epilepticus and coma.</a> Epilepsia. 51 (2), 177-190 (2010).</li><li>Hughes, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+seizures:+a+review+of+recent+reports+with+new+concepts.">Absence seizures: a review of recent reports with new concepts.</a> Epilepsy Behav. 15 (4), 404-412 (2009).</li><li>Mostacci, B., Bisulli, F., Alvisi, L., Licchetta, L., Baruzzi, A., Tinuper, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ictal+characteristics+of+psychogenic+nonepileptic+seizures:+what+we+have+learned+from+video/EEG+recordings--a+literature+review.">Ictal characteristics of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: what we have learned from video/EEG recordings--a literature review.</a> Epilepsy Behav. 22 (2), 144-153 (2011).</li><li>Smith, S. J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+in+neurological+conditions+other+than+epilepsy:+when+does+it+help,+what+does+it+add?.">EEG in neurological conditions other than epilepsy: when does it help, what does it add?.</a> J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 76, ii8-ii12 (2005).</li><li>Kennett, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modern+electroencephalography.">Modern electroencephalography.</a> J. Neurol. 259 (4), 783-789 (2012).</li><li>Thaler, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Only EKG Book You'll Ever Need. , (2012).</li><li>Becker, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fundamentals+of+electrocardiography+interpretation.">Fundamentals of electrocardiography interpretation.</a> Anesth. Prog. 53 (2), 53-63 (2006).</li><li>Luz, E. J. S., Schwartz, W. R., C&#225;mara-Ch&#225;vez, G., Menotti, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ECG-based+heartbeat+classification+for+arrhythmia+detection:+A+survey.">ECG-based heartbeat classification for arrhythmia detection: A survey.</a> Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 127, 144-164 (2016).</li><li>Bardai, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epilepsy+is+a+risk+factor+for+sudden+cardiac+arrest+in+the+general+population.">Epilepsy is a risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest in the general population.</a> PloS One. 7 (8), e42749 (2012).</li><li>Lamberts, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+prevalence+of+ECG+markers+for+sudden+cardiac+arrest+in+refractory+epilepsy.">Increased prevalence of ECG markers for sudden cardiac arrest in refractory epilepsy.</a> J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 86 (3), 309-313 (2015).</li><li>Thurman, D. J., Hesdorffer, D. C., French, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sudden+unexpected+death+in+epilepsy:+assessing+the+public+health+burden.">Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: assessing the public health burden.</a> Epilepsia. 55 (10), 1479-1485 (2014).</li><li>Zayachkivsky, A., Lehmkuhle, M. J., Dudek, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+Continuous+EEG+Monitoring+in+Small+Rodent+Models+of+Human+Disease+Using+the+Epoch+Wireless+Transmitter+System.">Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (101), e52554 (2015).</li><li>Bertram, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+for+Seizures+in+Rodents.">Monitoring for Seizures in Rodents.</a> Models of Seizures and Epilepsy. , 97-109 (2017).</li><li>Mishra, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scn2a+deletion+improves+survival+and+brain-heart+dynamics+in+the+Kcna1-null+mouse+model+of+sudden+unexpected+death+in+epilepsy+(SUDEP).">Scn2a deletion improves survival and brain-heart dynamics in the Kcna1-null mouse model of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).</a> Hum. Mol. Genet. 26 (11), 2091-2103 (2017).</li><li>Thireau, J., Zhang, B. L., Poisson, D., Babuty, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+rate+variability+in+mice:+a+theoretical+and+practical+guide.">Heart rate variability in mice: a theoretical and practical guide.</a> Exp. Physiol. 93 (1), 83-94 (2008).</li><li>Smart, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deletion+of+the+K(V)1.1+potassium+channel+causes+epilepsy+in+mice.">Deletion of the K(V)1.1 potassium channel causes epilepsy in mice.</a> Neuron. 20 (4), 809-819 (1998).</li><li>Glasscock, E., Yoo, J. W., Chen, T. T., Klassen, T. L., Noebels, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kv1.1+potassium+channel+deficiency+reveals+brain-driven+cardiac+dysfunction+as+a+candidate+mechanism+for+sudden+unexplained+death+in+epilepsy.">Kv1.1 potassium channel deficiency reveals brain-driven cardiac dysfunction as a candidate mechanism for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy.</a> J. Neurosci. 30 (15), 5167-5175 (2010).</li><li>Moore, B. M., Jerry Jou, ., Tatalovic, C., Kaufman, M., S, E., Kline, D. D., Kunze, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Kv1.1+null+mouse,+a+model+of+sudden+unexpected+death+in+epilepsy+(SUDEP).">The Kv1.1 null mouse, a model of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).</a> Epilepsia. 55 (11), 1808-1816 (2014).</li><li>Ryvlin, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+and+mechanisms+of+cardiorespiratory+arrests+in+epilepsy+monitoring+units+(MORTEMUS):+a+retrospective+study.">Incidence and mechanisms of cardiorespiratory arrests in epilepsy monitoring units (MORTEMUS): a retrospective study.</a> Lancet Neurol. 12 (10), 966-977 (2013).</li><li>Stables, C. L., Auerbach, D. S., Whitesall, S. E., D'Alecy, L. G., Feldman, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+impact+of+type-1+and+type-2+diabetes+on+control+of+heart+rate+in+mice.">Differential impact of type-1 and type-2 diabetes on control of heart rate in mice.</a> Auton. Neurosci. 194, 17-25 (2016).</li><li>Gehrmann, J., Hammer, P. E., Maguire, C. T., Wakimoto, H., Triedman, J. K., Berul, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+screening+for+heart+rate+variability+in+the+mouse.">Phenotypic screening for heart rate variability in the mouse.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 279 (2), H733-H740 (2000).</li><li>Goldman, A. M., Glasscock, E., Yoo, J., Chen, T. T., Klassen, T. L., Noebels, J. 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To obtain high quality EEG-ECG recordings that are free from artifacts, every precaution should be taken to prevent degradation or loosening of the implanted electrode and wires. As an EEG head implant becomes loose, the wire contacts with the brain will degrade leading to decreased signal amplitudes. Loose implants or poor wire contacts can also cause distortion of the electrical signals, introducing movement artifacts and background noise to the recordings. To prevent potential loosening of the head implant, apply a ge...

Electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) are powerful and widely used techniques for assessing in vivo brain and cardiac function, respectively. EEG is the recording of electrical brain activity by attaching electrodes to the scalp1. The signal recorded with non-invasive EEG represents voltage fluctuations arising from summated excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials generated mainly by cortical pyramidal neurons1,2. EEG is the most common neurodiagnostic test for evaluating and managing patients with epilepsy3,4. It is especially useful when epileptic seizures occur without obvious convulsive behavioral manifestations, such as absence seizures or non-convulsive status epilepticus5,6. Conversely, non-epilepsy related conditions that lead to convulsive episodes or loss of consciousness may be misdiagnosed as epileptic seizures without video-EEG monitoring7. In addition to its usefulness in the field of epilepsy, EEG is also widely used to detect abnormal brain activity associated with sleep disorders, encephalopathies, and memory disorders, as well as to supplement general anesthesia during surgeries2,8,9.
In contrast to EEG, ECG (or EKG as it is sometimes abbreviated) is the recording of the electrical activity of the heart10. ECGs are usually performed by attaching electrodes to the limb extremities and chest wall, which allows detection of the voltage changes generated by the myocardium during each cardiac cycle of contraction and relaxation10,11. The primary ECG waveform components of a normal cardiac cycle include the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave, which correspond to atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively10,11. ECG monitoring is routinely used to identify cardiac arrhythmias and defects of the cardiac conduction system12. Among epilepsy patients, the importance of using ECG to identify potentially life-threatening arrhythmias is amplified since they are at significantly increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest, as well as sudden unexpected death in epilepsy13,14,15.
In addition to their clinical applications, EEG and ECG recordings have become an indispensable tool for identifying brain and heart dysfunction in mouse models of disease. Although traditionally these recordings have been performed separately, here we describe a technique to record video, EEG, and ECG simultaneously in mice. The simultaneous video-EEG-ECG method detailed here utilizes a tethered recording configuration in which the implanted electrode on the head of the mouse is hard-wired to the recording equipment. Historically, this tethered, or wired, &#160;configuration has been the standard and most extensively used method for EEG recordings in mice; however, wireless EEG telemetry systems have also been developed recently and are gaining in popularity16.
Compared to wireless EEG systems, the tethered arrangement possesses several technical advantages that may make it preferable depending on the desired application. These advantages include a greater number of channels for recording EEG or other biopotentials; lower electrode costs; electrode disposability; less susceptibility to signal loss; and greater frequency bandwidth (i.e., sampling rate) of recordings17. Done properly, the tethered recording method described here is capable of providing high quality, artifact-free EEG, and ECG data simultaneously, along with the corresponding video for behavioral monitoring. This EEG and ECG data can then be mined to identify neural, cardiac, or neurocardiac abnormalities such as seizures, changes in EEG power spectrum, cardiac conduction blocks (i.e., skipped heart beats), and changes in heart rate variability. To demonstrate the application of these EEG-ECG quantitative methods, we present an example experiment using a Kcna1 knockout (-/-) mouse. Kcna1-/- mice lack voltage-gated Kv1.1 &#945;-subunits and as a consequence exhibit spontaneous seizures, cardiac dysfunction, and premature death, making them an ideal model for simultaneous EEG-ECG evaluation of deleterious epilepsy-associated neurocardiac dysfunction.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>VistaVision stereozoom dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dolan-Jenner MI-150 microscopy illuminator, with ring light</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>MI-150RL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CS Series scale</td>
			<td>Ohaus</td>
			<td>CS200</td>
			<td>for weighing animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T/Pump professional</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>recirculating water heat pad system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ideal Micro Drill</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td>RS-6300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ideal Micro Drill Burr Set</td>
			<td>Cell Point Scientific</td>
			<td>60-1000</td>
			<td>only need the 0.8-mm size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electric trimmer</td>
			<td>Wahl</td>
			<td>9962</td>
			<td>mini clipper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tabletop vise</td>
			<td>Eclipse Tools</td>
			<td>PD-372</td>
			<td>PD-372 Mini-tabletop suction vise</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fine scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14058-11</td>
			<td>ToughCut, Straight, Sharp/Sharp, 11.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crile-Wood needle holder</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12003-15</td>
			<td>Straight, Serrated, 15 cm, with lock - For applying wound clips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #7 forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11297-00</td>
			<td>Standard Tips, Curved, Dumostar, 11.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adson forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11006-12</td>
			<td>Serrated, Straight, 12 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olsen-Hegar needle holder with suture cutter</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12002-12</td>
			<td>Straight, Serrated, 12 cm, with lock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scalpel handle #3</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical blades #15</td>
			<td>Havel&#39;s</td>
			<td>FHS15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-0 surgical suture</td>
			<td>Unify</td>
			<td>S-N618R13</td>
			<td>non-absorbable, monofilament, black</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gauze sponges</td>
			<td>Coviden</td>
			<td>2346</td>
			<td>12 ply, 7.6 cm x 7.6 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cotton-tipped swabs</td>
			<td>Constix</td>
			<td>SC-9</td>
			<td>15.2-cm total length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>super glue&#160;</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>LOC1364076</td>
			<td>gel control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Michel wound clips, 7.5mm</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>INS700750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polycarboxylate dental cement kit</td>
			<td>Prime-dent</td>
			<td>010-036</td>
			<td>Type 1 fine grain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tuberculin syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309623</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyethylene tubing</td>
			<td>Intramedic</td>
			<td>427431</td>
			<td>PE160, 1.143 mm (ID) x 1.575 mm (OD)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chlorhexidine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9394</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7023-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puralube vet ointment</td>
			<td>Dechra Veterinary Products</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>opthalamic eye ointment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse anesthetic cocktail</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ketamine (80 mg/kg), Xylazine (10 mg/kg), and Acepromazine (1 mg/kg)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>carprofen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Rimadyl (trade name)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HydroGel</td>
			<td>ClearH20</td>
			<td>70-01-5022</td>
			<td>hydrating gel; 56-g cups</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ponemah&#160; software</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>data acquisition and analysis software; version 5.2 or greater with Electrocardiogram Module</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7700 Digital Signal conditioner</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 Channel Isolated Bio-potential Pod</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fish tank</td>
			<td>Topfin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for use as recording chamber; 20.8 gallon aquarium; 40.8 cm (L) X 21.3 cm (W) X 25.5 cm (H)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Communication Module (DCOM)</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>13-7715-70</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 Channel Isolated Bio-potential Pod</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>12-7770-BIO12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>serial link cable</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>J03557-20</td>
			<td>connects DCOM to bio-potential pod</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acquisition Interface (ACQ-7700USB)</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International</td>
			<td>PNM-P3P-7002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>network video camera</td>
			<td>Axis Communications</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P1343, day/night capability</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-Port Gigabit Smart Switch</td>
			<td>Cisco</td>
			<td>SG200-08</td>
			<td>8-port gigabit ethernet swith with 4 power over ethernet supported ports (Cisco Small Business 200 Series)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10-pin male nanoconnector with guide post hole</td>
			<td>Omnetics</td>
			<td>NPS-10-WD-30.0-C-G</td>
			<td>electrode for implantation on the mouse head</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10-socket female nanoconnector with guide post</td>
			<td>Omnetics</td>
			<td>NSS-10-WD-2.0-C-G</td>
			<td>connector for electrode implant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5-mm female touchproof connector cables</td>
			<td>PlasticsOne</td>
			<td>441</td>
			<td>1 signal, gold-plated; for connecting the wiring from the head-mount implant to the bio-potential pod</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>soldering iron</td>
			<td>Weller</td>
			<td>WESD51 BUNDLE</td>
			<td>digital soldering station</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>solder</td>
			<td>Bernzomatic</td>
			<td>327797</td>
			<td>lead free, silver bearing, acid flux core solder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heat shrink tubing</td>
			<td>URBEST</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>collection of tubing with 1.5- to 10-mm internal diameters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heat gun</td>
			<td>Dewalt</td>
			<td>D26960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mounting tape (double-sided)</td>
			<td>3M Scotch</td>
			<td>MMM114</td>
			<td>114/DC Heavy Duty Mounting Tape, 2.54 cm x 1.27 m&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>desktop computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>recommended minimum requirements: 3rd Gen Intel Core i7-3770 processor with HD4000 graphics; 4 GB RAM, 1 GB AMD Radeon HD 7570 video card; 1 TB hard drive; Windows 7 OS&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>permanent marker</td>
			<td>Sharpie</td>
			<td>37001</td>
			<td>black color, ultra fine point</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toothpicks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for mixing and applying the polycarboxylate dental cement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabChart Pro software</td>
			<td>ADInstruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>power spectrum software; version 8.1.3 or greater</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kubios HRV software</td>
			<td>Univ. of Eastern Finland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>HRV analysis software; version 2.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Notepad</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>simple text editor software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simultaneous video-eeg-ecg monitoring to identify neurocardiac dysfunction in mouse models of epilepsy

In epilepsy, seizures can evoke cardiac rhythm disturbances such as heart rate changes, conduction blocks, asystoles, and arrhythmias, which can potentially increase risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) are widely used clinical diagnostic tools to monitor for abnormal brain and cardiac rhythms in patients. Here, a technique to simultaneously record video, EEG, and ECG in mice to measure behavior, brain, and cardiac activities, respectively, is described. The technique described herein utilizes a tethered (i.e., wired) recording configuration in which the implanted electrode on the head of the mouse is hard-wired to the recording equipment. Compared to wireless telemetry recording systems, the tethered arrangement possesses several technical advantages such as a greater possible number of channels for recording EEG or other biopotentials; lower electrode costs; and greater frequency bandwidth (i.e., sampling rate) of recordings. The basics of this technique can also be easily modified to accommodate recording other biosignals, such as electromyography (EMG) or plethysmography for assessment of muscle and respiratory activity, respectively. In addition to describing how to perform the EEG-ECG recordings, we also detail methods to quantify the resulting data for seizures, EEG spectral power, cardiac function, and heart rate variability, which we demonstrate in an example experiment using a mouse with epilepsy due to Kcna1 gene deletion. Video-EEG-ECG monitoring in mouse models of epilepsy or other neurological disease provides a powerful tool to identify dysfunction at the level of the brain, heart, or brain-heart interactions.

To demonstrate how to analyze the data from EEG-ECG recordings to identify neurocardiac abnormalities, results are shown for a 24-h EEG-ECG recording of a Kcna1-/- mouse (2 months old). These mutant animals, which are engineered to lack voltage-gated Kv1.1 &#945;-subunits encoded by the Kcna1 gene, are a frequently used genetic model of epilepsy since they exhibit reliable and frequent generalized tonic-clonic seizure activity beginning a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Video-EEG-ECG Monitoring to Identify Neurocardiac Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Epilepsy at JoVE.com

Simultaneous Video-EEG-ECG Monitoring to Identify Neurocardiac Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

Here, we present a protocol to record brain and heart bio signals in mice using simultaneous video, electroencephalography (EEG), and electrocardiography (ECG). We also describe methods to analyze the resulting EEG-ECG recordings for seizures, EEG spectral power, cardiac function, and heart rate variability.

In epilepsy, seizures can evoke cardiac rhythm disturbances such as heart rate changes, conduction blocks, asystoles, and arrhythmias, which can ...

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