Name: laboratory rearing of stable flies and other muscoid diptera
Uploaded: 2018-08-03T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera at JoVE.com

我们要感谢安东尼. Weinhold 和多年来与我们合作的众多学生的技术支持, 以及改进我们的昆虫饲养程序的建议。

1. 收集卵子 (图 1)
<ol><li>准备好怂恿杯, 把布的一端放在500毫升的烧杯里, 里面装满了温暖的 (~ 40 °c) 的水。重叠的杯子的两侧, 并修复与橡胶带。将布料松散的一端折回杯顶。</li>
	<li>将怂恿杯放在8–10天的老苍蝇笼中 2 h. 妊娠雌性稳定的苍蝇会在布料上排卵。</li>
	<li>从笼中取出怂恿杯, 将怂恿布上的鸡蛋冲洗成一个小平底锅, 用挤压洗瓶。</li>
</ol>2. 准备?...

<ol>
	<li>Cook, D. F., Dadour, I. R., Keals, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+fly,+house+fly+(Diptera:+Muscidae),+and+other+nuisance+fly+development+in+poultry+litter+associated+with+horticultural+crop+production.">Stable fly, house fly (Diptera: Muscidae), and other nuisance fly development in poultry litter associated with horticultural crop production.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 92 (6), 1352-1357 (1999).</li><li>Dominghetti, T. F., de Barros, A. T., Soares, C. O., Can&#231;ado, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stomoxys+calcitrans+(Diptera:+Muscidae)+outbreaks:+current+situation+and+future+outlook+with+emphasis+on+Brazil.">Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) outbreaks: current situation and future outlook with emphasis on Brazil.</a> Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 24 (4), 387-395 (2015).</li><li>Sol&#243;rzano, J. -. A., Guilles, J., Bravo, O., Vargas, C., Gomez-Bonilla, Y., Bingham, G., Taylor, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology+and+trapping+of+stable+flies+(Diptera:+Muscidae)+developing+in+pineapple+residues+(Ananas+comosus)+in+Costa+Rica.">Biology and trapping of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) developing in pineapple residues (Ananas comosus) in Costa Rica.</a> J. Insect Sci. 15 (1), 145 (2015).</li><li>Berry, I. L., Stage, D. A., Campbell, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Populations+and+economic+impacts+of+stable+flies+on+cattle.">Populations and economic impacts of stable flies on cattle.</a> Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 26, 873-877 (1983).</li><li>Taylor, D. B., Vreysen, J., Hendrichs, R., Cardoso Pereira, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Area-wide+management+of+stable+flies.">Area-wide management of stable flies.</a> Area-wide management of insect pests. , (2017).</li><li>Bishopp, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+stable+fly+(Stomoxys+calcitrans+L.),+an+important+live+stock+pest.">The stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans L.), an important live stock pest.</a> J.Econ. Entomol. 6 (1), 112-126 (1913).</li><li>Hogsette, J. A., Ruff, J. P., Jones, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+fly+biology+and+control+in+northwest+Florida.">Stable fly biology and control in northwest Florida.</a> J. Agric. Entomol. 4 (1), 1-11 (1987).</li><li>Lysyk, T., Kalischuk-Tymensen, L., Selinger, L., Lancaster, R., Wever, L., Cheng, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rearing+stable+fly+larvae+(Diptera:+Muscidae)+on+an+egg+yolk+medium.">Rearing stable fly larvae (Diptera: Muscidae) on an egg yolk medium.</a> J. Med. Entomol. 38, 382-388 (1999).</li><li>Romero, A., Broce, A., Zurek, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+bacteria+in+the+oviposition+behaviour+and+larval+development+of+stable+flies.">Role of bacteria in the oviposition behaviour and larval development of stable flies.</a> Med. Vet. Entomol. 20, 115-121 (2006).</li><li>Glaser, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rearing+flies+for+experimental+purposes+with+biological+notes.">Rearing flies for experimental purposes with biological notes.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 17 (4), 486-496 (1924).</li><li>Melvin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+studies+on+the+effect+of+flies+and+fly+sprays+on+cattle.">Physiological studies on the effect of flies and fly sprays on cattle.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 25 (6), 1151-1164 (1932).</li><li>Doty, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Convenient+method+of+rearing+the+stable+fly.">Convenient method of rearing the stable fly.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 30 (2), 367-369 (1937).</li><li>Bridges, A. C., Spates, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Larval+medium+for+the+stable+fly+Stomoxys+calcitrans+(L.).">Larval medium for the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.).</a> Southwest. Entomol. 8 (1), 6-10 (1983).</li><li>Hogsette, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+diets+for+production+of+house+flies+and+stable+flies+(Diptera:+Muscidae)+in+the+laboratory.">New diets for production of house flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in the laboratory.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 85 (6), 2291-2294 (1992).</li><li>McGregor, W. S., Dreiss, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rearing+stable+flies+in+the+laboratory.">Rearing stable flies in the laboratory.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 48 (3), 327-328 (1955).</li><li>Goodhue, L. D., Cantrel, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+vermiculite+in+medium+for+stable+fly+larvae.">The use of vermiculite in medium for stable fly larvae.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 51 (2), 250 (1958).</li><li>Friesen, K., Berkebile, D. R., Zhu, J. J., Taylor, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Augmenting+laboratory+rearing+of+stable+fly+(Diptera:+Muscidae)+larvae+with+ammoniacal+salts.">Augmenting laboratory rearing of stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae with ammoniacal salts.</a> J. Insect Sci. 17 (1), 1-6 (2017).</li><li>Berkebile, D. R., Weinhold, A. P., Taylor, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+method+for+collecting+clean+stable+fly+(Diptera:Muscidae)+pupae+of+known+age.">A new method for collecting clean stable fly (Diptera:Muscidae) pupae of known age.</a> Southwest. Entomol. 34 (4), 469-476 (2009).</li><li>Champlain, R. A., Fisk, F. W., Dowdy, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+improvements+in+rearing+stable+flies.">Some improvements in rearing stable flies.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 47 (5), 940-941 (1954).</li><li>Zumpt, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The stomoxyine biting flies of the world. , (1973).</li><li>Wienhold, B. J., Taylor, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Substrate+properties+of+stable+fly+(Diptera:+Muscidae)+developmental+sites+associated+with+round+bale+hay+feeding+sites+in+eastern+Nebraska.">Substrate properties of stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) developmental sites associated with round bale hay feeding sites in eastern Nebraska.</a> Environ. Entomol. 41 (2), 213-221 (2012).</li><li>Friesen, K., Berkebile, D. R., Wienhold, B. J., Durso, L., Zhu, J., Taylor, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+parameters+associated+with+stable+fly+(Diptera:+Muscidae)+development+at+hay+feeding+sites.">Environmental parameters associated with stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) development at hay feeding sites.</a> Environ. Entomol. 45 (3), 570-576 (2016).</li><li>Albuquerque, T. A., Zurek, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+changes+in+the+bacterial+community+of+animal+feces+and+their+correlation+with+stable+fly+oviposition,+larval+development,+and+adult+fitness.">Temporal changes in the bacterial community of animal feces and their correlation with stable fly oviposition, larval development, and adult fitness.</a> Front. Microbiol. 5 (590), 1-9 (2014).</li><li>Bailey, D. L., Whitfield, T. L., LaBrecque, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+biology+and+techniques+for+mass+producing+the+stable+fly,+Stomoxys+calcitrans+(L.)+(Diptera:+Muscidae).">Laboratory biology and techniques for mass producing the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae).</a> J. Med. Entomol. 12 (2), 189-193 (1975).</li><li>Smith, J. P., Hall, R. D., Thomas, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+studies+on+mortality+of+the+immature+stages+of+the+stable+fly+(Diptera:+Muscidae).">Field studies on mortality of the immature stages of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae).</a> Environ. Entomol. 14 (6), 881-890 (1985).</li></ol>

稳定的苍蝇可以发现发展在广泛的各种基质的性质, 可以饲养在许多类型的媒体在实验室。我们用木屑和蛭石作膨胀剂。蛭石工作良好, 但使分离蛹从饲养培养基困难和昂贵 ($ 0.60/平底锅)。可能是由于增加了从培养基中分离蛹的严谨性, 羽化也降低了蛭石, 57% vs 75% 用于木屑。棉刨花可媲美蛭石, 但有时难以采购。最重要的成分似乎是植物或纤维素材料发酵和维持一个 "开放" 或良好的充气培养基和?...

稳定的苍蝇, Stomoxys calcitrans (L), 是 hematophagous 苍蝇, 其痛苦的叮咬扰乱牲畜的放牧行为, 造成痛苦和痛苦的同伴动物和扰乱人类娱乐活动的世界各地。不成熟的稳定蝇生长在发酵的植物物质, 经常被动物粪便污染。改变农艺做法和农作物造成了作物残留物的稳定蝇的严重暴发, 澳大利亚的蔬菜1, 巴西的甘蔗2, 哥斯达黎加的菠萝3。虽然每只动物的14只稳定苍蝇被认为是经济阈值4, 但在最近的疫情中, 每只动物的2000多只苍蝇的观测结果已经达到5。这种侵扰程度将主机生产率降低到接近零, 并可能导致死亡率6。由于 agronomically 相关的暴发, 稳定的苍蝇正在接受新的兴趣和对实验室殖民地的需求急剧增加。
对于所有 holometamorphic 昆虫, 稳定的苍蝇在未成熟或幼体阶段获得生长所需的所有养分。因此, 饲养系统的一个重要组成部分是幼虫饮食或基质。稳定的蝇幼虫已经观察到在田间7的广泛基质中发展, 它们依赖于基底8,9的微生物群落。天然幼虫基质主要由分解或发酵经常被含氮废物污染的营养物质组成。
在实验室饲养中, 稳定的蝇幼虫基质通常由营养物质和添加的氮源组成。大量的材料已用于稳定的飞行幼虫饮食。第一种幼虫饮食模仿天然基质, 包括发酵燕麦秸秆和马或牛粪10,11。碳水化合物来源包括麦麸12、13、14、苜蓿膳食12、13、14和由化学专业开发的商业配方。制造商协会 (CSMA, 33% 麦麸, 27% 苜蓿膳食, 40% 啤酒酵母颗粒)13,14,15,16。氮源包括酵母悬浮液12、鱼粉和碳酸氢铵17。惰性膨胀材料通常包括燕麦壳12, 蔗渣13, 蛭石16, 木片13,18和颗粒花生壳14。
实验室饲养的一个主要目标是生产一种与 "野生型" 相似的产品, 以便实验室实验能产生反映田间人群的结果。这就要求最大限度地减少育种和选择, 以维持遗传多样性, 并使营养资源与实地的情况相媲美。次要目标是尽量减少劳动和开支。减少开支的一个主要组成部分是利用当地现有的饮食成分。为实现这些目标, 研制了稳定的飞养系统。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamalt</td>
			<td>Premier Malt Products, Inc., Saddle Brook, NJ</td>
			<td>2540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CSMA Fly media</td>
			<td>Purina Animal Nutrition, Arden Hills, MN</td>
			<td>5S6Z</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin Maxi Pad</td>
			<td>The Tranzonic Co., Cleveland, OH, USA</td>
			<td>5001M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calf Manna</td>
			<td>MannaPro, Chesterfield, MO, USA</td>
			<td>Manna Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp, Gardena, CA</td>
			<td>A1125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wheat bran, Coarse</td>
			<td>Siemer Milling Company, Teutopolis, IL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wood shavings</td>
			<td>Tractor Supply Company, Brentwood, TN</td>
			<td>502770699</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fishmeal</td>
			<td>Consumer Supply Distributing, North Sioux City, SD</td>
			<td>F1550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adult cages</td>
			<td>All Aluminum Window Company, Lincoln, Ne</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>45 &#215; 45 &#215; 45 cm, 18 &#215; 16 mesh aluminum screen, stockinette access</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9 &#215; 28 cm black cotton cloth</td>
			<td>Robert Kaufman Fabrics, Los Angeles, CA</td>
			<td>K040-114</td>
			<td>Egging cloth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 liter plastic dish pans</td>
			<td>Rubbermaid, Saratoga Springs, NY</td>
			<td>FG2951ARWHT</td>
			<td>Larval pans</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stockinette, Cotton, 12&#34; X 25 yd roll</td>
			<td>Tex-Care Medical Company, Burlington, NC</td>
			<td>91311-225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory rearing of stable flies and other muscoid diptera

稳定的苍蝇, Stomoxys calcitrans, 是家畜, 人类, 同伴动物和野生动物的严重害虫。在过去的20年中, 农艺做法的变化导致几个国家的稳定蝇的严重暴发。这些暴发扰乱了牲畜生产和人类的娱乐活动, 导致公众要求为这种害虫增加研究和管理工作。提出了一种简单、廉价的用于实验室研究的稳定蝇的饲养方法。该程序使用当地现有的饮食成分, 设备和用品。该程序可适用于饲养其他 muscoid 苍蝇, 包括面部苍蝇 (蝇 autumnalis), 喇叭飞行 (Haematobia irritans), 和房子苍蝇 (家蝇)。该程序生产稳定的飞行蛹平均12.5 毫克和35% 鸡蛋的成年生存。大约3000只苍蝇在每个平底锅被生产。

幼虫 pupariate 10–14天和成人在产卵后14–16天出现。世代时间, 蛋到蛋, 是 ~ 24 天。2013年5月至2017年1月的饲养数据有三种不同的膨胀剂和两个菌落,如图 5所示。白杨提供了最好的产量, 3867 ±1442<img alt="Equation" src="/files/ftp_upload/57341/57341eq1.jpg"> </img> (标准偏差) 蛹重12.5 ±1.6 毫克74±19% 羽化生产2872±1294成年蝇为建立的实验室殖民地。性别比例略有偏向女性 0...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera at JoVE.com

Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera

提出了一种饲养稳定蝇 (Stomoxys calcitrans) 的方法。该程序使用当地现有的材料, 为膳食成分, 设备和用品。

稳定蝇及其他 Muscoid 双翅目的实验室饲养

Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, are serious pests of livestock, humans, companion animals and wildlife worldwide. During the last 20+ years, changes in ...

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Preparation of Germ-Free Nasonia Rearing Medium (NRM) (Video) | JoVE 

无菌 纳索尼亚 饲养培养基（NRM）的制备

Germ-Free Wasp Embryo Collection and Rearing with Nasonia-Rearing Medium (NRM)

Germ-Free Wasp Embryo Collection and Rearing with Nasonia-Rearing Medium (NRM) (Video) | JoVE 

使用 Nasonia饲养基（NRM）进行无菌黄蜂胚胎收集和饲养