Name: the mplex protocol for multi-omic analyses of soil samples
Uploaded: 2018-05-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The MPLEx Protocol for Multi-omic Analyses of Soil Samples at JoVE.com

Författarna vill tacka Nathan Johnson för hans hjälp i förberedelserna siffrorna. Denna forskning stöddes av det Pan-omics-Program som finansieras av US Department of Energy's Office av biologiska och miljöforskning (genomisk Science Program), Microbiomes i övergången (MinT) laboratorium riktad forskningsutveckling Initiativ på Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, liksom de nationella institut för hälsa nationella institutet av Environmental Health Sciences (R01 ES022190) och NIH (P42 ES027704). KEBJ vill tacka R21 HD084788 för ekonomiskt stöd för att utveckla och validera nya multi-miska utvinning tekniker. Detta arbete utfördes i den W. R. Wiley miljömässiga Molecular Sciences laboratorium (EMSL), en DOE nationella vetenskapliga användaren anläggning på Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL är ett nationellt laboratorium för flera program drivs av Battelle för DOE under kontrakt DE-AC06-76RL01830.

Obs: Mycket våta jordar kan vara förpackat i frystorkat skick före extraktion utan nackdel för effektiviteten av utvinningen. Våt jord kan också användas men bör övervägas när du lägger till reagenser på specifika förhållanden.
Obs: Det rekommenderas att använda 20 g torr jord vikt per utvinning, som måste delas mellan två 50 mL rör (max 10 g jord per 50 mL tub). Extraktioner kan skalas upp eller ned beroende tillgängliga urvalet.
Obs: Torr jordp...

<ol>
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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+proteome+and+lipidome+profiles+reveal+hepatitis+C+virus-associated+reprogramming+of+hepatocellular+metabolism+and+bioenergetics.">Temporal proteome and lipidome profiles reveal hepatitis C virus-associated reprogramming of hepatocellular metabolism and bioenergetics.</a> PLoS Pathog. 6, e1000719 (2010).</li><li>Alquier, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deletion+of+GPR40+impairs+glucose-induced+insulin+secretion+in+vivo+in+mice+without+affecting+intracellular+fuel+metabolism+in+islets.">Deletion of GPR40 impairs glucose-induced insulin secretion in vivo in mice without affecting intracellular fuel metabolism in islets.</a> Diabetes. 58, 2607-2615 (2009).</li><li>Ding, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+the+accurate+mass+and+time+tag+approach+in+studies+of+the+human+blood+lipidome.">Application of the accurate mass and time tag approach in studies of the human blood lipidome.</a> J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 871, 243-252 (2008).</li><li>Rasmussen, A. 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R., Zougman, A., Nagaraj, N., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Universal+sample+preparation+method+for+proteome+analysis.">Universal sample preparation method for proteome analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 6, 359-362 (2009).</li><li>Zhou, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+sodium+dodecyl+sulfate-assisted+sample+preparation+method+for+LC-MS-based+proteomics+applications.">Simple sodium dodecyl sulfate-assisted sample preparation method for LC-MS-based proteomics applications.</a> Anal Chem. 84, 2862-2867 (2012).</li><li>Anderson, J. 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Det är viktigt att notera att inte alla laboratorier har samma tillgängliga utrustning så vissa metoder, till exempel lysis steget kan anpassas. Här använder vi vortexa och sonicating, men användningen av en stor 50 mL pärla visp skulle fungera. Om det inte finns en lyophilizer med en collector temperatur kan-105 ° C, kan då prover torkas under en kväve-ström. Även jordtyper varierar kraftigt och kan innehålla sand, silt, lera, torv och loam (etc.), och de kan också variera beroende på pH, salthal...

Utvärdera jord mikrobiella samhällen har stor betydelse för att förstå kol cykling och klimat förändring. Nyare studier har emellertid betonat svårigheter, till exempel bristen på sekvenserat genomet för bakterieflora i olika jordtyper och funktionen okänd för många av de proteiner som upptäckts. Dessa utmaningar resultatet på grund av jord att vara gemenskapens mest komplexa mikrobiella känt hittills1,2,3. Multi-miska analyser, som kombinerar resultaten från gjorts, metatranscriptomic, metaproteomic, metabolomiska och lipidomic studier, har nyligen genomförts i ett flertal jord studier att få en större förståelse i Mikroberna som är närvarande, medan få omfattande information om de molekylära förändringar som sker på grund av miljömässiga störningar1,4,5. En utmaning med multi-miska studier är att masspektrometri (MS)-baserat metaproteomic, metabolomiska och lipidomic mätningar kräver vanligtvis en specifika extraheringen för varje miska MS kompatibel6,7 , 8 , 9. dessa exakta förfaranden göra deras genomförande ytterst svårt eller omöjligt när endast en begränsad mängd prov finns. Dessa utmaningar har föranlett oss att undersöka en samtidig metabolit, protein och lipid utvinning (MPLEx) metod kan använda mindre provvolymer eller massorna, förbättra noggrannheten och ge snabbare prov förberedelserna för alla tre analyser 10. hittills, det finns inga alternativa jord utvinning förfaranden som kan uppnå alla dessa mål.
För att aktivera global multi-miska analyser av ett enda jordprov, var en ekologisk vätskeextraktion protokollet baseras på kloroform, metanol och vatten separationer utnyttjad10. Denna metod utvecklades ursprungligen för totala lipid extraktioner9,11 och mer nyligen ändrats för samtidiga utvinning av metaboliter, proteiner och lipider från en enda prov12,13 ,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22, 23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30, möjliggör mindre prov kvantitet och experimentell variabilitet10. I MPLEx protokoll är kloroform inte blandbar med vatten, vilket utgör grunden för trifasiskt kemisk separation av provet beståndsdelar i olika fraktioner. Den översta vattenhaltiga fasen innehåller därför de hydrofila metaboliter, följt av en protein-disk, och sedan ett lipidskikt i den nedre kloroformfasens (figur 1). När MPLEx appliceras på de flesta jordar, partikulära rester ackumuleras på botten av provtagning rören och kan kastas efter alla lager samlas. Varje jordart kan vara olika, dock, och i mycket organisk jord såsom torv, jord skräp stannar i mellanskiktet och inte faller till botten av provtagning röret. MPLEx ger flera fördelar när isolera flera molekyl skriver från samma prov som 1) mindre prov kvantiteter kan användas för multi-miska analyser, 2) multi-miska extraktioner från samma prov minskningen övergripande experimentella variabilitet, och (3) större antal prover kan förberedas mycket snabbare för högre genomströmning studier10. Tillsammans dessa fördelar är avgörande för att ge bättre mätning kapacitet för utvärdering av jordprover och deras komplexa mikrobiella samhällen.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>650498</td>
			<td>Stored at -20&#176;C !Caution chloroform has acute potential health effects, skin irritation and possible chemical burns, irritation to the respiratory system, may affect the kidneys, liver, heart. Wear suitable protective glasses, clothing and gloves, work in a fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34860</td>
			<td>Stored at -20&#176;C !Caution Methanol may cause respiratory tract, skin and eye irritation, may damage the nerves, kidneys and liver. Wear suitable protective glasses, clothing and gloves, work in a fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified water from Millipore</td>
			<td>Milli-Q</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Water purification system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L6026</td>
			<td>!Caution SDS causes acute toxicity and is flammable. It is a skin, eye and airway irritant. Wear gloves and safety glasses.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soil protein extraction kit</td>
			<td>MoBio, NoviPure Soil Protein Extraction Kit, Qiagen</td>
			<td>30000-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DL-dithiothreitol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>43815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1M Trizma HCL</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T2694</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trichloroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T0699</td>
			<td>!Caution TCA is caustic, toxic and may cause skin burns. Wear gloves and safety glasses.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>650501</td>
			<td>Stored at -20&#176;C !Caution Acetone may cause respiratory tract and skin and eye irritation. Flammable liquid and vapor. Wear safety glasses gloves and a lab coat, work in a fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>208884</td>
			<td>!Caution Urea is an eye and skin irritant, use gloves and safety glasses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>09830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V528A</td>
			<td>20&#181;g vials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium Formate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>09735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34998</td>
			<td>!Caution Acetonitrile is a skin and eye irritant. Highly flammable. Wear gloves and safety glasses. Work in a fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6508</td>
			<td>!Caution TFA is extremely hazardous in case of skin contact, eye contact, ingestion and inhalation. May produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Wear gloves, lab coat, safety glasses and work in a fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methoxyamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>226904</td>
			<td>!Caution Methoxyamine hydrochloride causes severe burns and serious damage to eyes, may cause sensitization by skin contact. Wear safety glasses, gloves and lab coat, work in a fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>270970</td>
			<td>!Caution Pyridine can cause skin and eye irritation, central nervous system depression. Vapor may cause flash fire. Wear safety glasses, gloves and lab coat, work in a fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1% trimethylchlorosilane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>69478</td>
			<td>!Caution MSTFA + 1% TMCS can cause skin corrosion, serious eye damage and specific target organ toxicity. Flammable liquid and vapor. Wear safety glasses, gloves and lab coat, work in a fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milli-Q water purification system</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>model MPGP04001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td>SI-0236</td>
			<td>Vortex Genie 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Probe sonicator</td>
			<td>FisherBrand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>model FB505</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>model 5810R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL tube swinging bucket rotor</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>A-4-44</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL fixed angle rotor</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>FA-45-6-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Balance</td>
			<td>OHAUS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>model V22PWE150IT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipette controller</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>12-654-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10mL, 25mL glass serological pipettes</td>
			<td>FisherBrand</td>
			<td>13-678-27F, 13-678-36D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermomixer with Thermotop</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5382000015, 5308000003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9 &#8211; 2.0 mm blend stainless steel beads</td>
			<td>NextAdvance</td>
			<td>SSB14B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.15 mm garnet beads</td>
			<td>MoBio</td>
			<td>13122-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stir plate</td>
			<td>FisherBrand</td>
			<td>11-100-16SH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stir bar</td>
			<td>FisherBrand</td>
			<td>14512130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH paper strips, pH range 0&#8211;14</td>
			<td>FisherBrand</td>
			<td>M95903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15mL, 50mL conical polypropylene centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>21-103 21-108</td>
			<td>chloroform compatible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL vortex attachment</td>
			<td>MoBio</td>
			<td>13000-V1-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice bucket</td>
			<td>FisherBrand</td>
			<td>02-591-44</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27.25x70mm glass vials</td>
			<td>FisherBrand</td>
			<td>03-339-22K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Breathe Easier plate membranes</td>
			<td>Midwest Scientific</td>
			<td>BERM-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol wipes</td>
			<td>Diversified Biotech</td>
			<td>BPWP-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heater shaker incubator</td>
			<td>Benchmark, Incu-Shaker Mini</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analog rotisserie tube rotator</td>
			<td>SoCal BioMed, LLC</td>
			<td>82422001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter-Aided-Sample-Prep kit</td>
			<td>FASP; Expedeon</td>
			<td>44250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader</td>
			<td>Biotek, EPOCH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>-20 Degree Celsius Freezer</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13986149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>-80 Degree Celsius Freezer</td>
			<td>Stirling Ultracold</td>
			<td>SU78OUE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Q-Exactive ion trap mass spectrometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph coupled with a single quadrupole 5975C mass spectrometer</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LTQ-Orbitrap Velo</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Waters NanoEquityTM UPLC system</td>
			<td>Millford, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250mL media bottle</td>
			<td>FisherBrand</td>
			<td>1395-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Waters vial</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>186002805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass MS sample vial and inserts</td>
			<td>MicroSolv</td>
			<td>9502S-WCV, 9502S-02ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass HPLC vial and snap caps</td>
			<td>MicroSolv</td>
			<td>9512C-0DCV, 9502C-10C-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC 96-well plate</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5042-6454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large glass vial 27.25x70mm</td>
			<td>FisherBrand</td>
			<td>03-339-22K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lyophilizer</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>7934021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polished stainless steel flat head spatula</td>
			<td>Spoonula; FisherBrand</td>
			<td>14-375-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kim wipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>34721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XBridge C18, 250x4.6 mm, 5 &#956;M with 4.6x20 mm guard column</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>186003117, 186003064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent 1100 series HPLC system</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G1380-90000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.7mL centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Sorenson</td>
			<td>11700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton Glass Syringes, 5mL, 50&#181;L and 250&#181;L</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>81517, 80975, 81175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur Pipettes</td>
			<td>FisherBrand</td>
			<td>13-678-20A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur Pipette Bulbs</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z111597</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bath Sonicator</td>
			<td>Branson 1800 Ultrasonic Cleaner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Centrifuge</td>
			<td colspan="2">Labconco Centrivap Acid-Resistant Concentrator System</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroSpin Columns, C18 Silica</td>
			<td>The Nest Group</td>
			<td>SEM SS18V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the mplex protocol for multi-omic analyses of soil samples

Masspektrometri (MS)-baserade integrerade metaproteomic, metabolomiska och lipidomic (multi-miska) studier förändrar vår förmåga att förstå och beskriva mikrobiella samhällen inom miljömässiga och biologiska system. Dessa mätningar även möjliggör bättre analyser av komplexa jord mikrobiella samhällen, som är den mest komplexa mikrobiella system kända hittills. Multi-miska analyser, men har prov förberedelse utmaningar, eftersom separata extraktioner behövs vanligen för varje miska studie, därmed kraftigt förstärka en förberedelsetid och mängden prov krävs. För att lösa denna begränsning, skapades en 3-i-1 metod för samtidig utvinning av metaboliter, proteiner och lipider (MPLEx) från samma jordprov genom att anpassa en lösningsmedelsbaserad strategi. Detta MPLEx protokoll har visat sig vara både enkel och robust för många typer av prov, även när utnyttjas för begränsade mängder av komplexa jordprover. Metoden MPLEx aktiverad också mycket snabb multi-miska mätningarna behövs för att få en bättre förståelse av medlemmarna i varje mikrobiell gemenskapen, medan utvärdera de förändringar som sker vid biologiska och ekologiska störningar.

När protokollet MPLEx användes för att utvinna molekyler ur Kansas infödda prairie jord (en Mollisol jord), föreskrivs de tre exemplar analyserna resultat 3376 peptider, 105 lipider och 102 polära metaboliter (alla unika identifieringar). Medan MPLEx protokollet har varit väl etablerade för allmänna utvinning av lipider och metaboliter12,13,14,15,<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The MPLEx Protocol for Multi-omic Analyses of Soil Samples at JoVE.com

The MPLEx Protocol for Multi-omic Analyses of Soil Samples

Ett protokoll presenteras för samtidigt utvinna metaboliter, proteiner och lipider från ett enda jordprov, möjliggör reducerat prov förberedelse gånger och aktivera multi-miska masspektrometri analyser av prover med begränsade kvantiteter.

MPLEx protokollet för Multi-miska analyser av jordprover

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based integrated metaproteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic (multi-omic) studies are transforming our ability to understand and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Transport av Ytmodifierade kolnanorör via ett mark Kolumn

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles, which are being utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, ...

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

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The guanidine functional group, displayed most prominently in the amino acid arginine, one of the fundamental building blocks of life, is an important ...

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Protokoll för syntes av<em&gt; Ortho</em&gt; -trifluoromethoxylated anilinderivat

Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of ...

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

Ett protokoll för produktion av Gliadin-cyanoakrylat Nanopartiklar för hydrofil beläggning

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray ...

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

En enkel och effektiv protokoll för katalytisk Insertion polymerisation av funktionella norbornener

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic ...

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents

Ett protokoll för säker litiering Reaktioner Använda litiumorganisk Reagens

Organolithium reagents are powerful tools in the synthetic chemist&#39;s toolbox. However, the extreme pyrophoric nature of the most reactive reagents ...

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

En optimerat protokoll för effektiv Radiomärkning av guld nanopartiklar med hjälp av en<sup&gt; 125</sup&gt; I-märkt Azid prostetisk grupp

Here, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for the radiosynthesis of a 125I-labeled azide prosthetic group and its application to the efficient ...

Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) and Related Biomaterials

Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles PPAs and Related Biomaterials

Facile protokoll för syntesen av självmonterande Polyamine-baserade peptid Amphiphiles (energiköpsavtalen) och relaterade biomaterial

Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) are a new class of self-assembling amphiphilic biomaterials-related to the peptide amphiphiles (PAs). ...

Automation of a Positron-emission Tomography (PET) Radiotracer Synthesis Protocol for Clinical Production

Automation of a Positron-emission Tomography PET Radiotracer Synthesis Protocol for Clinical Production

Automatisering av ett Positron-emission Tomography (PET) Radiotracer syntes protokoll för klinisk produktion

The development of new positron-emission tomography (PET) tracers is enabling researchers and clinicians to image an increasingly wide array of biological ...

Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution  X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Biologiska prover Förberedelse för speciering vid kryogen temperatur med hjälp av högupplöst röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopi

The study of elements with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is of particular interest when studying the role of metals in biological systems. Sample ...