Name: recombinant collagen i peptide microcarriers for cell expansion and their potential use as cell delivery system in a bioreactor model
Uploaded: 2018-02-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recombinant Collagen I Peptide Microcarriers for Cell Expansion and Their Potential Use As Cell Delivery System in a Bioreactor Model at JoVE.com

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n&#176; 607051 (BIO-INSPIRE). We thank Carolien van Spreuwel-Goossens from Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V., for the technical assistance during RCP manufacturing, and Werner Stracke from Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, for assistance with the SEM analysis.

hBMSCs were isolated from the femur head of osteoarthritis patients undergoing femur head replacement surgery. The procedure was performed under the approval of the Local Ethics Committee of the University of Wuerzburg and informed consent of the patients. Primary microvascular endothelial cells were isolated from foreskin biopsies of juvenile donors. Their legal representative(s) provided full informed consent in writing. The study was approved by the local ethical board of the University of Wuerzburg (vote 182/10)....

<ol>
	<li>Li, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Past,+present,+and+future+of+microcarrier-based+tissue+engineering.">Past, present, and future of microcarrier-based tissue engineering.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic. 3 (2), 51-57 (2015).</li><li>Rodrigues, M. E., Costa, A. R., Henriques, M., Azeredo, J., Oliveira, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+solid+and+porous+microcarriers+for+cell+growth+and+production+of+recombinant+proteins.">Evaluation of solid and porous microcarriers for cell growth and production of recombinant proteins.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1104, 137-147 (2014).</li><li>Akhmanova, M., Osidak, E., Domogatsky, S., Rodin, S., Domogatskaya, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical,+Spatial,+and+Molecular+Aspects+of+Extracellular+Matrix+of+In+Vivo+Niches+and+Artificial+Scaffolds+Relevant+to+Stem+Cells+Research.">Physical, Spatial, and Molecular Aspects of Extracellular Matrix of In Vivo Niches and Artificial Scaffolds Relevant to Stem Cells Research.</a> Stem Cells Int. 2015, 167025 (2015).</li><li>Sart, S., Tsai, A. C., Li, Y., Ma, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+aggregates+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells:+cellular+mechanisms,+biological+properties,+and+applications.">Three-dimensional aggregates of mesenchymal stem cells: cellular mechanisms, biological properties, and applications.</a> Tissue Eng Part B. Rev. 20, 365-380 (2014).</li><li>Fitzgerald, K. A., Malhotra, M., Curtin, C. M., Brien, F. J. O., O'Driscoll, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life+in+3D+is+never+flat:+3D+models+to+optimise+drug+delivery.">Life in 3D is never flat: 3D models to optimise drug delivery.</a> Journal of Controlled Release. 215, 39-54 (2015).</li><li>Tan, K. Y., Reuveny, S., Oh, S. K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+serum-free+microcarrier+expansion+of+mesenchymal+stromal+cells:+Parameters+to+be+optimized.">Recent advances in serum-free microcarrier expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells: Parameters to be optimized.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 473, 769-773 (2016).</li><li>de Soure, A. M., Fernandes-Platzgummer, A., da Silva, C. L., Cabral, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scalable+microcarrier-based+manufacturing+of+mesenchymal+stem/stromal+cells.">Scalable microcarrier-based manufacturing of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells.</a> J Biotechnol. 236, 88-109 (2016).</li><li>Schop, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expansion+of+human+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+on+microcarriers:+growth+and+metabolism.">Expansion of human mesenchymal stromal cells on microcarriers: growth and metabolism.</a> J Tissue Eng Regen. Med. 4, 131-140 (2010).</li><li>Carmelo, J. G., Fernandes-Platzgummer, A., Diogo, M. M., da Silva, C. L., Cabral, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+xeno-free+microcarrier-based+stirred+culture+system+for+the+scalable+expansion+of+human+mesenchymal+stem/stromal+cells+isolated+from+bone+marrow+and+adipose+tissue.">A xeno-free microcarrier-based stirred culture system for the scalable expansion of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissue.</a> Biotechnol J. 10, 1235-1247 (2015).</li><li>Malda, J., Frondoza, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microcarriers+in+the+engineering+of+cartilage+and+bone.">Microcarriers in the engineering of cartilage and bone.</a> Trends Biotechnol. 24, 299-304 (2006).</li><li>Chen, A. K., Reuveny, S., Oh, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+human+mesenchymal+and+pluripotent+stem+cell+microcarrier+cultures+in+cellular+therapy:+achievements+and+future+direction.">Application of human mesenchymal and pluripotent stem cell microcarrier cultures in cellular therapy: achievements and future direction.</a> Biotechnol Adv. 31, 1032-1046 (2013).</li><li>Confalonieri, D., La Marca, M., van Dongen, E., Walles, H., Ehlicke, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Injectable+Recombinant+Collagen+I+Peptide-Based+Macroporous+Microcarrier+Allows+Superior+Expansion+of+C2C12+and+Human+Bone+Marrow-Derived+Mesenchymal+Stromal+Cells+and+Supports+Deposition+of+Mineralized+Matrix.">An Injectable Recombinant Collagen I Peptide-Based Macroporous Microcarrier Allows Superior Expansion of C2C12 and Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Supports Deposition of Mineralized Matrix.</a> Tissue Eng Part A. , (2017).</li><li>Davidenko, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+crosslinking+for+tailoring+collagen-based+scaffolds+stability+and+mechanics.">Control of crosslinking for tailoring collagen-based scaffolds stability and mechanics.</a> Acta biomaterialia. 25, 131-142 (2015).</li><li>Jin, G. Z., Park, J. H., Seo, S. J., Kim, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+cell+culture+on+porous+biopolymer+microcarriers+in+a+spinner+flask+for+bone+tissue+engineering:+a+feasibility+study.">Dynamic cell culture on porous biopolymer microcarriers in a spinner flask for bone tissue engineering: a feasibility study.</a> Biotechnol Lett. 36, 1539-1548 (2014).</li><li>Bae, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Building+Vascular+Networks.">Building Vascular Networks.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 4 (160), 160ps23 (2012).</li><li>Cao, L., Wang, J., Hou, J., Xing, W., Liu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascularization+and+bone+regeneration+in+a+critical+sized+defect+using+2-N,+6-O-sulfated+chitosan+nanoparticles+incorporating+BMP-2.">Vascularization and bone regeneration in a critical sized defect using 2-N, 6-O-sulfated chitosan nanoparticles incorporating BMP-2.</a> Biomaterials. 35 (2), 684-698 (2014).</li><li>Novosel, E., Kleinhans, C., Kluger, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascularization+is+the+key+challenge+in+tissue+engineering.">Vascularization is the key challenge in tissue engineering.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 63 (4-5), 300-311 (2011).</li><li>Cartmell, S. H., Porter, B. D., Garc&#237;a, A. J., Guldberg, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+medium+perfusion+on+cell-seeded+three-dimensional+bone+constructs+in+vitro.">Effects of medium perfusion on cell-seeded three-dimensional bone constructs in vitro.</a> Tissue Engineering. 9 (6), 1197-1203 (2004).</li><li>Schanz, J., Pusch, J., Hansmann, J., Walles, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascularised+human+tissue+models:+a+new+approach+for+the+refinement+of+biomedical+research.">Vascularised human tissue models: a new approach for the refinement of biomedical research.</a> Journal of biotechnology. 148 (1), 56-63 (2010).</li><li>Steinke, M., Gross, R., Walles, H., Sch&#252;tze, K., Walles, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+engineered+3D+human+airway+mucosa+model+based+on+a+SIS+scaffold.">An engineered 3D human airway mucosa model based on a SIS scaffold.</a> Biomaterials. 35 (26), 7355-7362 (2014).</li><li>Moll, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+Engineering+of+a+Human+3D+in+vitro+Tumor+Test+System.">Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (78), e50460 (2013).</li><li>Groeber, F., Kahlig, A., Loff, S., Walles, H., Hansmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+bioreactor+system+for+interfacial+culture+and+physiological+perfusion+of+vascularized+tissue+equivalents.">A bioreactor system for interfacial culture and physiological perfusion of vascularized tissue equivalents.</a> Biotechnology Journal. 8, 308-316 (2013).</li><li>Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+vessels+and+endothelial+cells.">Blood vessels and endothelial cells.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cells. , (2002).</li><li>Logsdon, E. A., Finley, S. D., Popel, A. S., Gabhann, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systems+biology+view+of+blood+vessel+growth+and+remodeling.">A systems biology view of blood vessel growth and remodeling.</a> Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 18 (8), 1491-1508 (2014).</li><li>Scheller, K., Dally, I., Hartmann, N., M&#252;nst, B., Braspenning, J., Walles, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upcyte&#174;+Microvascular+endothelial+cells+repopulate+decellularized+scaffold.">Upcyte&#174; Microvascular endothelial cells repopulate decellularized scaffold.</a> Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods. 19 (1), 57-67 (2012).</li><li>Nietzer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mimicking+Metastases+Including+Tumor+Stroma:+A+New+Technique+to+Generate+a+Three-Dimensional+Colorectal+Cancer+Model+Based+on+a+Biological+Decellularized+Intestinal+Scaffold.">Mimicking Metastases Including Tumor Stroma: A New Technique to Generate a Three-Dimensional Colorectal Cancer Model Based on a Biological Decellularized Intestinal Scaffold.</a> Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods. 22 (7), 621-635 (2016).</li><li>G&#246;ttlich, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Combined+3D+Tissue+Engineered+In+Vitro/In+Silico+Lung+Tumor+Model+for+Predicting+Drug+Effectiveness+in+Specific+Mutational+Backgrounds.">A Combined 3D Tissue Engineered In Vitro/In Silico Lung Tumor Model for Predicting Drug Effectiveness in Specific Mutational Backgrounds.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (110), e53885 (2016).</li><li>Stratmann, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+a+human+3D+lung+cancer+model+based+on+a+biological+tissue+matrix+combined+with+a+Boolean+in+silico+model.">Establishment of a human 3D lung cancer model based on a biological tissue matrix combined with a Boolean in silico model.</a> Molecular oncology. 8 (2), 351-365 (2014).</li><li>Groeber, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+first+vascularized+skin+equivalent+for+as+an+alternative+to+animal+experimentation.">A first vascularized skin equivalent for as an alternative to animal experimentation.</a> Altex. 33 (4), 415-422 (2016).</li><li>Plunkett, N., O'Brien, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioreactors+in+tissue+engineering.">Bioreactors in tissue engineering.</a> Technology and Health Care. 19 (1), 55-69 (2011).</li><li>Nienow, A. W., Rafiq, Q. A., Coopman, K., Hewitt, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+potentially+scalable+method+for+the+harvesting+of+hMSCs+from+microcarriers.">A potentially scalable method for the harvesting of hMSCs from microcarriers.</a> Biochemical Engineering Journal. 85, 79-88 (2014).</li><li>Fischer, A. H., Jacobson, K. A., Rose, J., Zeller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematoxylin+and+eosin+staining+of+tissue+and+cell+sections.">Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue and cell sections.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2008 (5), pdb-prot4986 (2008).</li></ol>

One main goal of microcarrier is the expansion of cells while maintaining their differentiation in order to deliver cells to the place of need. The represented method introduce RCP microcarriers where cells were able to attach, proliferate, and colonize the microcarriers with high cell density. This was observed by live/dead staining, in which more than 90% of viable cells were detected while only few dead cells were obtained after 7 days of dynamic cultures. Likewise, the SEM images confirmed that the cells covered the ...

One general problem in tissue engineering applications is to yield a high cell mass with the correct differentiation phenotype at the location of need. The application of microcarriers to address this issue started in 1967 with increasing significance to date in fields such as orthopaedic tissue engineering for large-scale generation of skin, bone, cartilage, and tendons1. They allow the handling of adherent cultures in ways similar to that of suspension cultures2 by expanding cells on microscale three-dimensional (3D) substrates. Thereby cells experience a homogeneous nutrient supply and cell-matrix interactions that lead to better maintenance of in vivo3,4 differentiation which is often lost over time in 2D approaches5. A higher surface-to-volume ratio - eventually leading to higher cell yields6,7, higher gas and nutrient exchange rates comparing to static systems8, the possibility to regulate and subject the culture to physical stimuli9, and the potential for scaling up of the expansion process7 are further advantages. Several features such as diameter, density, porosity, surface charge, and adhesion properties10,11 distinguish the different commercially available micro- and macro-carriers. However, one of the main advantage is their delivery potential as microtissues to site defect or demand.
For applications of the microcarrier technology in bone tissue engineering, we illustrated in a previous report12 the production of a new microcarrier type constituted of a recombinant collagen I peptide (RCP, commercially available as Cellnest). This new microcarrier allows the GMP-compliant up scaling of scaffold and cell production, as needed for cell delivery in a clinical scenario. In this context, tuning of scaffold stability, degradation rate, and surface properties through proper choice of a suited crosslinking strategy allows to adapt the technique to the selected application, cell type of interest or target tissue13. In particular, the potential employment of this microcarrier as an injectable cell delivery system for therapeutic application14 makes them particularly interesting in a clinical setting.
In this paper, we therefore illustrate the culturing procedure for the isolation and expansion of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) on collagen-I-based recombinant peptide-based microcarriers, and their preparation for delivery in a clinical setting. Furthermore, we describe additional protocols useful for the maintenance of cell viability upon implantation.
Cell viability after implantation is in fact strongly dependent on vascularization15,16,17, which ensures exchange of oxygen and nutrients and facilitates waste removal. Bioreactors constitute one approach to overcome vascularization challenges in tissue engineering and maintain cell viability, through perfusion of culture medium providing thereby oxygen and nutrients18. Here, we illustrate an in vitro method to evaluate the migration capability of microvascular endothelial cells from the RCP microcarriers to a biomatrix and their ability to contribute to the de novo vascularization and angiogenesis. This biomatrix is a decellularized segment of porcine jejunum termed BioVaSc (Biological Vascularized Scaffold), rich in collagen and elastin and with preserved vascular structures, which includes a feeding artery and a draining vein19 that has been applied for implantation issues20.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT)</td>
			<td>Serva Electrophoresis GmbH</td>
			<td>20395.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#8217;,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindoldihydrochloride (DAPI)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid 100%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>533,001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analytical balance Kern EG 2200-2NM</td>
			<td>Kern &#38; Sohn GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbate-2-phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioreactor</td>
			<td>Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Wuerzburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bright field microscope Axiovert 40C</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellnest</td>
			<td>Fujifilm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes (15 mL, 50 mL)</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen R solution 0,4%</td>
			<td>Serva Electrophoresis GmbH</td>
			<td>47254.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM-F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11320-033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td>Modified, without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin 1%</td>
			<td>Morphisto</td>
			<td>10177.01000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 96%</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>T171.4</td>
			<td>Denatured</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal calf serum (FCS)</td>
			<td>Bio&#38;SELL</td>
			<td>FCS.ADD.0500</td>
			<td>not heat-inactivated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microscope BZ-9000</td>
			<td>Keyence</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Haematoxylin</td>
			<td>Morphisto</td>
			<td>10231.01000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexamethyldisilazane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>440191</td>
			<td>Reagent grade, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator for bioreactor</td>
			<td>Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Wuerzburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Live/Dead Cell Double Staining Kit</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>04511KT-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stirrer plate</td>
			<td>2Mag</td>
			<td>80002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium 199</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M0650</td>
			<td>10X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader 
			Tecan Infinite M200</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle 21G 16mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>613-5389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Papain from papaya latex</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4762</td>
			<td>lyophilized powder, &#8805; 10 units/mg protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>6642.6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>Ismatec</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quanti-iT PicoGreen dsDNA assay kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>P7589</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histofix 4%</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>P087</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscope Supra 25</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide solution 1.0 N</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2770</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spinner flasks (25 mL)</td>
			<td>Wheaton</td>
			<td>356879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 1 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>720-2561</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture flasks (25 cm2, 75 cm2, 150 cm2)</td>
			<td>TPP Techno Plastik Products AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue 0.4%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VascuLife VEGF-Mv</td>
			<td>Lifeline cell technology</td>
			<td>LL-0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

recombinant collagen i peptide microcarriers for cell expansion and their potential use as cell delivery system in a bioreactor model

Tissue engineering is a promising field, focused on developing solutions for the increasing demand on tissues and organs regarding transplantation purposes. The process to generate such tissues is complex, and includes an appropriate combination of specific cell types, scaffolds, and physical or biochemical stimuli to guide cell growth and differentiation. Microcarriers represent an appealing tool to expand cells in a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment, since they provide higher surface-to volume ratios and mimic more closely the in vivo situation compared to traditional two-dimensional methods. The vascular system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and ensuring waste removal, constitutes an important building block when generating engineered tissues. In fact, most constructs fail after being implanted due to lacking vascular support. In this study, we present a protocol for endothelial cell expansion on recombinant collagen-based microcarriers under dynamic conditions in spinner flask and bioreactors, and we explain how to determine in this setting cell viability and functionality. In addition, we propose a method for cell delivery for vascularization purposes without additional detachment steps necessary. Furthermore, we provide a strategy to evaluate the cell vascularization potential in a perfusion bioreactor on a decellularized&#160;biological matrix. We believe that the use of the presented methods could lead to the development of new cell-based therapies for a large range of tissue engineering applications in the clinical practice.

As shown in Figure 1A, we obtained high number of viable cells on the RCP microcarriers after 7 days of culture, determined by live/dead staining. Those results were confirmed by SEM analysis, in which completely colonized microcarriers were observed around the pores, partly overgrowing them (Figure 1B). On the other hand, experiments in which cells were not evenly seeded resulted in several empty microcarriers. Failed experiment...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recombinant Collagen I Peptide Microcarriers for Cell Expansion and Their Potential Use As Cell Delivery System in a Bioreactor Model at JoVE.com

Recombinant Collagen I Peptide Microcarriers for Cell Expansion and Their Potential Use As Cell Delivery System in a Bioreactor Model

We propose a cell expansion protocol on macroporous microcarriers and their use as delivery system in a perfusion bioreactor to seed a decellularized tissue matrix. We also include different techniques to determine cell proliferation and viability of cells cultured on microcarriers. Furthermore, we demonstrate functionality of cells after bioreactor cultures.

Tissue engineering is a promising field, focused on developing solutions for the increasing demand on tissues and organs regarding transplantation ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Organotypic Collagen I Assay: A Malleable Platform to Assess Cell Behaviour in a 3-Dimensional Context

Cell migration is fundamental to many aspects of biology, including development, wound healing, the cellular responses of the immune system, and ...

Rotating Cell Culture Systems for Human Cell Culture: Human Trophoblast Cells as a Model

The field of human trophoblast research aids in  understanding the complex environment established during placentation. Due to the  nature of these ...

Constructing a Collagen Hydrogel for the Delivery of Stem Cell-loaded Chitosan Microspheres

Multipotent stem cells have been shown to be extremely useful in the field of regenerative medicine1-3. However, in order to use these cells effectively ...

Skin Tattooing As A Novel Approach For DNA Vaccine Delivery

Nucleic acid-based vaccination is a topic of growing interest, especially plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding immunologically important antigens. After the ...

Microfluidic Picoliter Bioreactor for Microbial Single-cell Analysis: Fabrication, System Setup, and Operation

In this protocol the fabrication, experimental setup and basic operation of the recently introduced microfluidic picoliter bioreactor (PLBR) is described ...

Cell Squeezing as a Robust, Microfluidic Intracellular Delivery Platform

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This ...

An Improved Method for the Preparation of Type I Collagen From Skin

Soluble type 1 collagen (COL1) is used extensively as an adhesive substrate for cell cultures and as a cellular scaffold for regenerative applications. ...

Cultivation of Mammalian Cells Using a Single-use Pneumatic Bioreactor System

Recent advances in mammalian, insect, and stem cell cultivation and scale-up have created tremendous opportunities for new therapeutics and personalized ...

Minced Tissue in Compressed Collagen: A Cell-containing Biotransplant for Single-staged Reconstructive Repair

Conventional techniques for cell expansion and transplantation of autologous cells for tissue engineering purposes can take place in specially equipped ...

Fabrication of Extracellular Matrix-derived Foams and Microcarriers as Tissue-specific Cell Culture and Delivery Platforms

Cell function is mediated by interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which has complex tissue-specific composition and architecture. The focus ...