Name: measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption in permeabilized fibers of drosophila using minimal amounts of tissue
Uploaded: 2018-04-07T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption in Permeabilized Fibers of Drosophila Using Minimal Amounts of Tissue at JoVE.com

这项研究的经费来自国家科学和工程研究理事会 (NSERC、发现补助金) 和大学的赠款给 NP。LHB 希望感谢加拿大卫生研究所 (卫生研究院)、新不伦瑞克省创新基金会 (NBIF) 和蒙古顿大学提供的资助。东隧的工作由加拿大阿尔茨海默病学会、加拿大脑部、 NSERC 、加拿癌基金会、新不伦瑞克省创新基金会、新不伦瑞克省健康研究基金会和大学提供支持。

1. 试剂制备
<ol><li>为组织的解剖和通透准备以下解决方案。<ol>
<li>准备保存解决方案: 2.77 mM CaK2EGTA, 7.23 毫米 k2EGTA, 5.77 毫米 Na2ATP, 6.56 毫米氯化镁2, 20 毫米牛磺酸, 15 毫米 Na2磷酸肌酸, 20 毫米咪唑, 0.5 毫米 dithiothreitol 和50毫米 k MES, pH 7.1 (可存储在-20 摄氏度)。</li>
		<li>准备皂苷溶液: 5 毫克的皂苷在1毫升的保存溶液 (每日准备新鲜)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>为呼?...

<ol>
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本文介绍了果蝇线粒体耗氧量测量前的样品制备方法。这种方法是为了克服与使用线粒体隔离有关的协议的不同问题, 特别是在持续时间和需要的个人数量方面。与线粒体隔离通常需要大量的组织从几个个体获得, 这个实验是对透肌纤维从胸部的几个果蝇。在本协议中, 只有三个人需要显示最佳结果。因此, 在不同的时间点测量线粒体耗氧量是可能的, 因为同步一小群具有相同年龄和相同性别的苍蝇...

在一个世纪的 1中, 果蝇, 即, 作为基因研究的模型有机体已经被使用了。这一有机体的研究不仅导致了关于性关联遗传的重要基础知识2, 变异率3, 神经系统的发展和细胞命运确定4, 但最近也出现了作为一个研究阿尔茨海默氏症和帕金森症的5,6等多种疾病固有机制的宝贵工具。此外, 研究衰老过程是一种流行的模型, 因为它们可以在很短的时间内大量的增加, 而且寿命短。它们还拥有与人体器官相似的结构, 如心脏、oenocytes (肝细胞样)、脂肪体 (类似肝脏和白色脂肪组织的功能)、胰岛素产生细胞 (相当于β-胰细胞), 以及血淋巴输送代谢产物 (类似脊椎动物的血液)7。此外, 中间代谢的中心途径 (包括胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子样信号通路和目标的雷帕霉素-TOR 通路) 也高度保守7。基于这些原因, 果蝇最近被利用来描述控制新陈代谢的基本机制, 特别是在人类代谢疾病 (如糖尿病) 的病理条件下, 如8。新陈代谢的一个主要组成部分是线粒体, 它集成了多种途径, 并通过氧化磷酸化过程 (OXPHOS) 执行生命中最重要的生物功能之一 ATP 生产。考虑到它们在机体新陈代谢中的核心作用, 在许多疾病如帕金森氏症的9和阿尔茨海默病的10以及肌萎缩侧索硬化症中, 线粒体功能障碍的介入并不奇怪。11,12. 它们也是老龄化进程的基本决定因素。事实上, 它们是细胞中活性氧种类 (ROS) 的主要生产者, 通过氧化损伤11, 它们可能对高浓度的细胞有害。衰老也与受损或突变的线粒体 DNA 的积累有关13、mitophagy 功能障碍14、15以及线粒体合成16的损害。线粒体也是细胞稳态的关键决定因素, 因为它们可以利用不同的基底来根据营养素17、18的丰度或稀缺性来调整几个细胞功能。
事实上, 饮食中的不同营养素 (碳水化合物、脂质和蛋白质) 在细胞中被消化、吸收和转运。然后在细胞质中转换它们, 导出的基板被传送到线粒体矩阵中, 它们产生减少当量, 如 NADH 和 FADH219。这些还原当量然后由电子运输系统 (ETS) 的不同的酶配合物氧化。这些复合物嵌入线粒体内膜, 如复合 I 和复杂 ii。此外, 其他酶配合物, 如线粒体 glycerol-3-phosphate 脱氢酶和脯氨酸脱氢酶代表电子进入 ETS20,21的备选路线。这些 "替代" 配合物在昆虫中尤为重要, 根据物种的不同, 它们可以积极参与增加呼吸作用20,22,23,21。电子从这些 ETS 哺养的系统被转移到泛醌和随后到复杂 III, 然后到复杂 IV, 直到最后的接受人, 分子氧气。这种电子转移产生一个质子动力的力量横跨内线粒体膜驱动磷酸化的 ADP 到 ATP 在复杂 V (图 1)。考虑到线粒体在细胞稳态中的中心作用, 使用相关的模型D.腹肌研究线粒体代谢是描述各种病理生理学基础机制的有力工具。条件或在细胞和环境压力下。然而令人惊讶的是, 只有少数的研究实际测量了果蝇的线粒体呼吸24,25,26。事实上, 旨在评估线粒体氧消耗的实验需要分离线粒体。虽然对不同线粒体功能的测量 (如 ROS 生产或 P/O 比作为线粒体效率标记的指标有好处27,28), 这些隔离通常需要相当大数量来自多个个人的组织24,29。对大量组织和个人的这一要求是一个重要的限制因素, 特别是考虑到所有的人应该是相同的年龄, 最好是同一性别的实验, 使呼吸的措施在不同的时间点费力的最好。此外, 线粒体隔离可以对调节线粒体代谢的基本机制提供重要的洞察力, 而用于分离线粒体的方法有几个缺点, 例如难以获得可复制的结果。, 破坏线粒体网络, 改变线粒体结构和功能29,30,31。
本研究的目的是提出一个健壮的协议, 以测量在果蝇的线粒体耗氧量只使用少量的组织从很少的人。该协议包括测量线粒体耗氧量就地使用透肌纤维29从果蝇胸部结合高分辨率 respirometry32,33,34,35. 与传统的线粒体分离方法相比, 该方法具有更多的优越性, 因为与细胞其他成分的相互作用以及线粒体结构和功能在透中的保存更明显。光纤29,31,36, 这使得这种方法在生理上更相关。有了这个协议, 线粒体功能可以准确地评估使用高分辨率 respirometry 在只有三胸部的果蝇, 与基质, 以确定氧消耗量的几个不同的步骤, ETS。因此, 这项议定书可以帮助回答关键问题的基本机制, 控制新陈代谢的环境或病理生理条件下, 利用果蝇模型。
为了测量 ETS 的几个不同步骤的耗氧量, 并评估不同基质对呼吸的贡献, 不同的基质 (图 1)、uncoupler 和抑制剂在通透后使用30 。组织。具体来说, 通过不同的基底进行连续添加, 以刺激电子通过 ETS 的不同配合物进入。uncoupler, 羰基氰化物 4-三氟甲氧基苯腙 (FCCP), 然后添加在最佳浓度, 以测量非耦合呼吸,即, 非磷酸化呼吸刺激到最大的氧气消耗。然后, 对复合物 I、II 和 III 的顺序抑制, 以监测非 ETS 氧化反应引起的残余耗氧量。最后, 用 n、n、n、n、-四甲基对苯二胺 (TMPD)、人工电子提供剂和抗坏血酸的注射来评价复合 IV 最大呼吸能力。值得注意的是, 实验是在 24 °C 上进行的, 因为它是产生苍蝇的温度。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>High-resolution respirometer Oxygraph O2K</td>
			<td>Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria</td>
			<td>10022-02</td>
			<td>Startup O2K respirometer kit 
			&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O2K-Titration Set&#160;</td>
			<td>Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria</td>
			<td>20820-03</td>
			<td>Hamilton syringes with different volumes 
			&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Datlab software</td>
			<td>Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria</td>
			<td>20700</td>
			<td>Software for data acquisition and analysis 
			&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine-tipped antimagnetic forceps</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82027-400</td>
			<td> 
			&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secura225D-1S-DQE</td>
			<td>Sartorius AG, Goettingen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Semi-micro balance (distributed by several companies)&#160; 
			&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila melanogaster wild-type w1118</td>
			<td>Bloomington Drosophila stock Center, IN, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: 24 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N&#8242;,N&#8242;-tetraacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td>EGTA 
			Storage Condition: RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KOH</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1767</td>
			<td>CAUTION: corrosive to metals, acute toxicity, skin corrosion, serious eye damage, acute aquatic toxicity. 
			Storage Condition: RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C4830</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2ATP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2383</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2.6H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M9272</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taurine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T0625</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2Phosphocreatine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7936</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5513</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D0632</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: 2-8 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MES hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8250</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saponin from quillaja bark</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7900</td>
			<td>Saponin 
			Storage Condition: RT 
			Solution Preparation: 5 mg in 1 mL of preservation solution. Prepare fresh daily.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9791</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>05470</td>
			<td> 
			Storage Condition: 2-8 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2S2O4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>157953</td>
			<td>Sodium dithionite. CAUTION: self-heating substances and mixtures, acute toxicity, acute aquatic toxi chronic aquatic toxicity. 
			Storage Condition: RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P2256</td>
			<td>Pyruvate 
			Storage Condition: 2-8 &#176;C 
			Solution Preparation: In MilliQ water. Prepare fresh daily.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-(-)-Malic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1000</td>
			<td>Malate 
			Storage Condition: RT 
			Solution Preparation: In MilliQ water. Neutralize with KOH and store at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenosine 5&#39;-diphosphate monopotassium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5285</td>
			<td>ADP 
			Storage Condition: -20 &#176;C 
			Solution Preparation: In MilliQ water. Neutralize with KOH and store at -80 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytochrome c from equine heart</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7752</td>
			<td>Cytochrome c 
			Storage Condition: -20 &#176;C 
			Solution Preparation: In MilliQ water. Store at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Proline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0380</td>
			<td>Proline 
			Storage Condition: RT 
			Solution Preparation: In MilliQ water. Store at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium succinate dibasic hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2378</td>
			<td>Succinate 
			Storage Condition: RT 
			Solution Preparation: In MilliQ water. Neutralize with HCl and store at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate bis(cyclohexylammonium) salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7886</td>
			<td>Glycerol-3-phosphate 
			Storage Condition: -20 &#176;C 
			Solution Preparation: In MilliQ water. Neutralize with HCl and store at -80 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2920</td>
			<td>FCCP. CAUTION: acute toxicity, skin sensitisation, chronic aquatic toxicity. 
			Storage Condition: RT 
			Solution Preparation: In absolute ethanol. Store in glass vials at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotenone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R8875</td>
			<td>CAUTION: acute toxicity, skin irritation, eye irritation, specific target organ toxicity (respir sytem), acute aquatic toxicity, chronic aquatic toxicity. 
			Solution Preparation: In absolute ethanol. Store in dark vials at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Malonic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1296</td>
			<td>Malonate. CAUTION: acute toxicity, serious eye damage. 
			Storage Condition: RT 
			Solution Preparation: In MilliQ water. Neutralize with KOH. Prepare fresh daily.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antimycin A from Streptomyces sp.</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8674</td>
			<td>Antimycin A. CAUTION: acute toxicity, acute aquatic toxicity, chronic aquatic toxicity. 
			Storage Condition: -20 &#176;C 
			Solution Preparation: In absolute ethanol. Store at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N,N&#8242;,N&#8242;-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T7394</td>
			<td>TMPD 
			Storage Condition: RT 
			Solution Preparation: In MilliQ water. Store in dark vials at&#160; -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(+)-Sodium L-ascorbate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4034</td>
			<td>Ascorbate 
			Storage Condition: RT 
			Solution Preparation: In MilliQ water. Store in dark vials at&#160; -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaN3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td>Sodium azide. CAUTION: acute toxicity (oral and dermal), specific target organ toxicity (brain), aquatic toxicity, chronic aquatic toxicity.&#160; 
			Solution Preparation: In MilliQ water. Store at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption in permeabilized fibers of drosophila using minimal amounts of tissue

果蝇是一种新兴的代谢模型, 它是一种新的, 它是一种用于研究新陈代谢的模式. 事实上, 果蝇的结构与人体器官是同源的, 具有高度保守的代谢通路, 而且寿命相对较短, 可以在短时间内研究不同的基本机制。然而, 令人惊讶的是, 细胞代谢必不可少的机制之一, 线粒体呼吸, 尚未深入研究的模式。这很可能是因为果蝇线粒体呼吸的测量通常需要很大数量的个体, 得到的结果并不高重现性。在这里, 一个方法, 允许精确测量线粒体氧消耗量使用最小数量的组织从果蝇。在这种方法中, 胸部被解剖和透的机械与尖锐的钳和化学与皂苷, 允许不同的化合物, 以跨细胞膜和调节线粒体呼吸。在通透之后, 执行一个协议来评估电子运输系统的不同配合物对不同基质的氧化能力, 以及它们对 uncoupler 和几种抑制剂的反应。这种方法与使用线粒体隔离的方法相比有许多优点, 因为线粒体仍与其他细胞成分相互作用, 线粒体形态学得到保护, 因此在生理上有相关性。此外, 样品的制备速度更快, 获得的结果具有很高的重现性。通过将果蝇的优势与线粒体呼吸的评价结合起来研究代谢模型, 可以揭示出重要的新见解, 特别是当苍蝇经历不同的环境或病理生理时。条件。

在图 2中提供了使用上面描述的协议进行线粒体耗氧量的代表性跟踪。与透肌纤维一起注射的丙酮酸盐和果酸被称为 CI 泄漏呼吸,即, 当 ETS 的复杂 i 被刺激的 NADH 通过氧化丙酮酸盐和果酸通过tricarboxylic 酸循环 (CI)。在这种呼吸速率期间, 线粒体氧主要维持以补偿质子泄漏,即, 质子从膜间隙空间到线粒体基质, 当 ATP 合成酶不活跃 (泄漏) 30....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption in Permeabilized Fibers of Drosophila Using Minimal Amounts of Tissue at JoVE.com

Measurement of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption in Permeabilized Fibers of Drosophila Using Minimal Amounts of Tissue

本文介绍了果蝇透胸部高分辨率 respirometry 测量耗氧量的方法。与经典的线粒体分离技术相比, 这种技术需要最少的组织量, 获得的结果与生理相关。

用最小组织量测定果蝇透纤维中线粒体耗氧量

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The mitochondrial electron transfer complex (ETC) profile is modified in the heart tissue of the offspring born to an exercised sow. The hypothesis ...

Quantification of Subcellular Glycogen Distribution in Skeletal Muscle Fibers using Transmission Electron Microscopy

使用透射电子显微镜定量骨骼肌纤维中的亚细胞糖原分布

With the use of transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution images of fixed samples containing individual muscle fibers can be obtained. This ...

High-Throughput Quantification of the Synthesis and Distribution of mtDNA

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution (Video) | JoVE 

基于图像的高通量线粒体DNA合成和分布定量

The vast majority of cellular processes require a continuous supply of energy, the most common carrier of which is the ATP molecule. Eukaryotic cells ...

Stable Isotope Tracing & LC-MS Analysis to Measure DHODH and SDH Activities

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals (Video) | JoVE 

测量哺乳动物线粒体功能的氧非依赖性测定

The flow of electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) supports multifaceted biosynthetic, bioenergetic, and signaling functions in ...