Name: bioindication testing of stream environment suitability for young freshwater pearl mussels using in situ exposure methods
Uploaded: 2018-09-05T15:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods at JoVE.com

Bílý和 Ondřej. 西蒙得到了捷克生命科学大学的赠款的支持 [环境科学学院的内部赠款机构, CULS 布拉格 (42110 1312 3175 (20164236))]。对 Douda 的支持来自捷克科学基金会 (13-05872S)。在捷克共和国自然保护局管理的捷克淡水珍珠贻贝行动计划执行期间, 收集了关于珍珠贻贝的 bioindication 和目前发生情况的数据, 由政府资助捷克共和国, 可在

1. 网笼
注: 见图 1。
<ol><li>准备材料
	<ol>
<li>为实验部分准备材料: 1-2 L 每网笼水, 网笼 (1 主要塑料体, 2 塑料盖, 2 张特殊技术筛子与340µm 毛孔, 4 个螺栓和4坚果每笼), 钳子, 扳手, 巴斯德吸管, 过滤器, 数码相机, 三目照相解剖变焦立体显微镜, 校准网格 (显微镜设备), 5 培养皿50毫米直径, 烧杯, 2 塑料碟 (~ 25 厘米 x 15 厘米 x 3-5 厘米), 和一个塑?...

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Buckets+of+muckets:+a+compact+system+for+rearing+juvenile+freshwater+mussels.">Buckets of muckets: a compact system for rearing juvenile freshwater mussels.</a> Aquaculture. 254 (1), 227-233 (2006).</li><li>Simon, O. P., Van&#237;&#269;kov&#225;, I., B&#237;l&#253;, M., Douda, K., Patzenhauerov&#225;, H., Hru&#353;ka, J., Pelt&#225;nov&#225;, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+status+of+freshwater+pearl+mussel+in+the+Czech+Republic:+several+successfully+rejuvenated+populations+but+the+absence+of+natural+reproduction.">The status of freshwater pearl mussel in the Czech Republic: several successfully rejuvenated populations but the absence of natural reproduction.</a> Limnologica. 50, 11-20 (2015).</li><li>. A language and environment for statistical computing Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.r-project.org/">https://www.r-project.org/</a> (2013)</li><li>Hastie, L. C., Yang, M. 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J. M., Storey, R. G., Williams, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological,+chemical+and+physical+characteristics+of+downwelling+and+upwelling+zones+in+the+hyporheic+zone+of+a+north-temperate+stream.">Biological, chemical and physical characteristics of downwelling and upwelling zones in the hyporheic zone of a north-temperate stream.</a> Hydrobiologia. , 183-195 (2001).</li><li>Roley, S. S., Tank, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pore+water+physicochemical+constraints+on+the+endangered+clubshell+mussel+(Pleurobema+clava).">Pore water physicochemical constraints on the endangered clubshell mussel (Pleurobema clava).</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 73 (12), 1712-1722 (2016).</li><li>Larson, J. H., Eckert, N. L., Bartsch, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+variability+in+shell+and+soft+tissue+growth+of+the+freshwater+mussel+Lampsilis+siliquoidea.">Intrinsic variability in shell and soft tissue growth of the freshwater mussel Lampsilis siliquoidea.</a> PLoS ONE. 9 (11), e112252 (2014).</li><li>Lavictoire, L., Moorkens, E., Ramsey, A. D., Sinclair, W., Sweeting, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+substrate+size+and+cleaning+regime+on+growth+and+survival+of+captive-bred+juvenile+freshwater+pearl+mussels,+Margaritifera+(Linnaeus,+1758).">Effects of substrate size and cleaning regime on growth and survival of captive-bred juvenile freshwater pearl mussels, Margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758).</a> Hydrobiologia. 766 (1), 89-102 (2015).</li><li>Hru&#353;ka, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience+of+semi-natural+breeding+programme+of+freshwater+pearl+mussel+in+the+Czech+Republic.">Experience of semi-natural breeding programme of freshwater pearl mussel in the Czech Republic.</a> Die Flussperlmuschel in Europa: Bestandssituation und Schutzmassnahmen. , 69-75 (2000).</li><li>Bayne, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+components+of+growth+differences+between+individual+oysters+(Crassostrea+gigas)+and+a+comparison+with+Saccostrea+commercialis.">Physiological components of growth differences between individual oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and a comparison with Saccostrea commercialis.</a> Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 72 (6), 705-713 (1999).</li><li>Tamayo, D., Azpeitia, K., Markaide, P., Navarro, E., Ibarrola, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+regime+modulates+physiological+processes+underlying+size+differentiation+in+juvenile+intertidal+mussels+Mytilus+galloprovincialis.">Food regime modulates physiological processes underlying size differentiation in juvenile intertidal mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis.</a> Marine Biology. 163 (6), (2016).</li></ol>

曝光时间:
即使是一个月的裸露的网笼显示了明显的增长, 反映了现场之间的差异 (图 3), 所以它们是非常有用的快速和容易检测的现场描述。然而, 结果的相关性取决于条件的短期状态, 可以振荡。特别是, 短期降雨事件可以起到作用。相比之下, 不可预知的偶发污染可能并不总是被记录下来。在现场 V (图 4A), 水化学分析检测到一波强?...

实验生物体的现场暴露和随后对其病情的评估是获取环境质量信息和 (特别是) 物种适宜性的一种可能方法。在动物体内, 这种 bioindication 主要适用于能够生活在有限的有界空间中的小无脊椎动物。双壳贝类的年轻阶段 (双壳类) 是一个这样适当的有机体小组1。
家庭 Unionidae 的双壳贝类是水生生态系统的一个非常重要的组成部分2。然而, 这些物种往往严重濒危, 特别是在溪流和河流。其中一些被描绘成 "伞种", 其保护与整个溪流群落生境的养护密切相关, 需要采取综合办法3。这些动物的生命周期与许多环境成分有关, 从水化学4,5到鱼类种群的变化, 作为贻贝幼虫宿主6。因为贻贝幼鱼通常代表贻贝生命周期的关键阶段, 所以在这个阶段适合它们发展的地点对于一个地区成功的物种种群发展至关重要。
淡水珍珠贻贝 (FWPM,母母;Unionida, 双壳类) 是一种濒危的双壳贝类, 发生在贫营养泥炭欧洲溪流中。他们的人数在20世纪的整个发生地区急剧下降。在大多数中欧人口中, 目前物种繁殖的下降似乎主要是由于青少年在生命的头几年中生存率极低至零。它假设, 少年 FWPMs 居住在浅交错区7年, 其中条件和他们的可变性仍然没有被描述的很好。此外, 直到他们的第二年的生活, 幼仔只有一个维度约1毫米, 所以他们很难找到在大量的泥沙下自然条件8。因此, 对圈养幼仔进行实验是研究其生态学的必要条件。
在捷克9淡水珍珠贻贝行动计划中, 每年有数以千计的青少年从半自然育种计划中崛起。然而, 有一个问题是, 哪些地方和生境适合这些青少年成功的人口支持, 或最终物种重新引进。在原位bioindications 现在找到答案的方法。
尽管在早先的一些著作中观察到幼贻贝在生物指标10的适宜性, 但最近的一些研究证实, 在暴露笼中, 幼贻贝的存活率不一致。青少年暴露方法在水质检测中的适用性11、12、13。此外, 还证明了在解释这些特定研究的结果时需要考虑的几个因素, 例如14的股票来源和幼虫条件15的持续影响。
问题在于如何在测试现场安装实验性青少年, 以及如何最有效地评估其状况。首次严格应用的现场曝光方法与青少年 FWPMs 发表了 Buddensiek16。青少年 FWPM 个体被保存在板笼中, 暴露在溪流的自由流动的水中, 在几个星期的暴露后, 它们的生存和生长被量化。该方法最初是作为一种半人工育种方法开发的, 但同时也强调了其对生境需求和水质评价的适用性。虽然 FWPM 少年的存活率自然非常低, 在一个月/年的规模, 只有很小数量的动物将生存, 生存率可以是一个良好的标志的环境影响的16周的规模。经过多年的研究, 进一步发展了暴露方法, 以保持实验性的幼贻贝在溪流中栖息, 并评估其生长和成活率;这些包括沙盒17, 贻贝筒仓基于一个上升的原则18, 和各种其他接触笼 (由牙龈和同事总结)11。由于青少年自然发生在浅交错区7, 实验装置在流底的应用是非常可取的。
在本文中, 我们描述了使用两个曝光装置的 FWPMs: i) 修改 Buddensiek 板笼 ("网笼") 也使 bioindication 测试 hyporheal 条件;和 ii) Hruška 沙盒 ("沙笼")。该议定书描述了这两种方法在开阔水域和交错条件下的应用 (即四种暴露的变体)。这些方法在捷克淡水珍珠贻贝9号行动计划中的应用已有15年的时间逐步修改和扩大, 并经过了一系列实验验证。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>biological material maintenance and care</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freshwater pearl mussel juveniles</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>from a FWPM breeding programme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic boxes</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thermobox</td>
			<td>MERCI</td>
			<td>212,070,600,030</td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>field thermobox (ca25 l)</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>cold box (insulated box) commonly used for food transport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>river water</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic Pasteur pipettes with balloon bulb (droppers)</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>hole diameter 1 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic container (ca 50 l) for river water</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic tea strainer</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>commonly used in kitchen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mesh cages construction</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>main plastic bodies</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plactic covers</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>special technical sieves 340 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Silk &#38;Progress</td>
			<td>UHELON 20 T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>special technical sieves 100 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Silk &#38;Progress</td>
			<td>UHELON 67 M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rubber hose (diameter&#160; 5.5 mm)</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>steel bolts</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>steel nuts</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spanner</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>steel spikes</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pliers</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>beakers</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic dishes (ca. 25x15x3-5cm)</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>squirt bottle</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>field protocols</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stationery</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic container</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>string</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hammer</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sandy cages construction and use</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sieve 1 mm</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sieve 2 mm</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>special technical sieves 340 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Silk &#38;Progress</td>
			<td>UHELON 20 T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic boxes with tight-fitting lid</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hot melt adhesive</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic box (ca 250 x 150 x 100 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>big plastic box (ca 25 l)</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>flat stone</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>net</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>river sand</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>round containers</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnifying glasses</td>
			<td>Carson</td>
			<td>Carson CP 60</td>
			<td>There ar many possibilities. This is one example only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cages installation and maintenance</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>field temperature dataloggers</td>
			<td>ONSET</td>
			<td>UA-001-64</td>
			<td>http://www.onsetcomp.com/products/data-loggers/ua-001-64</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spade</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toothbrush</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>experiment evaluation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trinocular dissecting zoom stereo microscope</td>
			<td>Bresser optic</td>
			<td>ICD 10x-160x</td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>digital camera/ electronic eyepiece</td>
			<td>Bresser optic</td>
			<td>MikroCamLab 5M</td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calibration&#160; gird</td>
			<td>Am Scope</td>
			<td>SKU: MR100</td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>external power source with two movable light guides</td>
			<td>Arsenal</td>
			<td>K1309010150021</td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image software</td>
			<td>ImageJ software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>table processor</td>
			<td>MS excel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bioindication testing of stream environment suitability for young freshwater pearl mussels using in situ exposure methods

对淡水贻贝生境适宜性的认识是保护濒危物种群体的重要一步。我们描述了一个协议,在贫营养泥炭河流域内进行现场青少年暴露试验, 为期一个月和三月的时间。两种方法 (在两种修改中) 都是为了评估青少年的生长和生存率。方法和修改在价值为地方 bioindication 不同, 并且每个有它的好处并且制约。沙笼法适用于一大组个体, 但只有部分个体被测量, 结果被大量评估。在网格笼法中, 分别对个体进行了单独的保存和测量, 但计算出了低个体数。公开的水接触改性比较容易应用;它显示了青少年的生长潜力, 也可以有效的水毒性试验。在床内暴露的修改需要很高的工作量, 但更接近自然的青少年环境的条件, 它是更好地报告的实际适宜性的地方。另一方面, 由于其高交错的环境变异性, 此修改需要更多的复制。

采用四种 bioindication 方法 (开放水沙笼、床内砂笼、露天网箱、内网网箱), 研究了上伏尔塔瓦河河流域 FWPMs 的环境条件适宜性 (捷克波希米亚森林共和国)。这条河代表一 FWPM 残余地方在中欧之内19。在这里, 我们提出了一组特别选定的结果, 说明了四方法的最重要的方面。进一步的细节被描述在一个全面的研究Černá等。13。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods at JoVE.com

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

原位bioindications 能够确定环境对濒危贻贝种类的适宜性。我们描述了两种方法基于青少年暴露的淡水珍珠贻贝在网箱贫营养泥炭河生境。这两种方法都是在开放水和交错水环境的变型中实现的。

用原位曝光法测定淡水珍珠贻贝 Bioindication 的流环境适宜性

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA方法1615测量肠道病毒和诺瓦克病毒发生水由文化和RT-qPCR的了。病毒样本的收集I.

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

科研

环境科学

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

EPA方法1615年测量和肠道病毒水中诺如病毒发生由文化部和RT-qPCR的的。 II。总可培养病毒试验

A standardized method is required when national studies on virus occurrence in environmental and drinking waters utilize multiple analytical laboratories. ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

了解溶解有机物生物地球化学通过<em&gt;原位</em&gt;在河流生态系统营养手法

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

原位含甲烷沉积物中自黄铁矿的制备及应用模拟器硫同位素分析

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

利用水下立体视频工具量化鱼类密度的新方法研究进展

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

紫外辐射或等离子体照射表面的粉尘充电和动员实验方法

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

就地石蜡镶嵌成人珊瑚样品的杂交技术

Corals are important ocean invertebrates that are critical for overall ocean health as well as human health. However, due to human impacts such as rising ...

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus)

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster Nephrops norvegicus

生态动物的长期视频跟踪: 挪威龙虾 (诺菲氏肾病) 日生物活动的案例研究

We present a protocol related to a video-tracking technique based on the background subtraction and image thresholding that makes it possible to ...

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

一种用于气溶胶取样的新型便携式体外曝光盒

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) ...

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

利用目标筛选和非靶向筛选高分辨率质谱相结合的工作流程识别跨氟和多氟化学物种

Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the ...