Name: bioindication testing of stream environment suitability for young freshwater pearl mussels using in situ exposure methods
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods at JoVE.com

Michal Bílý og Ondřej P. Simon blev støttet af tilskud fra den tjekkiske Universitet af Life Science [interne Grant agenturet af fakultetet for miljøvidenskab, CULS Prag (42110 1312 3175 (20164236))]. Støtte til Karel Douda kom fra Czech Science Foundation (13-05872S). Data om bioindication og nuværende forekomst af perle muslinger blev indsamlet under gennemførelsen af handlingsplanen for tjekkiske for ferskvands perle muslinger forvaltes af Naturstyrelsen bevarelse af Den Tjekkiske Republik, som er finansieret af regeringen i den Tjekkiet og er tilgængelig på

1. mesh bur
Bemærk: Se figur 1.
<ol><li>Forberede materiale
	<ol>
<li>Forberede materiale til den i laboratorie del af forsøget: ~ 1-2 L-flodens vand pr. mesh bur, mesh bure (1 vigtigste plastik krop, 2 plastkabinetter, 2 plader af særlige tekniske sigter med 340 µm porer, 4 skruer og 4 møtrikker pr. bur), tænger , en kæp, Pasteur pipetter, en si, et digitalt kamera, en trinocular dissekere zoom stereo-mikroskop, en kalibrering gitter (mi...

<ol>
	<li>Goldberg, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mussel+watch-a+first+step+in+global+marine+monitoring.">The mussel watch-a first step in global marine monitoring.</a> Marine Pollution Bulletin. 6 (7), 111-114 (1975).</li><li>Vaughn, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ecosystem+services+provided+by+freshwater+mussels.">Ecosystem services provided by freshwater mussels.</a> Hydrobiologia. , (2017).</li><li>Lopes-Lima, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conservation+status+of+freshwater+mussels+in+Europe:+state+of+the+art+and+future+challenges.">Conservation status of freshwater mussels in Europe: state of the art and future challenges.</a> Biological Reviews. 92 (1), 572-607 (2017).</li><li>Strayer, D. L., Malcom, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Causes+of+recruitment+failure+in+freshwater+mussel+populations+in+southeastern+New+York.">Causes of recruitment failure in freshwater mussel populations in southeastern New York.</a> Ecological Applications. 22 (6), 1780-1790 (2012).</li><li>Douda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+nitrate+nitrogen+pollution+on+Central+European+unionid+bivalves+revealed+by+distributional+data+and+acute+toxicity+testing.">Effects of nitrate nitrogen pollution on Central European unionid bivalves revealed by distributional data and acute toxicity testing.</a> Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 20 (2), 189-197 (2010).</li><li>Modesto, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fish+and+mussels:+importance+of+fish+for+freshwater+mussel+conservation.">Fish and mussels: importance of fish for freshwater mussel conservation.</a> Fish and Fisheries. , (2017).</li><li>Bauer, G., W&#228;chtler, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ecology and evolution of the freshwater mussels Unionoida. 145, 1-394 (2001).</li><li>Neves, R. J., Widlak, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Habitat+ecology+of+juvenile+fresh-water+mussels+(Bivalvia,+Unionidae)+in+a+headwater+stream+in+Virginia.">Habitat ecology of juvenile fresh-water mussels (Bivalvia, Unionidae) in a headwater stream in Virginia.</a> American Malacological Bulletin. 5, 1-7 (1987).</li><li>&#352;vanyga, J., Simon, O. P., Min&#225;rikov&#225;, T., Spisar, O., B&#237;l&#253;, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Z&#225;chrann&#253; program pro perlorodku &#345;&#237;&#269;n&#237; v &#268;R (Action plan for the endangered freshwater pearl mussel in the Czech Republic). , (2013).</li><li>Schmidt, C., Vandr&#233;, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ten+years+of+experience+in+the+rearing+of+young+freshwater+pearl+mussels+(Margaritifera+margaritifera).">Ten years of experience in the rearing of young freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera).</a> Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 20 (7), 735-747 (2010).</li><li>Gum, B., Lange, M., Geist, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+reflection+on+the+success+of+rearing+and+culturing+juvenile+freshwater+mussels+with+a+focus+on+the+endangered+freshwater+pearl+mussel+(Margaritifera+margaritifera+L.).">A critical reflection on the success of rearing and culturing juvenile freshwater mussels with a focus on the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.).</a> Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 21 (7), 743-751 (2011).</li><li>Denic, M., Taeubert, J. E., Lange, M., Thielen, F., Scheder, C., Gumpinger, C., Geist, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+stock+origin+and+environmental+conditions+on+the+survival+and+growth+of+juvenile+freshwater+pearl+mussels+(Margaritifera+margaritifera)+in+a+cross-exposure+experiment.">Influence of stock origin and environmental conditions on the survival and growth of juvenile freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) in a cross-exposure experiment.</a> Limnologica. 50, 67-74 (2015).</li><li>&#268;ern&#225;, M., Simon, O. P., B&#237;l&#253;, M., Douda, K., Dort, B., Galov&#225;, M., Volfov&#225;, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Within-river+variation+in+growth+and+survival+of+juvenile+freshwater+pearl+mussels+assessed+by+in+situ+exposure+methods.">Within-river variation in growth and survival of juvenile freshwater pearl mussels assessed by in situ exposure methods.</a> Hydrobiologia. , (2017).</li><li>Denic, M., Taeubert, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trophic+relationships+between+the+larvae+of+two+freshwater+mussels+and+their+fish+hosts.">Trophic relationships between the larvae of two freshwater mussels and their fish hosts.</a> Invertebrate Biology. 134 (2), 129-135 (2015).</li><li>Douda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host-dependent+vitality+of+juvenile+freshwater+mussels:+implications+for+breeding+programs+and+host+evaluation.">Host-dependent vitality of juvenile freshwater mussels: implications for breeding programs and host evaluation.</a> Aquaculture. 445, 5-10 (2015).</li><li>Buddensiek, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+culture+of+juvenile+freshwater+pearl+mussels+Margaritifera+margaritifera+L.+in+cages:+a+contribution+to+conservation+programmes+and+the+knowledge+of+habitat+requirements.">The culture of juvenile freshwater pearl mussels Margaritifera margaritifera L. in cages: a contribution to conservation programmes and the knowledge of habitat requirements.</a> Biological Conservation. 74 (1), 33-40 (1995).</li><li>Hru&#353;ka, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience+of+semi-natural+breeding+program+of+freshwater+pearl+mussel+in+the+Czech+Republic.">Experience of semi-natural breeding program of freshwater pearl mussel in the Czech Republic.</a> Die Flussperlmuschel in Europa: Bestandssituation und Schutzma&#223;nahmen. , 69-75 (2001).</li><li>Barnhart, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Buckets+of+muckets:+a+compact+system+for+rearing+juvenile+freshwater+mussels.">Buckets of muckets: a compact system for rearing juvenile freshwater mussels.</a> Aquaculture. 254 (1), 227-233 (2006).</li><li>Simon, O. P., Van&#237;&#269;kov&#225;, I., B&#237;l&#253;, M., Douda, K., Patzenhauerov&#225;, H., Hru&#353;ka, J., Pelt&#225;nov&#225;, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+status+of+freshwater+pearl+mussel+in+the+Czech+Republic:+several+successfully+rejuvenated+populations+but+the+absence+of+natural+reproduction.">The status of freshwater pearl mussel in the Czech Republic: several successfully rejuvenated populations but the absence of natural reproduction.</a> Limnologica. 50, 11-20 (2015).</li><li>. A language and environment for statistical computing Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.r-project.org/">https://www.r-project.org/</a> (2013)</li><li>Hastie, L. C., Yang, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Conservation of the freshwater pearl mussel I: captive breeding techniques. 2, (2003).</li><li>Hru&#353;ka, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nahrungsanspr&#252;che+der+Flu&#223;perlmuschel+und+deren+halbnat&#252;rliche+Aufzucht+in+der+Tschechischen+Republik.">Nahrungsanspr&#252;che der Flu&#223;perlmuschel und deren halbnat&#252;rliche Aufzucht in der Tschechischen Republik.</a> Heldia. 4 (6), 69-79 (1999).</li><li>Scheder, C., Lerchegger, B., Jung, M., Csar, D., Gumpinger, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practical+experience+in+the+rearing+of+freshwater+pearl+mussels+(Margaritifera+margaritifera):+advantages+of+a+work-saving+infection+approach,+survival,+and+growth+of+early+life+stages.">Practical experience in the rearing of freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera): advantages of a work-saving infection approach, survival, and growth of early life stages.</a> Hydrobiologia. 735 (1), 203-212 (2014).</li><li>Braun, A., Auerswald, K., Geist, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drivers+and+spatio-temporal+extent+of+hyporheic+patch+variation:+implications+for+sampling.">Drivers and spatio-temporal extent of hyporheic patch variation: implications for sampling.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (7), e42046 (2012).</li><li>Franken, R. J. M., Storey, R. G., Williams, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological,+chemical+and+physical+characteristics+of+downwelling+and+upwelling+zones+in+the+hyporheic+zone+of+a+north-temperate+stream.">Biological, chemical and physical characteristics of downwelling and upwelling zones in the hyporheic zone of a north-temperate stream.</a> Hydrobiologia. , 183-195 (2001).</li><li>Roley, S. S., Tank, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pore+water+physicochemical+constraints+on+the+endangered+clubshell+mussel+(Pleurobema+clava).">Pore water physicochemical constraints on the endangered clubshell mussel (Pleurobema clava).</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 73 (12), 1712-1722 (2016).</li><li>Larson, J. H., Eckert, N. L., Bartsch, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+variability+in+shell+and+soft+tissue+growth+of+the+freshwater+mussel+Lampsilis+siliquoidea.">Intrinsic variability in shell and soft tissue growth of the freshwater mussel Lampsilis siliquoidea.</a> PLoS ONE. 9 (11), e112252 (2014).</li><li>Lavictoire, L., Moorkens, E., Ramsey, A. D., Sinclair, W., Sweeting, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+substrate+size+and+cleaning+regime+on+growth+and+survival+of+captive-bred+juvenile+freshwater+pearl+mussels,+Margaritifera+(Linnaeus,+1758).">Effects of substrate size and cleaning regime on growth and survival of captive-bred juvenile freshwater pearl mussels, Margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758).</a> Hydrobiologia. 766 (1), 89-102 (2015).</li><li>Hru&#353;ka, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience+of+semi-natural+breeding+programme+of+freshwater+pearl+mussel+in+the+Czech+Republic.">Experience of semi-natural breeding programme of freshwater pearl mussel in the Czech Republic.</a> Die Flussperlmuschel in Europa: Bestandssituation und Schutzmassnahmen. , 69-75 (2000).</li><li>Bayne, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+components+of+growth+differences+between+individual+oysters+(Crassostrea+gigas)+and+a+comparison+with+Saccostrea+commercialis.">Physiological components of growth differences between individual oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and a comparison with Saccostrea commercialis.</a> Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 72 (6), 705-713 (1999).</li><li>Tamayo, D., Azpeitia, K., Markaide, P., Navarro, E., Ibarrola, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+regime+modulates+physiological+processes+underlying+size+differentiation+in+juvenile+intertidal+mussels+Mytilus+galloprovincialis.">Food regime modulates physiological processes underlying size differentiation in juvenile intertidal mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis.</a> Marine Biology. 163 (6), (2016).</li></ol>

Eksponeringstid:
Selv en måned udsat mesh bure Vis en synlig vækst afspejler forskellene mellem lokaliteter (figur 3), så de er meget anvendelige til hurtig og nem afsløring af en lokalitet karakterisering. Ikke desto mindre afhænger relevansen af resultaterne den kortsigtede stat af de betingelser, som kan svinge. Især kan korte regn begivenheder spille en rolle. Derimod kan uforudsigelige episodisk forurening ikke altid være registreret. I lokalområde V (<s...

Eksponering af eksperimentelle organismer i situ med den efterfølgende evaluering af deres tilstand er en mulig måde at få oplysninger om miljøkvalitet og (især) websted egnethed til en art. Inden for dyr kan sådan en bioindication anvendes primært til små hvirvelløse dyr, som er i stand til at leve i en begrænset afgrænset rum. Unge stadier af muslinger (Bivalvia) er en sådan egnet organisme gruppe1.
Muslinger af slægten Unionidae er en meget vigtig del af vandøkosystemer2. Disse arter er imidlertid ofte kritisk truet, især i vandløb og floder. Nogle af dem er karakteriseret som 'paraply arter' hvis bevaring er nært beslægtet med bevarelse af den hele strøm biotop og som kræver en omfattende tilgang3. Disse dyr har en livscyklus, der er forbundet med mange miljø komponenter, fra vand kemi4,5 til ændringer i bestandene af fisk, der tjener som mussel larver værter6. Fordi mussel ungfisk ofte repræsenterer en kritisk fase af livscyklus mussel site egnethed for deres udvikling på dette stadium er afgørende for en vellykket arter befolkning udvikling i et lokalområde.
Ferskvands perle muslingen (FWPM, Margaritifera margaritifera; Unionida, Bivalvia) er et kritisk truede toskallede forekommende i oligotrophic europæiske vandløb. Deres antal er faldet drastisk i løbet af 20århundrede på tværs af området forekomst . Det lader til, at den nuværende nedgang i arter reproduktion i fleste af de centrale europæiske befolkninger er primært forårsaget af meget lav nul overlevelse af ungfisk under de første år af deres liv. Det antages, at unge FWPMs lever i mange år i lavvandede hyporheic zone7, hvoraf betingelserne og deres variation ikke er stadig godt beskrevet. Desuden, indtil deres andet år af livet, unge kun har en dimension af op til ca. 1 mm, så de er meget svære at finde i store mængder sediment under naturlige forhold8. Det er derfor nødvendigt for studiet af deres økologi eksperimenter med fangenskab ungfisk.
Inden for den tjekkiske handlingsplan for ferskvands perle Mussel9, der er tusindvis af unge stigende hvert år fra en semi-naturlige avlsprogram. Der er dog et spørgsmål som lokaliteter og levesteder er egnet til vellykket befolkning støtte af disse ungfisk eller eventuel arter genindførelse. In situ bioindications præsentere en måde at finde svaret.
På trods af at inkonsekvent overlevelsesprocenten af unge muslinger i eksponering bure blev observeret i nogle tidligere værker, der satte spørgsmålstegn ved egnetheden af unge muslinger som bioindikatorerne10, flere nyere undersøgelser har bekræftet den anvendeligheden af juvenile eksponering metoder for vandkvaliteten test11,12,13. Det er desuden påvist, at flere faktorer skal tages i betragtning ved fortolkningen af disse særlige undersøgelser, som bestanden oprindelse14 og de vedvarende virkninger af larve vilkår15.
Spørgsmålet er hvordan du installerer eksperimentelle ungfisk i testet lokaliteter og hvordan man mest effektivt evaluere deres tilstand. Den første strenge anvendelse af i situ eksponering metoder med juvenil FWPMs blev udgivet af Buddensiek16. Juvenile FWPM personer blev holdt i ark bure, udsat i frit strømmende vand fra vandløb, og deres overlevelse og vækst blev kvantificerede efter flere ugers udsættelse. Metoden blev oprindeligt udviklet som en semi-kunstig avl metode, men forfatteren også fremhævet dens anvendelighed for vurdering af habitat krav og vandkvalitet. Selv om den FWPM ungdoms overlevelse er naturligt meget lavt på en skala fra måneder/år og kun et meget lille antal dyr vil overleve, overlevelsesraten kan være en god markør for den miljømæssige virkning på en skala fra flere uger16. Over års forskning, blev eksponering metoder udviklet efter hold eksperimentelle juvenile mussel i stream levesteder og evaluere deres vækst og overlevelse satser; Disse omfatter sandede rubrik17, mussel siloer baseret på en upwelling princippet18, og forskellige andre eksponering bure (sammenfattet af tyggegummi og kolleger)11. Fordi yngel forekommer naturligt i lavvandede hyporheic zone7, er anvendelse af eksperimentelle enheder inden for stream bunden meget ønskeligt.
I vores artikel, vi beskriver brugen af to eksponering enheder til FWPMs: Jeg) ændret Buddensiek ark bure ("mesh bure") også aktivering bioindication test i hyporheal betingelser; og ii) Hruška sandstrand bokse ("sandede bure"). Protokollen beskriver anvendelsen af begge metoder i åbent vand og hyporheic betingelser (dvs.fire varianter af eksponering er beskrevet). Metoderne blev gradvist ændret og udvidet i mere end 15 år i programmet i den tjekkiske handlingsplan for ferskvands perle Mussel9 og kontrolleret af et sæt af forsøg.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>biological material maintenance and care</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freshwater pearl mussel juveniles</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>from a FWPM breeding programme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic boxes</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thermobox</td>
			<td>MERCI</td>
			<td>212,070,600,030</td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>field thermobox (ca25 l)</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>cold box (insulated box) commonly used for food transport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>river water</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic Pasteur pipettes with balloon bulb (droppers)</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>hole diameter 1 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic container (ca 50 l) for river water</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic tea strainer</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>commonly used in kitchen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mesh cages construction</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>main plastic bodies</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plactic covers</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>special technical sieves 340 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Silk &#38;Progress</td>
			<td>UHELON 20 T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>special technical sieves 100 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Silk &#38;Progress</td>
			<td>UHELON 67 M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rubber hose (diameter&#160; 5.5 mm)</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>steel bolts</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>steel nuts</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spanner</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>steel spikes</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pliers</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>beakers</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic dishes (ca. 25x15x3-5cm)</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>squirt bottle</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>field protocols</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stationery</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic container</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>string</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hammer</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sandy cages construction and use</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sieve 1 mm</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sieve 2 mm</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>special technical sieves 340 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Silk &#38;Progress</td>
			<td>UHELON 20 T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic boxes with tight-fitting lid</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hot melt adhesive</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic box (ca 250 x 150 x 100 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>big plastic box (ca 25 l)</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>flat stone</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>net</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>river sand</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>round containers</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnifying glasses</td>
			<td>Carson</td>
			<td>Carson CP 60</td>
			<td>There ar many possibilities. This is one example only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cages installation and maintenance</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>field temperature dataloggers</td>
			<td>ONSET</td>
			<td>UA-001-64</td>
			<td>http://www.onsetcomp.com/products/data-loggers/ua-001-64</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spade</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toothbrush</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>experiment evaluation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trinocular dissecting zoom stereo microscope</td>
			<td>Bresser optic</td>
			<td>ICD 10x-160x</td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>digital camera/ electronic eyepiece</td>
			<td>Bresser optic</td>
			<td>MikroCamLab 5M</td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calibration&#160; gird</td>
			<td>Am Scope</td>
			<td>SKU: MR100</td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>external power source with two movable light guides</td>
			<td>Arsenal</td>
			<td>K1309010150021</td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image software</td>
			<td>ImageJ software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>table processor</td>
			<td>MS excel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>There are many possibilities. This is one example only.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bioindication testing of stream environment suitability for young freshwater pearl mussels using in situ exposure methods

Viden om habitat egnethed for ferskvand muslinger er et vigtigt skridt i bevarelsen af denne truede arter-gruppen. Vi beskriver en protokol til at udføre i situ juvenile eksponering test i oligotrophic floden afvandingsområder en måned og tre-måneders perioder. To metoder (i både ændringer) præsenteres for at evaluere den juvenile vækst og overlevelse sats. Metoder og ændringer har forskellig værdi for lokalitet bioindication og hver har dens fordele samt begrænsninger. Den sandede bur metode anlæg med en lang række enkeltpersoner, men kun nogle af personerne, der er målt og resultaterne evalueres i bulk. I metoden mesh bur enkeltpersoner holdes og måles separat, men et lavt individuelle tal er evalueret. Åbent vand eksponering ændring er relativt lette at anvende; Det viser den juvenile vækst potentiale af websteder og kan også være effektive for vand toksicitetstest. Inden for bed eksponering ændring har brug for en stor arbejdsbyrde men er tættere på betingelserne af en juvenil natur og det er bedre for rapportering virkelige egnetheden af lokaliteter. På den anden side er mere replikationer nødvendige i denne ændring på grund af dens high-hyporheic miljø variabilitet.

De fire bioindication metoder (åbent vand sandede bure, sandede bure i seng, åbne vand mesh bure og mesh bure inden for bed) blev anvendt til at undersøge miljøet tilstand egnethed for FWPMs i den øverste Vltava River Basin (Böhmerwald, tjekkisk Republik). Denne flod repræsenterer én FWPM residual lokalitet inden for centrale Europa19. Her præsenterer vi et specielt udvalgt sæt af resultater illustrerer de vigtigste aspekter af de fire metoder. Yderligere...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods at JoVE.com

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

In situ bioindications aktiverer bestemmelse af egnetheden af en miljø for truede musling arter. Vi beskrive to metoder baseret på ferskvands perle muslinger i bure juvenile eksponering for oligotrophic floden levesteder. Begge metoder er implementeret i varianter til åbent vand og hyporheic vand miljøer.

Bioindication afprøvning af Stream miljø egnethed for unge ferskvands perle muslinger med In Situ eksponering metoder

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615. Måling af Enterovirus og norovirus Forekomst i vand efter kultur og RT-qPCR. I. Indsamling af virus prøver

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

EPA Method 1615. Måling af Enterovirus og Norovirus Forekomst i Water af Kultur og RT-qPCR. II. Total dyrkbar Virus Assay

A standardized method is required when national studies on virus occurrence in environmental and drinking waters utilize multiple analytical laboratories. ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Forståelse opløste organiske stoffer Biogeokemi Gennem<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Næringsstof Manipulationer i Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Forberedelse af Authigenic pyrit fra metan-bærende sedimenter for In Situ svovl isotop analyser ved hjælp af SIMS

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

Udvikling af nye metoder til kvantificering af fisk tæthed ved hjælp af undersøiske Stereo-video værktøjer

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Eksperimentelle metoder til støv opladning og mobilisering på overflader med eksponering for Ultraviolet stråling eller plasmaer

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

In Situ Hybridisering teknikker til Paraffin-Embedded voksen koraller prøver

Corals are important ocean invertebrates that are critical for overall ocean health as well as human health. However, due to human impacts such as rising ...

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus)

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster Nephrops norvegicus

Langsigtet Video sporing af Cohoused vanddyr: et casestudie af den daglige bevægeapparatet aktivitet af jomfruhummer (Nephrops norvegicus)

We present a protocol related to a video-tracking technique based on the background subtraction and image thresholding that makes it possible to ...

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

En ny Transportabel In Vitro eksponering kassette for Aerosol prøveudtagning

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) ...

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

Identifikation af pr- og stofferne kemisk arter med en kombineret målrettet og ikke-målrettet-Screening høj opløsning massespektrometri arbejdsproces

Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the ...