Name: immunophenotyping of orthotopic homograft (syngeneic) of murine primary kpc pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by flow cytometry
Uploaded: 2018-10-09T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunophenotyping of Orthotopic Homograft Syngeneic of Murine Primary KPC Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

作者要感谢朱迪 Barbeau 博士对手稿的批判性阅读和编辑, 感谢拉尔夫？曼努埃尔设计艺术品。作者还要感谢皇冠生物科学肿瘤免疫肿瘤生物标志组和肿瘤学在体内的团队, 为他们的伟大的技术努力。

所有有关照顾和使用动物的议定书及修订或程序, 将由官方生物科学机构动物保育及使用委员会 (IACUC) 在进行研究前进行检讨和批准。对动物的照料和使用通常会按照 AAALAC (实验室动物护理的评估和认可协会) 国际准则进行, 如《实验室动物护理和使用指南》所报告的, 国家研究理事会 (2011)。所有动物实验程序将在 SPF (无病原体) 的无菌条件下, 并严格按照《护理和使用来自不同政府机构的实验动物...

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虽然使用 SC 肿瘤的研究更容易进行, 原位植入肿瘤模型可能会更相关的临床前药理学研究 (特别是 i/o 调查), 以提供增强的可译性。本报告旨在帮助感兴趣的读者/读者能够直接可视化的技术程序, 可用于其各自的研究。我们的协议表明, 原位植入 PDAC 可以导致有效的肿瘤生长, 类似于 SC 植入。我们的观察似乎也表明, 不同植入的巴掌就存在不同的免疫剖面。与 SC 植入相比, 适应原位的主要挑战是需?...

胰腺导管腺癌 (PDAC) 导致近100万死亡率全球每年, 其中一个前5个癌症杀手。没有有效的治疗方案, 也没有批准的免疫疗法;因此, 迫切需要新的治疗方法。除了今天已知的基因疾病外, 癌症越来越被公认为免疫学疾病, 包括 PDAC。免疫学和遗传因素可能决定疾病的预后以及治疗结果。肿瘤逃避宿主免疫监测, 最终导致死亡。其中许多免疫过程发生在肿瘤微环境中 (1,2,3,4 ), 其中不同类型的免疫细胞相互作用与肿瘤细胞, 彼此和其他肿瘤基质成分, 直接或间接通过细胞因子最终决定疾病结局。因此, 肿瘤免疫成分的免疫分型, 或肿瘤, 包括子类型), 计数和定位的不同血统的免疫细胞, 是至关重要的, 以了解抗肿瘤免疫。在 PDAC 的情况下, 提出了高肿瘤浸润抑制巨噬细胞 (TAM) 和 B 细胞已导致预防 T 细胞浸润和/或活化和高水平的纤维化5,6。
研究免疫巴掌就的常用方法是使用代孕瘤前动物模型, 主要是相关的小鼠肿瘤模型7, 特别是小鼠自体 (同种异体) 或基因工程鼠模型 (GEMM)癌症的假设相似性的老鼠和人的肿瘤和免疫8,9。事实上, 这两个物种之间存在着内在的差异,10,11。
移植小鼠肿瘤具有显著的手术优势优于自发性肿瘤7, 即同步肿瘤的发展, 与父母 GEMM 自发性肿瘤的发展形成对照。Homografts 的自发性小鼠肿瘤被认为是原发肿瘤从未纵的体外, 并镜像原鼠肿瘤历史 - / 分子病理7, 以及可能的免疫剖面。这些小鼠 homografts 通常被认为是 "一个老鼠版本的病人衍生的移植 (PDXs)"。因此, 它们有可能比传统的自体细胞线衍生的小鼠肿瘤有更好的可译性12。特别是, 许多 homografts 来自特定的 GEMM, 其中具体的人类疾病机制,如致癌驱动因素突变, 被设计, 这些 homografts 应该有优势, 其临床相关性。特别是, KPC GEMM 在15–20周的年龄内开发小鼠 PDAC, 这在形态学上概括人类疾病, 主要是适度分化的腺结构和高度丰富的基质。该模型还概括人类 PDAC 最常见的遗传特征, 即 Kras 激活突变和 P53 功能丧失, 这在人类 PDAC 的90% 和75% 分别发生5、6。
移植部位也被建议在模型可译性中发挥作用。特定的周围组织环境, 如相应的原位环境, 可能是特定肿瘤进展的利基, 而不是一般移植肿瘤的均匀皮下 (SC) 环境。这将是特别感兴趣的, 如果和/或, 有什么区别, 在两个移植地点之间的免疫微环境, 以及与人类癌症的相关性, e.在 PDAC 的情况下。
免疫分析的一个最重要的方面, 或免疫分型, 是确定肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的不同血统, 数量, 相对比例的肿瘤, 以及他们的活化状态, 和地点。这包括肿瘤-infiltratrating lymphoctyes (TILs, T 和 B), 肿瘤浸润巨噬细胞 (TAMs), 肿瘤浸润自然杀伤干细胞 (NKs) 和肿瘤驻留的树突状细胞3,13,14,15,16,17、以及某些细胞在18、19、20等区域的局部定位。荧光活化细胞分选法或流式细胞仪是一种单细胞检测技术, 通常用于测量细胞的特定参数。多色流式细胞仪测量单个细胞3、4、21的多个标记, 是确定不同免疫细胞子集的数量和相对百分比的最常用方法,包括肿瘤内的那些。
本报告描述了肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的分析程序: 1) 原位 PDAC 小鼠肿瘤 homografts 的植入, 以及 SC 植入;2) 肿瘤组织的收获和单细胞的分离制备;3) 以肿瘤为基线的所有细胞的流式细胞仪分析;4) 两种移植方法基线剖面的比较。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia machine</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>SAS3119</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trocar 20</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>2mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>20mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100x antibiotic and antimycotic</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodophor swabs</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>Daily pharmacy purchase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol swabs</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>Daily pharmacy purchase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid nitrogen</td>
			<td>Air chemical</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biosafety hood</td>
			<td>AIRTECH</td>
			<td>BSC-1300IIA2</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS machine LSRFortessa X-20</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>LSR Fortessa</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>antibodies</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trevigen MD or BD Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix High concentration</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>354248</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS buffers</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>554656</td>
			<td>Mincing buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brilliant Staining Buffer</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>563794</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse BD Fc Block</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>553142</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cell filters</td>
			<td>BD-Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td>70&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>routine blood tube</td>
			<td>BD-Vacutainer</td>
			<td>365974</td>
			<td>2mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kaluza</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>vs 1.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foxp3 Fix/Perm kit</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>00-5523-00</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraComp eBeads</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>01-2222-42</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810R,5920R</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo software</td>
			<td>FlowJo LLC</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>vs 10.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30256.01</td>
			<td>50mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30809.01</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable, sterile scalpels</td>
			<td>Jin zhong</td>
			<td>J12100</td>
			<td>11#</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>knife handle</td>
			<td>Jin zhong</td>
			<td>J11010</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eye scissors and tweezers</td>
			<td>Jin zhong</td>
			<td>Y00030</td>
			<td>Eye scissors 10cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eye scissors and tweezers</td>
			<td>Jin zhong</td>
			<td>JD1060</td>
			<td>Eye tweezers 10cm with teeth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Portable liquid nitrogen tank</td>
			<td>Jinfeng</td>
			<td>YDS-175-216</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic balance</td>
			<td>Metter Toledo</td>
			<td>AL204</td>
			<td>0-100g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miltenyi C-tubes</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-096-334</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miltenyi Gentle MACS with heater blocks</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>120-018-306</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tumor Dissociation Kit</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-096-730</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell counter</td>
			<td>Nexcelom</td>
			<td>Cellometer</td>
			<td>Cellometer Auto T4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cryopreservation tube</td>
			<td>Nunc</td>
			<td>375418</td>
			<td>1.8ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cultrex High Protein Concentration (HC20+) BME</td>
			<td>PathClear</td>
			<td>3442-005-01</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>syringes</td>
			<td>Shanghai MIWA medical industry</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>1-5mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Studylog software</td>
			<td>Studylog</td>
			<td>\</td>
			<td>software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Studylog-Balance and supporting USB</td>
			<td>OHAUS</td>
			<td>SE601F</td>
			<td>Balance and supporting USB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Studylog-Data line of vernier calipers</td>
			<td>Sylvac</td>
			<td>926.6721</td>
			<td>Data line of vernier calipers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caliper</td>
			<td>Sylvac</td>
			<td>910.1502.10</td>
			<td>Sylvac S-Cal pro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilized centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>339653</td>
			<td>50mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilized centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>339651</td>
			<td>15mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice bucket</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>KLCS-288</td>
			<td>4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice bucket</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>PLF-276</td>
			<td>&#8212;20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice bucket</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>DW-862626</td>
			<td>&#8212;80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAlater</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>am7021</td>
			<td>\</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

immunophenotyping of orthotopic homograft (syngeneic) of murine primary kpc pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by flow cytometry

同种异体 (自体) 肿瘤是当今免疫肿瘤学 (i/o) 临床前研究的主力。肿瘤微环境, 特别是其免疫成分, 对于预后和预测治疗结果, 尤其是免疫疗法是至关重要的。免疫成分由多色流化物所应课税的肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的不同亚群组成。胰导管腺癌 (PDAC) 是最致命的恶性肿瘤之一, 缺乏良好的治疗方案, 因此迫切和未满足的医疗需求。其对各种治疗方法 (化疗、靶向、i/o) 不反应的一个重要原因是它的丰富, 由成纤维细胞和白细胞组成, 保护肿瘤细胞免受这些疗法的侵害。原位植入 PDAC 被认为比传统的皮下 (SC) 模型更准确地夺回人胰腺癌的发病率。
同种异体肿瘤 (kpc) 是移植的小鼠自发 PDAC 起源于基因工程的 KPC-小鼠 (KrasG12D/+/P53-/Pdx1-C) (kpc-GEMM)。原发肿瘤组织被切割成小片段 (2 毫米3), 并移植皮下 (SC) 到自体接受者 (C57BL/6, 7–9周岁)。homografts 的手术原位移植到新的 C57BL/6 小鼠的胰腺, 连同 SC 植入, 达到300–1,000 毫米3的肿瘤体积17天。只有400–600毫米3的肿瘤是根据经批准的尸检程序获得的, 并清理清除相邻的非肿瘤组织。它们被分离每协议使用组织 dissociator 入单细胞悬浮, 然后染色与指定的小组荧光标记抗体为不同的免疫细胞标记 (淋巴, 髓体并且 NK, DCs)。用多种颜色的方法对染色样品进行了分析, 以确定不同血统的免疫细胞数量以及肿瘤内的相对比例。然后将原位肿瘤的免疫剖面与 SC 肿瘤进行比较。初步数据显示, 胰腺肿瘤浸润 TILs/TAMs 明显升高, B 细胞浸润至原位而非 SC 型肿瘤。

原位植入 PDAC 导致肿瘤快速生长类似于 SC 植入。根据步骤2.1 和2.2 中描述的协议, 将捐献者的肿瘤碎片植入受体小鼠, 无论是皮下还是原位, 移植的同种异体肿瘤显示出类似的快速增长, 如图1A 所示. .图 1B显示了在不同时间点收获的同种异体肿瘤, 其代表性的 H & E 图像显示图 1C。我们的数据显示了 SC 和原位?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunophenotyping of Orthotopic Homograft Syngeneic of Murine Primary KPC Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

Immunophenotyping of Orthotopic Homograft Syngeneic of Murine Primary KPC Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Flow Cytometry

免疫分型小鼠原位 PDAC homografts 的实验程序旨在分析肿瘤免疫微环境。肿瘤通过手术原位植入。200–600毫米3的肿瘤被收获和分离, 以制备单细胞悬浮液, 然后使用不同的荧光标记抗体进行多免疫标记物的分析。

流式细胞术对小鼠原发性胰腺导管腺癌原位同种异体 (自体) 免疫分型的研究

Homograft (syngeneic) tumors are the workhorse of today&#39;s immuno-oncology (I/O) preclinical research. The tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly ...

此消息可以帮助回答 Murine 模型中的免疫现象分析中的关键问题，例如用于识别不同免疫血统和老化策略的标记。该技术的主要优势是，标记和老化状态，当免疫现象，可以应用于各种喃自分模型。使用平衡监测C57黑6小鼠的体重。此外，通过口径测量监测肿瘤变化供体小鼠的肿瘤体积。按照协议，在生物危害罩中对动物进行安乐死后，使用Iodophor拭子对肿瘤周围的皮肤进行消毒。手术切除肿瘤后，如文本协议中详述，将肿瘤放在含有20毫升PBS的培养皿中，该培养皿已预冷却至4摄氏度。如果有污染血液，将肿瘤转移到另一个培养皿中，用PBS清洗肿瘤。把肿瘤切成两半。去除任何多余的皮肤、血管、钙化和坏死。只选择完整的肿瘤片，并把它们放在无菌的50毫升离心管。在将管子运送到单独的动物室进行药理学研究之前，先加入20毫升的PBS。要准备正畸植入，请将完全麻醉的鼠标固定到右侧的实验板上。用伊碘消毒脾脏周围的皮肤，然后用75%乙醇去碘。找到脾脏的中位点，并在腹部进行1厘米的垂直切口，以暴露脾脏。轻轻地，用扁平的尖端钳子从脾脏下抽出部分胰腺组织。和苏特罗小鼠同体肿瘤片从C小鼠到接受小鼠的胰腺通过9-O可操作缝合。用双缝用 6-O 丝缝关闭腹部。通过压缩实现平衡。完成肿瘤植入后，只要不出血或肿瘤组织泄漏，就将动物关在温暖的笼子里。监测动物，直到他们恢复足够的意识，以保持胸骨的隐用。麻醉后，将动物返回到动物室。通过使腹部靠近脾脏，然后选择具有正畸肿瘤的小鼠来监测肿瘤变化。对于每个肿瘤，准备一个C管与肿瘤消化缓冲液。使用3毫升消化缓冲液对肿瘤片段小于0.8克，以确保肿瘤完全消化。用研究代码、肿瘤、小鼠ID、治疗组和肿瘤重量标记肿瘤。从老鼠那里收集肿瘤。在冷PBS中清洗肿瘤并清除肿瘤上的组织。将肿瘤放在消化介质中，放在无菌6井板的一个井中。用无菌钳子或钳子将肿瘤放在原位，用手术刀切片。将肿瘤切成小块。现在，将肿瘤片放回C管中，用剩余的消化缓冲液清洗盘子。将液体转移到C管中，放在冰上直到消化。然后打开带加热器的分离器。将肿瘤分离C管倒置到空位套筒中。将管位置的状态从"自由"调整为"选定"。选择一个分离程序，然后选择显示程序列表所需的文件夹。程序终止后，将 C 管从分离器上拿开，然后短暂旋转以托盘样品。现在，重新悬浮样品，并把它们放入50毫升管上方的细胞过滤器中。用10毫升的洗涤缓冲液通过细胞过滤器清洗细胞，以提供单个细胞悬浮液。在300 G下离心管5分钟后，丢弃上经液，用5毫升洗涤缓冲液重新悬浮细胞。计算可行细胞，将细胞浓度调整为每管或每个样本100万个细胞。执行免疫面板设计、免疫污点和荧光减去一个控制作为文本协议中的细节。准备 UltraComp 珠子，同时在流动仪器预热时，在使用前彻底旋转它们。为每个氟化物结合抗体标记单独的 12 x 75 毫米样品管。在每个管子中加入100微升的染色缓冲液，然后滴一滴珠子。添加抗体并执行文本协议中描述的染色过程。然后向每个珠子颗粒添加0.5毫升染色缓冲液，通过涡流完全重新悬浮。现在，为给定实验设置每个目标组织的流式细胞仪 PMT 电压。通过 Flow cytometry 运行样本以进行数据采集，通过获取每个正向散射和侧散射读数的单个珠子比例。将流速设置为大约 200 到 300 个事件/秒。使用 FL1 与 FL1 点图为给定荧光素 FITC 结合抗体设置适当的补偿。放置象限栅门，使负珠位于左下象限内，正磁珠位于右下象限的上部或右下限内。调整补偿值，直到每个总体的荧光强度中位数大致相等。对所有管重复这些步骤。现在，继续获取实际的污渍样品。运行补偿向导，并保存设置格式：日期、实验和首字母缩写。胰腺导管腺癌的正畸植入导致肿瘤快速生长，类似于皮下植入。显示代表性的赤氧林和 eosin 染色图像，并展示皮下和正畸植入物的类似生长。从两种植入的肿瘤样本中获得合理的高可行细胞产量。代表性的 FACS 飞溅显示从从死细胞和细胞碎片分离的肿瘤中存活的细胞。这里显示，是一个肿瘤渗透免疫配置文件比较的主要和分子细胞群体的几个关键子集的肿瘤免疫细胞。显示胰腺癌的皮下与正畸同。数据清楚地表明，与健康小鼠的胰腺相比，肿瘤的免疫细胞渗透显著增加。此外，在正畸与皮下同体发现不同比例的肿瘤渗透免疫细胞子集。例如，正畸的 B 细胞明显比皮下细胞多。在尝试此过程时，必须记住提前准备所有相关的材料和试剂。观看此视频后，您应该对如何对 Murine 模型执行 FACS 分析有一个很好的了解。

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Immunophenotyping of Orthotopic Homograft (Syngeneic) of Murine Primary KPC Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Flow Cytometry

Fluorescent Orthotopic Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

胰腺癌的荧光原位小鼠模型

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the cancers for which survival has not improved substantially in the last few decades. Only 7% of diagnosed patients will ...

科研

癌症研究

A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation

疲劳的小鼠模型的外围照射引起

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing and costly condition that often affects patients receiving cancer treatments, including radiation therapy. ...

A Syngeneic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model to Study the Effects of Irreversible Electroporation

自体胰腺癌小鼠模型研究不可逆电穿孔的影响

Pancreatic cancer (PC), a disease which kills approximately 40,000 patients each year in the US, has successfully evaded several therapeutic approaches ...

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

雄激素依赖性和去势抗性前列腺癌的荧光自体小鼠模型

Orthotopic tumor modeling is a valuable tool for pre-clinical prostate cancer research, as it has multiple advantages over both subcutaneous and ...

Orthotopic Transplantation of Syngeneic Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells to Study PD-L1 Expression

合成肺腺癌细胞原位移植研究 pd-l1 表达

The use of mouse models is indispensable for studying the pathophysiology of various diseases. With respect to lung cancer, several models are available, ...

Mimicking and Manipulating Pancreatic Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia in 3-dimensional Cell Culture

三维细胞培养中胰腺肌囊内增生的模拟与操纵

The differentiation of acinar cells to ductal cells during pancreatitis and in the early development of pancreatic cancer is a key process that requires ...

Isolation and Characterization of Patient-derived Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Organoid Models

患者衍生胰腺腺腺腺腺癌有机体模型的分离和特征

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is amongst the most lethal malignancies. Recently, next-generation organoid culture methods enabling the ...

Ultrasound-Guided Orthotopic Implantation of Murine Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

毛尿胰腺腺腺腺癌超声引导正射植入

The recent success of immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma and lung adenocarcinoma has galvanized the field of immuno-oncology as well as revealed the ...

Isolation of Proximal Fluids to Investigate the Tumor Microenvironment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

分离近端液研究胰腺腺癌肿瘤微环境

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death, and soon to become the second. There is an urgent need of variables ...

An Orthotopic Resectional Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

胰腺癌矫形小鼠模型

There is a lack of satisfactory animal models to study adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant therapy in patients being considered for surgery of pancreatic cancer ...