Name: measuring the flight ability of the ambrosia beetle, platypus quercivorus (murayama), using a low-cost, small, and easily constructed flight mill
Uploaded: 2018-08-06T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus Murayama, Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill at JoVE.com

我们感谢美国深谷市先生、田硕先生和 t. Ishino 先生帮助进行了这些实验。这项研究得到了日本促进科学学会 (15K14755) 的科学研究资助。

1. 飞机厂的建造
<ol><li>
飞机磨机装置的施工
	<ol>
<li>从针 (金属部分:40 毫米长度和直径0.25 毫米) 切断塑料部分; 塑料部分: 长度为22毫米, 直径为2毫米) 带钳 (图 3)。</li>
		<li>用环氧树脂胶粘剂 (图 3) 在十字的形状上用未经处理的针固定这根针, 将其称为飞行磨臂和轴向针。 注: 对于轴向针, 未经处理的一侧应为底部。飞行磨房胳膊的被揭...

<ol>
	<li>Kubono, T., Ito, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Raffaelea+quercivora+sp.+nov.+associated+with+mass+mortality+of+Japanese+oak,+and+the+ambrosia+beetle+(Platypus+quercivorus).">Raffaelea quercivora sp. nov. associated with mass mortality of Japanese oak, and the ambrosia beetle (Platypus quercivorus).</a> Mycoscience. 43, 255-260 (2002).</li><li>Kobayashi, M., Ueda, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wilt+disease+of+Fagaceae+trees+caused+by+Platypus+quercivorus+(Murayama)+(Coleoptera:+Platypodidae)+and+the+associated+fungus:+Aim+is+to+clarify+the+damage+factors.">Wilt disease of Fagaceae trees caused by Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) and the associated fungus: Aim is to clarify the damage factors.</a> J Jpn For Soc. 87, 435-450 (2005).</li><li>Nunokawa, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+distribution+and+spreading+process+of+damages+caused+by+Japanese+oak+wilt+in+Niigata+Prefecture,+Japan+(in+Japanese).">Local distribution and spreading process of damages caused by Japanese oak wilt in Niigata Prefecture, Japan (in Japanese).</a> Bulletin of Niigata Prefectural Forest Research Institute. 48, 21-32 (2007).</li><li>Ohashi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+and+spreading+of+damages+caused+by+Japanese+oak+wilt+in+Gifu+Prefecture,+Japan+(in+Japanese).">Distribution and spreading of damages caused by Japanese oak wilt in Gifu Prefecture, Japan (in Japanese).</a> Bulletin of the Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Forests. 37, 23-28 (2008).</li><li>Tokoro, M., Kobayashi, M., Saito, S., Knuura, H., Nakashima, T., Shoda-Kgaya, E., Kashiwagi, T., Tebayashi, S., Kim, C., Mori, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+aggregation+pheromone,+(1S,4R)-p-menth-2-en-1-ol,+of+the+ambrosia+beetle,+Platypus+quercivorus+(Coleoptera:+Phatypodidae).">Novel aggregation pheromone, (1S,4R)-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, of the ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Coleoptera: Phatypodidae).</a> Bulletin of FFPRI. , 49-57 (2007).</li><li>Nobuchi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platypus+quercivorus+Murayama+(Coleoptera,+Platypodidae)+attacks+to+living+oak+trees+in+Japan,+and+information+of+Platypodidae+(I).">Platypus quercivorus Murayama (Coleoptera, Platypodidae) attacks to living oak trees in Japan, and information of Platypodidae (I).</a> Forest Pest. 42, 2-6 (1993).</li><li>Clements, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sources+of+Energy+for+flight+in+mosquitoes.">The sources of Energy for flight in mosquitoes.</a> J Exp Biol. 32, 547-554 (1955).</li><li>Armes, N. J., Cooter, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+age+and+mated+status+on+flight+potential+of+Helicoverpaarmigera+(Lepidoptera:+Noctuidae).">Effects of age and mated status on flight potential of Helicoverpaarmigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).</a> Physiol Entomol. 16, 131-144 (1991).</li><li>Stewart, S. D., Gaylor, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+age,+sex,+and+reproductive+status+on+flight+by+the+tarnished+plant+bug+(Heteroptera:+Miridae).">Effects of age, sex, and reproductive status on flight by the tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae).</a> Environ Entomol. 23, 80-84 (1994).</li><li>Sarvary, M. A., Bloem, K. A., Bloem, S., Carpenter, J. E., Hight, S. D., Dorn, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diel+flight+pattern+and+flight+performance+of+Cactoblastis+castorum+(Lepidoptera:+Pyralidae)+Measured+on+a+flight+mill:+influence+of+age,+gender,+mating+status,+and+body+size.">Diel flight pattern and flight performance of Cactoblastis castorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Measured on a flight mill: influence of age, gender, mating status, and body size.</a> J Econ Entomol. 101 (2), 314-324 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Wyckhuys, K. A. G., Asplen, M. K., Heinpel, G. E., Wu, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Binodoxys+Communis+parasitism+on+flight+behavior+of+the+soybean+aphid,+Aphis+glycines.">Effect of Binodoxys Communis parasitism on flight behavior of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines.</a> Biol Control. 62, 10-15 (2012).</li><li>Sappington, T. W., Burks, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+flight+behavior+and+capacity+of+unmated+navel+orangeworm+(Lepidoptera:+Pyralidae)+Adults+related+to+age,+gender,+and+wing+size.">Patterns of flight behavior and capacity of unmated navel orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Adults related to age, gender, and wing size.</a> Environ Entomol. 43, 696-705 (2014).</li><li>Attisano, A., Murphy, J. T., Vickers, A., Moore, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+flight+mill+for+the+study+of+tethered+flight+in+insects.">A simple flight mill for the study of tethered flight in insects.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (106), e53377 (2015).</li><li>Evenden, M., Whitehouse, L., C, M., Sykes, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+influencing+flight+capacity+of+the+mountain+pine+beetle+(Coleoptera:+Curculionidae:+Scolytinae).">Factors influencing flight capacity of the mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae).</a> EnvironEntomol. 43, 187-196 (2014).</li><li>Fahrner, S. J., Lelito, J. P., Blaedow, K., Heimpel, G. E., Aukema, B. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+the+flight+capacity+of+Tetrastichus+planipennisi+(Hymenoptera:+Eulophidae),+a+classical+biological+control+agent+of+Agrilus+Planipennis+(Coleoptera:+Buprestidae).">Factors affecting the flight capacity of Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a classical biological control agent of Agrilus Planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).</a> Environ Entomol. 43, 1603-1612 (2014).</li><li>Pham, D. L., Ito, Y., Okada, R., Ikeno, H., Isagi, Y., Yamasaki, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phototactic+behavior+of+the+ambrosia+beetle+Phatypusquercirorus+(Murayama)+(Coleoptera:+Platypodidae)+before+and+after+flight.">Phototactic behavior of the ambrosia beetle Phatypusquercirorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) before and after flight.</a> J Insect Behav. 30, 318-330 (2017).</li><li>Wanner, H., Gu, H., Dorn, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+value+of+floral+nectar+sources+for+flight+in+the+parasitoid+wasp,+Cotesia+glomerata.">Nutritional value of floral nectar sources for flight in the parasitoid wasp, Cotesia glomerata.</a> Physiol Entomol. 31, 127-133 (2006).</li><li>Rowley, W. A., Graham, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+age+on+the+flight+performance+of+female+Aedes+aegypti+mosquitoes.">The effect of age on the flight performance of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.</a> J Insect Physiol. 14, 719-728 (1968).</li></ol>

我们开发了一个低成本, 易于建设, 紧凑的飞行磨机, 为小昆虫, 如P. quercivorus (4-5 毫米的身体长度和4-6 毫克的体重)。我们的飞行厂只包括普通的项目, 如针, 红外线 LED, 照片传感器, 瞬时胶水等, 不需要任何复杂的, 昂贵的, 或稀有的项目, 如计算机控制的电气设备。这样就可以方便快捷地收集必要的项目并降低实验成本。事实上, 每台机组的成本仅为1000日元 (约10美元、8欧元或7英镑) (?...

动物为了寻找食物和伴侣, 迁徙了很长的距离。迁徙的动物有时可能携带不良的同伴。雌豚草甲虫,鸭嘴兽 quercivorus (村山富市), 是一个已知的真菌病原体, Raffaelea quercivora Kubono 和新 Ito。这种病原体导致壳斗科树 (日本橡木枯萎) 的大量死亡和高水平的死亡率1。自1980年以来, 这种疾病一直在日本蔓延, 并已成为一个严重的问题2。
quercivorus是一种小昆虫 (体长4-5 毫米, 体重4-6 毫克), 每年的疾病扩展表明, 它们能够飞到几公里3,4。雄quercivorus定位一棵寄主树, 并释放一个聚合信息素, 吸引男性和女性5。因此, 宿主树受到 conspecifics 的大规模攻击, 最终死亡。在着陆后, 雄鸟在树内钻孔, 一个由信息素吸引的雌性进入隧道, 产卵。孵化的quercivours在隧道中生长, 直到成年。成人出现并分散, 以找到新的主机。因此, 疾病的扩展可能与这种甲虫的迁徙能力有关。然而, 甲虫能飞的程度仍然不明。此外, 雌性比雄性大6 (女性: 4.6 毫米, 雄性: 4.5 毫米) 和雄性甲虫搜索目标树, 进入树内的隧道, 然后吸引雌性。考虑到这些性别差异在身体大小和飞行的作用在他们的生活中, 性区别可能存在于飞行能力, 但能力的区别仍然不清楚。
一般来说, 由于迁徙区域的范围很广, 测量野外迁移能力, 特别是飞行能力, 是极其困难的。在60年7、8、9、10、11、12等拴系条件下的实验室测量了迁移能力, 例如一个飞行磨机系统;,13. 飞行磨机系统表明, 有些昆虫具有长距离飞行的能力。例如, 山松树甲虫的最长的飞行距离在一个飞行磨房是24公里14, 并且啮 planipennisi杨最大地飞行了7公里15。虽然飞行磨房是通常可利用的工具, 生物化验与活动物经常导致相当大个体区别。为了克服这一点, 许多测量, 重复多次, 需要得到可靠的估计平均扩散能力。因此, 应同时使用多个个人来快速收集足够数量的数据。然而, 同时实验需要一个更大的空间, 多个实验设置, 并比单一测量系统更昂贵。因此, 该机组必须低成本, 应易于建设与一般可用的项目, 并紧凑的规模。此外, 实验过程不应复杂或需要熟练的操作员。
在这项研究中, 我们组装了一个小型, 低成本的飞行厂 (图 1和图 2), 可以很容易地用于实验, 并测量飞行能力的豚草甲虫, P. quercivorus.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>needle</td>
			<td>Seirin</td>
			<td>J type No. 5 x 40 mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>epoxy resin adhesive</td>
			<td>Konishi</td>
			<td>#16113</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>metal plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>from a home improvement store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>disposable plastic pipette</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>from a home improvement store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>snap button</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>from a craft store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR sensor</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
			<td>S7136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR LED</td>
			<td>OptoSupply</td>
			<td>OSIR5113A</td>
			<td>150 mW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>custom-made program</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>downloadable from Github. 
			URL: https://github.com/HidetoshiIkeno/FlightMill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>instant glue</td>
			<td>Toagosei</td>
			<td>31204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A/D converter</td>
			<td>LabJack Co.</td>
			<td>U3-HV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAQ software</td>
			<td>AzeoTech</td>
			<td>DAQFactoryExpress</td>
			<td>download from AzeoTech Web page.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring the flight ability of the ambrosia beetle, platypus quercivorus (murayama), using a low-cost, small, and easily constructed flight mill

豚草甲虫,鸭嘴兽 quercivorus (村山富市), 是真菌病原体的载体, 导致壳斗科树 (日本橡木枯萎) 的大量死亡。因此, 了解扩散能力可能有助于使诱捕/树移除的努力更有效地预防这种疾病。在这项研究中, 我们测量飞行速度和持续时间, 并估计飞行距离的甲虫使用新开发的飞行厂。该机组成本低, 体积小, 使用常用的物品建造。飞行磨机臂及其垂直轴组成一根细针。甲虫标本用速溶胶水粘在手臂的一个尖端上。另一个尖端是厚的由于被塑料覆盖, 从而有助于检测手臂的旋转。臂的革命是由安装在红外线 led 上的照片传感器检测到的, 当手臂通过 led 上方时, 输出电压的变化就表明了这一点。照片传感器连接到一台个人电脑, 输出电压数据以1赫的采样速率存储。通过使用这个飞行磨机进行实验, 我们发现quercivorus至少能飞27公里。由于我们的飞行厂包括便宜和小的普通项目, 许多飞行磨房可以同时被准备和使用在一个小实验室空间。这使实验者能够在短时间内获得足够数量的数据。

在这些实验中, 大约50% 的甲虫被应用到飞机上, 显示了一个或多个革命。当塑料部件通过传感器和 LED 之间的虚线时, 记录的电压从大约 0 v 变到约 6.5 v, 而传递的持续时间在10-20 毫秒以内, 这取决于飞行速度。因此, 像一场革命一样, 一个类似的峰值电压变化被观察到 (图 7B)。我们定义的飞行, 当飞行磨房胳膊旋转,即, 电压超出了门限 (0.5 V), 不管...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus Murayama, Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill at JoVE.com

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus Murayama, Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

利用低成本、小型、易于建造的Quercivorus测量豚草甲虫、鸭嘴兽的飞行能力 (村山富市)

我们开发了一个低成本和小型飞行厂, 建设与一般可用的项目, 并容易用于试验。利用这个仪器, 我们测量了一个豚草甲虫,鸭嘴兽 quercivorus的飞行能力。

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). ...

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Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus (Murayama), Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

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