Name: toeprinting analysis of translation initiation complex formation on mammalian mrnas
Uploaded: 2018-05-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs at JoVE.com

这项工作由加拿大自然科学和工程研究委员会资助-发现补助金 (RGPIN-2017-05463), 加拿大创新基金会-约翰 r. 埃文斯领袖基金 (35017), 校园艾伯塔省创新计划和艾伯塔省部经济发展和贸易。

注意: RNA 极易被 ribonucleases (RNases) 降解。采取标准的预防措施, 保持 RNA 完好无损。经常更换手套。在协议的所有步骤中使用过滤过的吸管提示、无核酸酶 plasticware 和无核酸酶化学品。使用无核酸酶或二乙基焦碳酸 (DEPC) 处理水的所有解决方案。
1. 解决方案的准备工作
<ol><li>准备 Toeprinting 缓冲器:20 毫米三盐酸 (pH 7.6), 100 毫米 KOAc, 2.5 毫米毫克 (华侨)2, 5% (瓦特/v) 蔗糖...

<ol>
	<li>Holcik, M., Sonenberg, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+control+in+stress+and+apoptosis.">Translational control in stress and apoptosis.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 6 (4), 318-327 (2005).</li><li>Lacerda, R., Menezes, J., Romao, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=More+than+just+scanning:+the+importance+of+cap-independent+mRNA+translation+initiation+for+cellular+stress+response+and+cancer.">More than just scanning: the importance of cap-independent mRNA translation initiation for cellular stress response and cancer.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 74 (9), 1659-1680 (2017).</li><li>Sharma, D. K., Bressler, K., Patel, H., Balasingam, N., Thakor, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+Eukaryotic+Initiation+Factors+during+Cellular+Stress+and+Cancer+Progression.">Role of Eukaryotic Initiation Factors during Cellular Stress and Cancer Progression.</a> J Nucleic Acids. 2016, 8235121 (2016).</li><li>Gebauer, F., Hentze, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+translational+control.">Molecular mechanisms of translational control.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 5 (10), 827-835 (2004).</li><li>Anthony, D. D., Merrick, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+40+S+and+80+S+complexes+with+mRNA+as+measured+by+sucrose+density+gradients+and+primer+extension+inhibition.">Analysis of 40 S and 80 S complexes with mRNA as measured by sucrose density gradients and primer extension inhibition.</a> J Biol Chem. 267 (3), 1554-1562 (1992).</li><li>Hartz, D., McPheeters, D. S., Traut, R., Gold, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extension+inhibition+analysis+of+translation+initiation+complexes.">Extension inhibition analysis of translation initiation complexes.</a> Methods Enzymol. 164, 419-425 (1988).</li><li>Shirokikh, N. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+ribosome-mRNA+complexes+at+different+translation+stages.">Quantitative analysis of ribosome-mRNA complexes at different translation stages.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 38 (3), 15 (2010).</li><li>Thakor, N., Holcik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IRES-mediated+translation+of+cellular+messenger+RNA+operates+in+eIF2alpha-+independent+manner+during+stress.">IRES-mediated translation of cellular messenger RNA operates in eIF2alpha- independent manner during stress.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (2), 541-552 (2012).</li><li>Liwak, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+suppressor+PDCD4+represses+internal+ribosome+entry+site-mediated+translation+of+antiapoptotic+proteins+and+is+regulated+by+S6+kinase+2.">Tumor suppressor PDCD4 represses internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation of antiapoptotic proteins and is regulated by S6 kinase 2.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 32 (10), 1818-1829 (2012).</li><li>Thakor, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+mRNA+recruits+the+ribosome+via+eIF3-PABP+bridge+to+initiate+internal+translation.">Cellular mRNA recruits the ribosome via eIF3-PABP bridge to initiate internal translation.</a> RNA Biol. , 1-15 (2016).</li><li>Thoma, C., Bergamini, G., Galy, B., Hundsdoerfer, P., Hentze, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+IRES-mediated+translation+of+the+c-myc+and+BiP+mRNAs+by+the+poly(A)+tail+is+independent+of+intact+eIF4G+and+PABP.">Enhancement of IRES-mediated translation of the c-myc and BiP mRNAs by the poly(A) tail is independent of intact eIF4G and PABP.</a> Mol Cell. 15 (6), 925-935 (2004).</li><li>Baird, S. D., Lewis, S. M., Turcotte, M., Holcik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+search+for+structurally+similar+cellular+internal+ribosome+entry+sites.">A search for structurally similar cellular internal ribosome entry sites.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (14), 4664-4677 (2007).</li><li>Merrick, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+that+a+single+GTP+is+used+in+the+formation+of+80+S+initiation+complexes.">Evidence that a single GTP is used in the formation of 80 S initiation complexes.</a> J Biol Chem. 254 (10), 3708-3711 (1979).</li><li>Arnaud, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+New+34-Kilodalton+Isoform+of+Human+Fibroblast+Growth+Factor+2+Is+Cap+Dependently+Synthesized+by+Using+a+Non-AUG+Start+Codon+and+Behaves+as+a+Survival+Factor.">A New 34-Kilodalton Isoform of Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Is Cap Dependently Synthesized by Using a Non-AUG Start Codon and Behaves as a Survival Factor.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 19 (1), 505-514 (1999).</li><li>Dmitriev, S. E., Pisarev, A. V., Rubtsova, M. P., Dunaevsky, Y. E., Shatsky, I. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conversion+of+48S+translation+preinitiation+complexes+into+80S+initiation+complexes+as+revealed+by+toeprinting.">Conversion of 48S translation preinitiation complexes into 80S initiation complexes as revealed by toeprinting.</a> FEBS Lett. 533 (1-3), 99-104 (2003).</li><li>Faye, M. D., Graber, T. E., Holcik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+selective+mRNA+translation+in+mammalian+cells+by+polysome+profiling.">Assessment of selective mRNA translation in mammalian cells by polysome profiling.</a> J Vis Exp. (92), e52295 (2014).</li><li>Duncan, C. D. S., Mata, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+cycloheximide+on+the+interpretation+of+ribosome+profiling+experiments+in+Schizosaccharomyces+pombe.">Effects of cycloheximide on the interpretation of ribosome profiling experiments in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.</a> Sci Rep. 7 (1), 10331 (2017).</li><li>Beck, H. J., Janssen, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Translation+Initiation+Regulation+Mechanism+in+Escherichia+coli+ptrB+Mediated+by+a+5'-Terminal+AUG.">Novel Translation Initiation Regulation Mechanism in Escherichia coli ptrB Mediated by a 5'-Terminal AUG.</a> J Bacteriol. 199 (14), (2017).</li></ol>

Toeprinting 是一种强有力的技术, 直接测量一个 RNA 的能力, 以支持在高度控制条件下的翻译起始配合物的形成。该协议描述了一种 toeprinting 哺乳动物 rna 的简化技术。兔网织红细胞裂解剂 (RRL) 是一种方便的核糖体、eIFs、引发 tRNA 和 IRES反式作用因子 (ITAFs) 的来源。实验者提供他们的选择 RNA, 也可以补充 toeprinting 反应与他们选择的特定辅助因子。例如, 48S vs 80S 平移起始配合物可以根据 ...

由于翻译消耗了大部分的细胞能量, 所以翻译被严格管理的1是有意义的。相反, 失调的翻译, 以及随之而来的蛋白质输出的改变, 经常被观察到应激反应和疾病状态, 如癌症1,2。平移控制的一个主要优点是细胞能够改变蛋白质输出的速度, 以响应各种刺激3。因此, 翻译规则是一个重要的机制, 可以影响细胞生存和死亡1,2,3。在翻译步骤中, 启动是最受高度管制和复杂的3。简单地说, 大多数真核基因包含5是7G cap, 几乎总是对他们的翻译至关重要。cap 依赖启动需要真核启动因子 eIF4E, eIF4A 和 eIF4G (cap 识别复合体), 以互动的 5 ' 末端的 mRNA。43S preinitiation 核糖体复合体, 包含 eIF2-bound 引发器 tRNA 和 eIF3, 被招募到 5 ' 末端的 mRNA通过eIF4G 与 eIF3 的相互作用。preinitiation 复合体被认为扫描 mRNA, 由 eIF4A (RNA 旋) 辅助, 直到开始密码子 (AUG) 的位置。48S 起爆复合体随后形成, tRNA 被交付到核糖体的 P 位点。最后, 60S 和40S 核糖体亚基联合形成80S 起始复合体, 后跟翻译伸长1,3,4。相比之下, 内部核糖体进入站点 (IRESes) 通过将40S 核糖体亚基直接招募到起始密码子3, 绕过 5 ' cap 的要求。由于主要的真核致动因子 (eIFs) 的修饰, 生理应激条件减弱了全球 mRNA 的转化。然而, 非规范的翻译启动机制允许选择性地翻译某些基因经常编码的应力反应蛋白, 和失调的非规范化的翻译启动是牵连到疾病的状态, 如癌症1,2. 谨慎的 RNA 管理元素, 如蜂窝 IRESes, 允许翻译这样的基因2,3。
翻译控制的一个特别有趣的方面是了解给定 mRNA 的规范化与非规范化翻译的机制。Toeprinting 是一种技术, 允许详细的机械研究的翻译启动特定 rna在体外。toeprinting 的总体目标是评估一个有兴趣的 RNA 的能力, 以核化在各种条件下与核糖体形成的翻译起始复合体, 以确定哪些序列、结构元素或附件有效的翻译启动需要考虑因素。例如, 核糖体的招募可能会受到阻碍, 因为没有 5 ' 盖帽, 但刺激的存在 IRES。
该技术的原理是体外转录一个感兴趣的 RNA, 在含有翻译成分 (或纯化成分) 的细胞萃取物的存在下孵化它, 以允许起始络合物形成, 并反转转录具有特定底漆的 RNA。稳定的 RNA 核糖体复合物将导致反向转录在核糖体的 3 ' 边缘-所谓的 ' toeprint '5,6,7。
在本协议中, eIFs 的核糖体亚基、tRNAs 和 IRES反式作用因子 (ITAFs) 由兔网织红细胞裂解 (RRL) 方便地贡献。该协议的另一个优点是使用荧光标记的底漆和荧光凝胶为基础的成像仪, 而不是核素底漆。这消除了额外的步骤, 包括 radiolabeling 底漆, 以及干燥的凝胶和暴露在一个强化的屏幕。荧光带是实时记录, 因为凝胶运行, 允许更大的分辨率。名额 X 链细胞凋亡蛋白 (XIAP) IRES RNA 作为一个例子在这里, 虽然上限基因也可以分析此技术8。
与西方分析不同的是, 它测量了细胞裂解物中翻译过程的最终输出, toeprinting 是一种体外方法, 用于测量 RNA 上的翻译起始复杂形成。这种简化方法允许对调节翻译起始的基板或因素进行高度详细的研究 (e. g., 有上限或未覆盖的 mRNA, IRES 结构, 存在或没有聚尾, 提供特定的蛋白质因素,等)。因此, toeprinting 可以用来研究不同的翻译模式8或 mRNA 结构的影响, 如 IRESes, 对蛋白质合成9,10。

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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:405px;">DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">D5758-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">TRIS base, Ultrapure</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>4109-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">KOAc (Potassium acetate)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>PB0438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Mg(OAc)2 (Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>MB0326</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Sucrose, molecular biology grade</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>573113-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Spermidine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>85558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">GMP-PNP (Guanosine 5&#8242;-[&#946;,&#947;-imido]triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate) 0.1 M solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G0635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">ATP (Adenosine 5&#8242;-triphosphate) disodium salt, 100 mM solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A6559</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">19:1 Acrylamide:bis-acrylamide, 40%</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>A0006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Urea</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>UB0148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">500mL bottle top filtration units, 0.2 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>83.1823.101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Formamide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F9037-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">EDTA (disodium salt, dihydrate)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>EB0185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">SDS</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>SB0485</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>BDB0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Xylene cyanol FF</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>XB0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">MEGAshortscript T7 transcription kit</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM1354</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 transcription kit</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM1344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Acid Phenol:Chloroform (5:1)</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9722</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:405px;">25:24:1 Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">15593-049</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate (RRL). Should NOT be nuclease-treated.</td>
			<td>Green Hectares, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Contact Green Hectares, ask for 1:1 RRL:water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">RiboLock RNase Inhibitor (40 U/&#181;L)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>E00382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">100 mM dNTPs</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>56172, 56173, 56174, 56175</td>
			<td>Mix equal parts for a stock of 25 mM each.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">AMV-RT, 10 U/&#181;L</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M5101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Sequenase Version 2.0 DNA Sequencing Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>707701KT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Model 4200 IR2 DNA analyzer</td>
			<td>LI-COR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Product has been discontinued</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">APS (Ammonium Persulfate)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>AB0072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">TEMED</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>TB0508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Phusion High Fidelity Polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">M0530</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Turbo Dnase</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>AM2238</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

toeprinting analysis of translation initiation complex formation on mammalian mrnas

翻译起始是蛋白质合成的速率限制步骤, 是细胞调节蛋白质输出的关键点。调控蛋白质合成是细胞应激反应的关键, 失调是许多疾病状态的中心, 如癌症。例如, 虽然细胞应力导致了全球翻译的抑制, 通过衰减上限依赖性的启动, 某些应力反应蛋白有选择地翻译成与盖帽无关的方式。谨慎的 RNA 调控元素, 如细胞内核糖体进入站点 (IRESes), 允许翻译这些特定的基因。这种基因的识别, 以及它们的调控机制的特性, 一直是分子生物学中的一个关键领域。Toeprinting 是一种研究 RNA 结构和功能的方法, 它与翻译起始有关。toeprinting 的目的是评估体外转录 RNA 在各种条件下与核糖体形成稳定的配合物的能力, 以确定核糖体中涉及的序列、结构元素或辅助因素绑定-一个前游标有效的翻译启动。除了其他技术, 如西方分析和 polysome 分析, toeprinting 允许一个强大的特点的机制, 调整翻译的启动。

我们以前描述了 XIAP IRES 支持与 cap 无关的翻译启动的体外8,10的能力。Toeprinting 是讯问 XIAP IRES 起爆复合体机械细节的关键技术。对包含 XIAP IRES (图 1A) 的 mRNA 进行编码的 DNA 构造是体外转录并受到 toeprinting 分析。此处使用的 XIAP IRES mRNA 的变种变体在图 1<stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs at JoVE.com

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

哺乳动物基因翻译起始复合体形成的 Toeprinting 分析

Toeprinting 的目的是测量体外转录 RNA 的能力, 在各种条件下形成与核糖体的翻译起始配合物。该协议描述了一种 toeprinting 哺乳动物 RNA 的方法, 可用于研究 cap 依赖和 IRES 驱动的翻译。

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Protein Complex Affinity Capture from Cryomilled Mammalian Cells

从Cryomilled哺乳动物细胞中的蛋白质复合物亲和捕获

Affinity capture is an effective technique for isolating endogenous protein complexes for further study. When used in conjunction with an antibody, this ...

科研

生物化学

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

定量荧光测量全球本地化翻译

The mechanisms regulating mRNA translation are involved in various biological processes, such as germ line development, cell differentiation, and ...

Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

核糖体剖面对芽殖酵母中翻译的全基因组定量

Translation of mRNA into proteins is a complex process involving several layers of regulation. It is often assumed that changes in mRNA transcription ...

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

一种简单的高通量化学筛选方法在秀丽线虫中的应用

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages ...

Study on the Metabolism of Six Systemic Insecticides in a Newly Established Cell Suspension Culture Derived from Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Leaves

Study on the Metabolism of Six Systemic Insecticides in a Newly Established Cell Suspension Culture Derived from Tea Camellia Sinensis L. Leaves

从茶中提取的新建细胞悬浮培养基中六种系统杀虫剂的代谢研究(山茶西宁西斯L.叶

A platform for studying insecticide metabolism using in vitro tissues of tea plant was developed. Leaves from sterile tea plantlets were induced to form ...

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

用于分析依赖帽的翻译动力学的 体外 单分子成像测定

Cap-dependent protein synthesis is the predominant translation pathway in eukaryotic cells. While various biochemical and genetic approaches have allowed ...

Complementation of Splicing Activity by a Galectin-3 - U1 snRNP Complex on Beads

半乳糖凝集素-3 - U1 snRNP复合物在珠子上的剪接活性的补充

Classic depletion-reconstitution experiments indicate that galectin-3 is a required splicing factor in nuclear extracts. The mechanism of incorporation of ...

Measuring Composition of CD95 Death-Inducing Signaling Complex and Processing of Procaspase-8 in this Complex

测量CD95死亡诱导信号传导复合物的组成和该复合物中Procaspase-8的处理

Extrinsic apoptosis is mediated by the activation of death receptors (DRs) such as CD95/Fas/APO-1 or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ...

Routine Collection of High-Resolution cryo-EM Datasets Using 200 KV Transmission Electron Microscope

使用200 KV透射电子显微镜常规收集高分辨率冷冻电镜数据集

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has been established as a routine method for protein structure determination during the past decade, taking an ...

Characterization of Ternary Complex Formation in PROTACs Using Biophysical Assays

The Development and Application of Biophysical Assays for Evaluating Ternary Complex Formation Induced by Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACS)

Evaluating Biophysical Assays for Characterizing PROTACS Ternary Complexes (Video) | JoVE

用于评估蛋白水解靶向嵌合体（PROTACS）诱导的三元复合物形成的生物物理测定方法的发展和应用

E3 ligases and proteins targeted for degradation can be induced to form complexes by heterobifunctional molecules in a multi-step process. The kinetics ...