Name: measuring trans-plasma membrane electron transport by c2c12 myotubes
Uploaded: 2018-05-04T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes at JoVE.com

Vi vil gerne takke Thomas Bell, Lyn Mattathil, Mark Mannino og Neej Patel for deres tekniske support. Dette arbejde blev støttet af USA 's Public Health Service award R15DK102122 fra National Institute for Diabetes og Digestive og nyre sygdomme (NIDDK) til Jonathan Fisher. Håndskriftets indhold er udelukkende ansvarlig for forfattere og repræsenterer ikke nødvendigvis de officielle synspunkter af NIDDK eller National Institutes of Health.

Bemærk: Se figur 1 for en skematisk oversigt over vigtige trin.
1. WST-1 reduktion Assay
<ol><li>Vokse og differentiere C2C12 vedhængende celler ved hjælp af standard celle kultur procedurer7 i en 96-brønd plade udnytte rækker A-F.<ol>
<li>Bruge en differentiering medium bestående af Dulbeccos modificerede Eagle Medium (DMEM) suppleret med 2% hest serum, 100 U/mL penicillin og 0,1 mg/mL streptomycin. Inkuber celler ved 37 ° C med 5...

<ol>
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Vi har præsenteret to metoder for at udnytte ekstracellulære elektronacceptorer, WST-1 og DPIP, i spektrofotometrisk assays til at overvåge tPMET i C2C12 myotubes. Med væksten i cellelinjer i standard kultur procedurer og et spektrofotometer Pladelæser er det muligt at overvåge tPMET med disse elektronacceptorer i en simpel mikrotiterplade assay. WST-1 reduktion er reproducerbare fra godt til godt inden for en analyse, men der er den daglige variation. Den daglige variationskoefficient (CV) udnytte PBS som bufferen...

Renset plasma membraner evne til at reducere elektronacceptorer har ført til den opfattelse, at plasma membranen har en iboende redox kapacitet1. Tidligere set i svampe, planter og dyr, er tPMET en proces, der er fælles for flere organismer2,3,4,5. Specifikt, er denne proces blevet påvist i Saccharomyces cerevisiae, gulerod celler, erytrocytter, lymfocytter, osteosarkom, melanom, makrofager, skeletmuskulatur og neutrofile2,3, 4 , 5 , 6 , 7. i en proces, der transporterer elektroner over plasmamembran at reducere ekstracellulære oxidanter, tPMET er involveret i mange cellulære funktioner, herunder: celle vækst5,8, celle levedygtighed9, jern metabolisme10, celle signalering11,12,13, og beskyttelse mod reaktive ilt arter12,14,15. På grund af Tpmet's involvering i mange cellulære funktioner, en ubalance i tPMET har været en hypotese for at bidrage til udviklingen af nogle alvorlige sundhedsmæssige betingelser, herunder kræft16, hjerte-kar-sygdom17, og metabolisk syndrom18.
Der er flere måder at overvåge overførslen af elektroner over plasmamembran, men den mest udbredte teknik er at vurdere reduktion af ekstracellulære elektronacceptorer gennem kolorimetriske assays. Almindeligt anvendte ekstracellulære elektronacceptorer er tetrazolium salte, DPIP, FeCN og ferricytochrome c19,20. De mest almindeligt anvendte tetrazolium salt er en anden generation salt kendt som WST-119. Dette stof er lettere at udnytte i kolorimetriske assays i forhold til første generation tetrazolium salte på grund af to sulfonat grupper, der øger dens vand opløselighed21. WST-1, er sammenholdt med mellemliggende elektron acceptor 1-methoxy-phenazine methosulfate (mPMS), reduceret i to enkelt-elektron overførsel begivenheder. Denne reduktion ændres svagt farvede oxiderede form af WST-1 til en mere intens, gule formazankoncentrationen20,22. WST-1 har en høj molær ekstinktion koefficient på 37 x 103 M-1cm-1, fører til et højt assay følsomhed21,22. DPIP er også udnyttes som en ekstracellulære elektron acceptoren til at overvåge tPMET. Det har vist sig at DPIP kan reduceres extracellularly ved tPMET uden hjælp af mellemliggende elektron acceptorer23,24. På grund af manglende mellemliggende elektronacceptorer, DPIP kan direkte afhentning elektroner fra plasma membran, i modsætning til WST-124. Svarende til DPIP, FeCN har vist sig at være reduceret extracellularly til kaliumferrocyanid af tPMET uden hjælp af mellemliggende elektron acceptorer19,24. I modsætning til WST-1 og DPIP har FeCN en lav molær ekstinktion koefficient fører til en lavere assay følsomhed9. En anden almindeligt anvendte ekstracellulære elektron acceptoren til at overvåge tPMET er ferricytochrome c. svarende til WST-1, ferricytochrome c reduktion stigninger med brug af mellemliggende elektron acceptor, mPMS22. I modsætning til WST-1 men er metoden ferricytochrome c mindre følsomme på grund af en stor baggrund og en lav molær ekstinktion koefficient22.
Her vil vi præsentere en metode for tidstro analyse af tPMET gennem spektrofotometriske assays. Metoden udnyttes de ekstracellulære elektronacceptorer WST-1 og DPIP, som de begge har en høj molær ekstinktion koefficient, mens at være billigere i forhold til de andre almindeligt anvendte ekstracellulære elektronacceptorer som ferricytochrome c. Vi udnyttede phenazine methosulfate (PMS) i stedet for mPMS de har en lignende kemisk makeup og PMS er langt billigere. mPMS er photochemically stabilt som er et vigtigt kendetegn for en kommerciel kit, der har bør for en lang holdbarhed. Men vi gør PMS frisk i hvert assay, så stabilitet ikke bør være et problem. Vi præsenterer også en metode til at vurdere mulige enzymatisk interaktioner (Se figur 1) mellem de ekstracellulære elektron acceptor og enzymer, der kan udnyttes til at yderligere karakterisere processen med tPMET. Specifikt, bestemme enzymer AO og SOD kan bruges, hvilken del af tPMET skyldes Ascorbat transport eller ekstracellulære superoxid udgivelse, to fælles metoder for elektronerne transporteres over plasmamembran.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C2C12 myoblasts</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection&#160;</td>
			<td>CRL-1772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified eagle&#39;s medium - low glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D6046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Plex animal serum complex</td>
			<td>Gemini Bio-Products&#160;</td>
			<td>100-602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>516106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>horse serum</td>
			<td>Gibco Technologies</td>
			<td>16050-130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T4049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 cm culture dishes</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>93150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well culture plates</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>92096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium Sodium Salt (WST-1)</td>
			<td>Accela ChemBio&#160; Inc</td>
			<td>SY016315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phenazine methosulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-ascorbic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ascorbate oxidase&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A0157</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>superoxide dismutase&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5395</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,6-dichloroindophenol sodium salt&#160;</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals</td>
			<td>215011825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G7528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3784</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>BP366</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M5921</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C7902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium phosphate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>BP363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Powerwave X-I spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Biotek Insturments</td>
			<td>discontinued&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectronic Genesys 5 Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>336001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PureGrade 96-well microplate, F-bottom, clear, untreated, non-sterile</td>
			<td>MidSci</td>
			<td>781602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>220299</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>215422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hypoxanthine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H9636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>xanthine oxidase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R Studio</td>
			<td>Rstudio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KC4</td>
			<td>Biotek Insturments</td>
			<td>discontinued&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring trans-plasma membrane electron transport by c2c12 myotubes

Trans-plasma membran elektron transport (tPMET) spiller en rolle i beskyttelsen af celler fra intracellulære reduktiv stress samt beskyttelse mod beskadigelse af ekstracellulære oxidanter. Denne proces til at transportere elektroner fra intracellulære reduktionsmidler til ekstracellulære oxidanter er ikke veldefineret. Her præsenterer vi spektrofotometriske assays af C2C12 myotubes til at overvåge tPMET udnytter de ekstracellulære elektronacceptorer: vandopløselige tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) og 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP eller DCIP). Gennem reduktion af disse elektronacceptorer er vi i stand til at overvåge denne proces i en real-time analyse. Med tilføjelsen af enzymer såsom Ascorbat oxidase (AO) og superoxiddismutase (SOD) for assays, kan vi afgøre, hvilken del af tPMET er Ascorbat eksport eller superoxid produktion, henholdsvis. Mens WST-1 blev vist sig at producere stabile resultater med lav baggrund, kunne DPIP være re oxideret efter tilsætning af AO og SOD, hvilket blev demonstreret med spektrofotometriske analyse. Denne metode viser en real-time, multi godt, hurtig spektrofotometriske assay med fordele frem for andre metoder, der anvendes til at overvåge tPMET, som Ferricyanid (FeCN) og ferricytochrome c reduktion.

Statistik blev udført med ANAVA med gentagne foranstaltninger ved hjælp af RStudio statistisk software25. Stikprøver er angivet i figur legender.
For at overvåge tPMET, blev C2C12 myotubes udnyttet sammen med ekstracellulære elektronacceptorer, WST-1 og DPIP. AO blev brugt til at bestemme, hvilken del af WST-1 og DPIP reduktion skyldtes Ascorbat efflux og SOD blev brugt til at bestemme, hvilken del a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes at JoVE.com

Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes

Måling af Trans-Plasma membran elektron Transport af C2C12 Myotubes

Målet med denne protokol er spektrofotometrisk overvåge trans-plasma membran elektron transport udnytte ekstracellulære elektronacceptorer og analysere enzymatisk interaktioner, der kan opstå med disse ekstracellulære elektronacceptorer.

Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) plays a role in protection of cells from intracellular reductive stress as well as protection from damage ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Method to Visualize and Analyze Membrane Interacting Proteins by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Metode til at visualisere og analysere membran interagerende proteiner af Transmission Electron Microscopy

Monotopic proteins exert their function when attached to a membrane surface, and such interactions depend on the specific lipid composition and on the ...

Measuring Protein Binding to F-actin by Co-sedimentation

Måling af proteinbinding til F-actin ved co-sedimentering

Filamentous actin (F-actin) organization within cells is regulated by a large number of actin-binding proteins that control actin nucleation, growth, ...

Analyzing Supercomplexes of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain with Native Electrophoresis, In-gel Assays, and Electroelution

Analyse af superkomplekser af den mitokondrieelektron transportkæde med indfødte elektroforese, in-gel analyser og elektrolysering

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) transduces the energy derived from the breakdown of various fuels into the bioenergetic currency of the ...

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Elektrokemisk detektion af Deuterium Kinetic isotop effekt på ekstracellulære elektron Transport i Shewanella oneidensis hr.-1

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM ...

Analysis of &#946;-Amyloid-induced Abnormalities on Fibrin Clot Structure by Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Analysis of ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â²-Amyloid-induced Abnormalities on Fibrin Clot Structure by Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Analyse af β-Amyloid-induceret afvigelser Fibrin blodprop strukturen af spektroskopi og Scanning elektronmikroskopi

This article presents methods for generating in vitro fibrin clots and analyzing the effect of beta-amyloid (A&#946;) protein on clot formation and ...

A Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy Assay of Protein-Protein Interactions at Cell-Cell Contacts

Et fluorescens udsving spektroskopi Assay af Protein-Protein interaktioner på celle-celle kontakter

A variety of biological processes involves cell-cell interactions, typically mediated by proteins that interact at the interface between neighboring ...

Analysis of Protein Folding, Transport, and Degradation in Living Cells by Radioactive Pulse Chase

Analyse af proteinfoldning, Transport og nedbrydning i levende celler af radioaktivt puls Chase

Radioactive pulse-chase labeling is a powerful tool for studying the conformational maturation, the transport to their functional cellular location, and ...

Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Imaging by Correlative Light and Volume Electron Microscopy

Mitokondrier og Endoplasmic reticulum Imaging af Korrelativ lys og volumen elektronmikroskopi

Cellular organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), create a network to perform a variety of functions. These highly curved ...

Interactions with and Membrane Permeabilization of Brain Mitochondria by Amyloid Fibrils

Interaktioner med og membran Permeabilisering af hjernen mitochondrier af amyloid Fibrils

A growing body of evidence indicates that membrane permeabilization, including internal membranes such as mitochondria, is a common feature and primary ...

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles

Characterization of Membrane Transporters by Heterologous Expression in E. coli and Production of Membrane Vesicles

Karakterisering af membran transportører ved heterologe udtryk i E. coli og fremstilling af membran vesikler

Several methods have been developed to functionally characterize novel membrane transporters. Polyamines are ubiquitous in all organisms, but polyamine ...