Name: a doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy model in adult zebrafish
Uploaded: 2018-06-07T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Doxorubicin-induced Cardiomyopathy Model in Adult Zebrafish at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet i en del af en videnskabsmand udvikling tilskud fra American Heart Association (14SDG18160021 til YD), amerikanske NIH R01 tilskud HL 81753 og HL 107304 til XX og XX Mayo instituttet.

Alle procedurer, der beskrives her blev udført i overensstemmelse med retningslinjer for pleje og anvendelse af forsøgsdyr (nationale akademier pressen. 2011), og de blev godkendt af Mayo Clinic institutionelle Animal Care og brug udvalget.
1. voksen zebrafisk forberedelse
<ol><li>Oprette tilstrækkelige ynglende par i krydser tanke at erhverve mindst dobbelt så mange som den samlede fisk brug for DOX injektion. Hvis man sammenligner fisk med forskellige genetiske baggrunde, avle alle fis...

<ol>
	<li>Octavia, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin-induced+cardiomyopathy:+from+molecular+mechanisms+to+therapeutic+strategies.">Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 52 (6), 1213-1225 (2012).</li><li>Singal, P. K., Iliskovic, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin-induced+cardiomyopathy.">Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy.</a> N Engl J Med. 339 (13), 900-905 (1998).</li><li>Angsutararux, P., Luanpitpong, S., Issaragrisil, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotherapy-Induced+Cardiotoxicity:+Overview+of+the+Roles+of+Oxidative+Stress.">Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: Overview of the Roles of Oxidative Stress.</a> Oxid Med Cell Longev. , 795602 (2015).</li><li>Ichikawa, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiotoxicity+of+doxorubicin+is+mediated+through+mitochondrial+iron+accumulation.">Cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin is mediated through mitochondrial iron accumulation.</a> J Clin Invest. 124 (2), 617-630 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, Y. W., Shi, J., Li, Y. J., Wei, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiomyocyte+death+in+doxorubicin-induced+cardiotoxicity.">Cardiomyocyte death in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.</a> Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 57 (6), 435-445 (2009).</li><li>Sawyer, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anthracyclines+and+heart+failure.">Anthracyclines and heart failure.</a> N Engl J Med. 368 (12), 1154-1156 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+the+molecular+basis+of+doxorubicin-induced+cardiotoxicity.">Identification of the molecular basis of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.</a> Nat Med. 18 (11), 1639-1642 (2012).</li><li>Dodd, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin+cardiomyopathy+is+associated+with+a+decrease+in+calcium+release+channel+of+the+sarcoplasmic+reticulum+in+a+chronic+rabbit+model.">Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy is associated with a decrease in calcium release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a chronic rabbit model.</a> J Clin Invest. 91 (4), 1697-1705 (1993).</li><li>Mitry, M. A., Edwards, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin+induced+heart+failure:+Phenotype+and+molecular+mechanisms.">Doxorubicin induced heart failure: Phenotype and molecular mechanisms.</a> Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 10, 17-24 (2016).</li><li>Aminkeng, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+coding+variant+in+RARG+confers+susceptibility+to+anthracycline-induced+cardiotoxicity+in+childhood+cancer.">A coding variant in RARG confers susceptibility to anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in childhood cancer.</a> Nat Genet. 47 (9), 1079-1084 (2015).</li><li>Deng, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dystrophin-deficiency+increases+the+susceptibility+to+doxorubicin-induced+cardiotoxicity.">Dystrophin-deficiency increases the susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.</a> Eur J Heart Fail. 9 (10), 986-994 (2007).</li><li>Leong, S. L., Chaiyakunapruk, N., Lee, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candidate+Gene+Association+Studies+of+Anthracycline-induced+Cardiotoxicity:+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-analysis.">Candidate Gene Association Studies of Anthracycline-induced Cardiotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.</a> Sci Rep. 7 (1), 39 (2017).</li><li>Wasielewski, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+genetic+predisposition+for+anthracycline-associated+cardiomyopathy+in+families+with+dilated+cardiomyopathy.">Potential genetic predisposition for anthracycline-associated cardiomyopathy in families with dilated cardiomyopathy.</a> Open Heart. 1 (1), e000116 (2014).</li><li>Lebrecht, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dexrazoxane+prevents+doxorubicin-induced+long-term+cardiotoxicity+and+protects+myocardial+mitochondria+from+genetic+and+functional+lesions+in+rats.">Dexrazoxane prevents doxorubicin-induced long-term cardiotoxicity and protects myocardial mitochondria from genetic and functional lesions in rats.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 151 (6), 771-778 (2007).</li><li>QuanJun, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+Effects+of+Dexrazoxane+against+Doxorubicin-Induced+Cardiotoxicity:+A+Metabolomic+Study.">Protective Effects of Dexrazoxane against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Metabolomic Study.</a> PLoS One. 12 (1), e0169567 (2017).</li><li>Seifert, C. F., Nesser, M. E., Thompson, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dexrazoxane+in+the+prevention+of+doxorubicin-induced+cardiotoxicity.">Dexrazoxane in the prevention of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.</a> Ann Pharmacother. 28 (9), 1063-1072 (1994).</li><li>Adams, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Galphaq+signaling:+a+common+pathway+mediates+cardiac+hypertrophy+and+apoptotic+heart+failure.">Enhanced Galphaq signaling: a common pathway mediates cardiac hypertrophy and apoptotic heart failure.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (17), 10140-10145 (1998).</li><li>Bowles, N. E., Bowles, K. R., Towbin, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+&amp;#34;final+common+pathway&amp;#34;+hypothesis+and+inherited+cardiovascular+disease.+The+role+of+cytoskeletal+proteins+in+dilated+cardiomyopathy.">The &amp;#34;final common pathway&amp;#34; hypothesis and inherited cardiovascular disease. The role of cytoskeletal proteins in dilated cardiomyopathy.</a> Herz. 25 (3), 168-175 (2000).</li><li>Kroumpouzou, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+pathways+for+primary+hypertrophic+and+dilated+cardiomyopathy.">Common pathways for primary hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy.</a> Hybrid Hybridomics. 22 (1), 41-45 (2003).</li><li>Towbin, J. A., Bowles, K. R., Bowles, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Etiologies+of+cardiomyopathy+and+heart+failure.">Etiologies of cardiomyopathy and heart failure.</a> Nat Med. 5 (3), 266-267 (1999).</li><li>Liu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visnagin+protects+against+doxorubicin-induced+cardiomyopathy+through+modulation+of+mitochondrial+malate+dehydrogenase.">Visnagin protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy through modulation of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase.</a> Sci Transl Med. 6 (266), 266ra170 (2014).</li><li>Asimaki, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+new+modulator+of+the+intercalated+disc+in+a+zebrafish+model+of+arrhythmogenic+cardiomyopathy.">Identification of a new modulator of the intercalated disc in a zebrafish model of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.</a> Sci Transl Med. 6 (240), 240ra274 (2014).</li><li>Ding, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haploinsufficiency+of+target+of+rapamycin+attenuates+cardiomyopathies+in+adult+zebrafish.">Haploinsufficiency of target of rapamycin attenuates cardiomyopathies in adult zebrafish.</a> Circ Res. 109 (6), 658-669 (2011).</li><li>Sun, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+hypertrophy+involves+both+myocyte+hypertrophy+and+hyperplasia+in+anemic+zebrafish.">Cardiac hypertrophy involves both myocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia in anemic zebrafish.</a> PLoS One. 4 (8), e6596 (2009).</li><li>Sun, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+the+Nkx2.5-Calr-p53+signaling+pathway+by+hyperglycemia+induces+cardiac+remodeling+and+dysfunction+in+adult+zebrafish.">Activation of the Nkx2.5-Calr-p53 signaling pathway by hyperglycemia induces cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in adult zebrafish.</a> Dis Model Mech. 10 (10), 1217-1227 (2017).</li><li>Yang, J., Shah, S., Olson, T. M., Xu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+GATAD1-Associated+Dilated+Cardiomyopathy+in+Adult+Zebrafish.">Modeling GATAD1-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Adult Zebrafish.</a> J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 3 (1), (2016).</li><li>Ding, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trapping+cardiac+recessive+mutants+via+expression-based+insertional+mutagenesis+screening.">Trapping cardiac recessive mutants via expression-based insertional mutagenesis screening.</a> Circ Res. 112 (4), 606-617 (2013).</li><li>Ding, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modifier+screen+identifies+DNAJB6+as+a+cardiomyopathy+susceptibility+gene.">A modifier screen identifies DNAJB6 as a cardiomyopathy susceptibility gene.</a> JCI Insight. 2 (8), (2017).</li><li>Kinkel, M. D., Eames, S. C., Philipson, L. H., Prince, V. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraperitoneal+injection+into+adult+zebrafish.">Intraperitoneal injection into adult zebrafish.</a> J Vis Exp. (42), (2010).</li><li>Wang, L. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+echocardiographic+assessment+of+cardiac+function+in+normal+adult+zebrafish+and+heart+disease+models.">Standardized echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function in normal adult zebrafish and heart disease models.</a> Dis Model Mech. 10 (1), 63-76 (2017).</li><li>Desai, V. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+doxorubicin-induced+chronic+cardiotoxicity+in+the+B6C3F1+mouse+model.">Development of doxorubicin-induced chronic cardiotoxicity in the B6C3F1 mouse model.</a> Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 266 (1), 109-121 (2013).</li><li>Zhu, W., Shou, W., Payne, R. M., Caldwell, R., Field, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+for+juvenile+doxorubicin-induced+cardiac+dysfunction.">A mouse model for juvenile doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction.</a> Pediatr Res. 64 (5), 488-494 (2008).</li><li>Chatterjee, K., Zhang, J., Honbo, N., Karliner, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin+cardiomyopathy.">Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy.</a> Cardiology. 115 (2), 155-162 (2010).</li><li>Bang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+fibroblast-derived+microRNA+passenger+strand-enriched+exosomes+mediate+cardiomyocyte+hypertrophy.">Cardiac fibroblast-derived microRNA passenger strand-enriched exosomes mediate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.</a> J Clin Invest. 124 (5), 2136-2146 (2014).</li><li>Rassaf, T., Kelm, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protection+from+diabetic+cardiomyopathy+-+putative+role+of+the+retinoid+receptor-mediated+signaling.">Protection from diabetic cardiomyopathy - putative role of the retinoid receptor-mediated signaling.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 59, 179-180 (2013).</li><li>Wahbi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dilated+cardiomyopathy+in+patients+with+mutations+in+anoctamin+5.">Dilated cardiomyopathy in patients with mutations in anoctamin 5.</a> Int J Cardiol. 168 (1), 76-79 (2013).</li><li>Zhou, M. D., Sucov, H. M., Evans, R. M., Chien, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoid-dependent+pathways+suppress+myocardial+cell+hypertrophy.">Retinoid-dependent pathways suppress myocardial cell hypertrophy.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92 (16), 7391-7395 (1995).</li><li>Hershman, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin,+cardiac+risk+factors,+and+cardiac+toxicity+in+elderly+patients+with+diffuse+B-cell+non-Hodgkin's+lymphoma.">Doxorubicin, cardiac risk factors, and cardiac toxicity in elderly patients with diffuse B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.</a> J Clin Oncol. 26 (19), 3159-3165 (2008).</li><li>Silber, J. H., Barber, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doxorubicin-induced+cardiotoxicity.">Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.</a> N Engl J Med. 333 (20), 1359-1360 (1995).</li><li>Von Hoff, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+factors+for+doxorubicin-induced+congestive+heart+failure.">Risk factors for doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure.</a> Ann Intern Med. 91 (5), 710-717 (1979).</li><li>Pugach, E. K., Li, P., White, R., Zon, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retro-orbital+injection+in+adult+zebrafish.">Retro-orbital injection in adult zebrafish.</a> J Vis Exp. (34), (2009).</li><li>Zang, L., Morikane, D., Shimada, Y., Tanaka, T., Nishimura, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+protocol+for+the+oral+administration+of+test+chemicals+to+adult+zebrafish.">A novel protocol for the oral administration of test chemicals to adult zebrafish.</a> Zebrafish. 8 (4), 203-210 (2011).</li><li>Collymore, C., Rasmussen, S., Tolwani, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gavaging+adult+zebrafish.">Gavaging adult zebrafish.</a> J Vis Exp. (78), (2013).</li></ol>

For at modellere en progressiv DIC, var dosis på 20 mg/kg DOX bestemmes eksperimentelt som den højeste dosis, der ikke medfører væsentlige fisk død under 1 wpi men stadig resulterer i fisk død og reduktion af hjertets funktion efter 4 wpi (figur 3 og Figur 4 c). Denne dosis kan sammenlignes til dem, der ofte anvendes i gnavere DIC modeller (15-25 mg/kg) og den grænse kumulative dosis hos mennesker (550 mg/m2, hvilket svarer til 15 mg/kg)<sup c...

Doxorubicin (DOX), også kaldet Adriamycin, er blevet udviklet som en anti-neoplastiske medicin siden 1960s1,2. Det er nu endnu bruges aktivt som en vigtig kemoterapeutiske stof for et bredt spektrum af tumorer. Men kliniske anvendelse af DOX var hæmmet af dens dosisafhængig toksicitet, især cardiotoxicity karakteriseret ved variabel symptomerne spænder fra asymptomatisk elektrokardiografiske ændringer til pericarditis og decompensated kardiomyopati 1 , 2. indtil mindst tre store hypoteser er blevet rejst for at forklare DIC, herunder aktiveret reaktive ilt arter (ROS)1,3,4,5, hæmning af topoisomerase II-β ( TOP2β)6,7, og graduering af intracellulære calcium frigive1,8,9. Akkumulere beviser foreslår også genetisk disposition som en central risikofaktor for DIC10,11,12,13. Gen identiteter relateret til disse DIC prædisposition, men stadig stort set ukendt. Save er det eneste adjuverende agent godkendt af US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) til behandling af DIC, men med begrænset gennemførelsen14,15,16, understreger behovet for at identificere yderligere terapeutiske strategier. Dyremodeller af DIC er derfor undersøgt for disse formål. På grund af deres tilgængelighed og enkelhed, Mekanistiske undersøgelser på DIC modeller kunne potentielt har bredere virkninger på andre typer af cardiomyopatier: fælles patogenese kan deles mellem cardiomyopatier af forskellige etiologies, især på senere patologisk faser17,18,19,20.
Ud over gnavere modeller af DIC, er zebrafisk DIC modeller med højere overførselshastighed blevet udviklet for at lette opdagelsen af nye genetiske faktorer og therapeutics. En embryonale DIC model har været etableret i gennemsigtig zebrafisk embryoner til screening terapeutiske forbindelser21. Cardiomyopatier er voksen indsættende sygdomme med en progressiv patogenese, udviklet voksen zebrafisk kardiomyopati modeller har været22,23,24,25,26. Vi genereres den første erhvervede model for kardiomyopati som følge af kronisk anæmi24, efterfulgt af DIC som den anden erhvervede kardiomyopati model i voksen zebrafisk23. Vi fandt, at injektion af en enkelt bolus af DOX i voksen zebrafisk inducerer cardiotoxicity, der består af en akut fase groft inden for 1 uge efter injektion (wpi), efterfulgt af en kronisk fase af kardiomyopati til 6 måneder efter injektion. Mens haploinsufficiency til mekanistiske målet på rapamycin(mtor) forbedringer kardiomyopati i den kroniske fase, overdriver det fiskedødelighed på den akutte fase, hvilket understreger værdien af den voksne DIC model at skelne fase-afhængige mekanismer23. Vi viste yderligere, at den voksne DIC model kan bruges til at understrege en samling af zebrafisk pattedyrsceller hjerte (ZIC) mutanter, der bliver genereret via en transposon-baserede pattedyrsceller mutagenese tilgang27. En pilot skærm identificeret 3 kendte kardiomyopati gener samt DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, underfamilie B og medlem 6b (dnajb6b) som ny DIC modtagelighed gener28. Derfor, generation af voksen DIC model i zebrafisk førte til en ny metode, der systematisk muliggør identifikation af genetisk modificering af DIC, som supplerer de eksisterende genome-wide association studier (GWAS) og kvantitative træk locus (QTL ) analyse.
Under den generation og gennemførelse af voksen zebrafisk DIC model bemærkede vi betydelige variationer mellem forskellige forskere og/eller selv blandt forskellige injektioner udført af den samme investigator. Langsgående arten af modellen stiller udfordringer til at registrere resultaterne fra forskellige efterforskere og den sekventielle fejlfindingsprocessen. For at lette anvendelsen af denne enkle kardiomyopati-inducerende stress metode af Fællesskabets forskning, vi beskriver vores protokol i detaljer, findes to typer IP injektion, og diskutere overvejelser for at reducere variationer mellem forskellige forskere.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Crossing tank</td>
			<td>Aquaneering</td>
			<td>ZHCT100</td>
			<td>Fish breeding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Maintaining embryo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 L medium tank</td>
			<td>Aquaneering</td>
			<td>ZT280</td>
			<td>Maintaining fish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paramecia</td>
			<td>Carolina</td>
			<td>131560</td>
			<td>Food for juvenile fish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Live hatched brine shrimp</td>
			<td>in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Food for adult fish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxorubicin hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D1515-10MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml safe-lock tube</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>No. 022363204</td>
			<td>For drug storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum foil paper</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>1213104</td>
			<td>For preventing light exposure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>No. 03115887001</td>
			<td>For dechorionating embryo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution (HBBS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>14025076</td>
			<td>Vehicle for DOX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm petri dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>431741</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#956;L NanoFil micro-syringe</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>NANOFIL</td>
			<td>For injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>34 gauge needle&#160;</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>NF34BV-2</td>
			<td>For injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tricaine</td>
			<td>Argent</td>
			<td>MS-222</td>
			<td>Anesthetizing fish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plate</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3539</td>
			<td>For embryo drug treatment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipette</td>
			<td>Bel-art product</td>
			<td>F37898</td>
			<td>For transfering embryo</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy model in adult zebrafish

Den genetisk tilgængelige voksen zebrafisk (Danio rerio) er blevet mere og mere brugt som en hvirveldyr model for at forstå menneskers sygdomme såsom kardiomyopati. På grund af dens bekvemmelighed og imødekommenhed til høj overførselshastighed genetiske manipulationer, åbner generation af erhvervede kardiomyopati modeller, såsom doxorubicin-induceret kardiomyopati (DIC) model i voksen zebrafisk, døre til nye forskning veje, herunder at opdage kardiomyopati modifikatorer via fremad genetisk screening. Forskellig fra den embryonale zebrafisk DIC model, både indledende akut og senere kronisk faser af kardiomyopati kan bestemmes i den voksne zebrafisk DIC model, giver undersøgelsen etape-afhængige signaling mekanismer og terapeutiske strategier. Dog kan varierende resultater opnås med den nuværende model, selv i hænderne på erfarne efterforskere. For at lette fremtidig gennemførelse af DIC model, præsenterer vi en detaljeret protokol om hvordan man kan generere denne DIC model i voksen zebrafisk og beskrive to alternative måder at intraperitoneal (IP) injektion. Vi diskutere yderligere muligheder at reducere variationer for at få pålidelige resultater og stille forslag om, hvordan man korrekt fortolke resultaterne.

Her, præsenteres to metoder til at udføre IP injektion til model DIC i voksen zebrafisk. Mens du bruger den klassiske, etablerede IP injektion metode29, blev det bemærket, at den injicerede DOX løsning (rød farve) undertiden kunne sive ud fra den placering, hvor nålen gennemtrænges. Den alternative IP injektion bruger en anden placering for nål penetration, der er 3-4 mm fra bughinden hvor DOX er frigivet (figur 1A), der effekt...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Doxorubicin-induced Cardiomyopathy Model in Adult Zebrafish at JoVE.com

A Doxorubicin-induced Cardiomyopathy Model in Adult Zebrafish

En Doxorubicin-induceret kardiomyopati Model i voksen zebrafisk

En metode til at generere en doxorubicin-induceret kardiomyopati model i voksen zebrafisk (Danio rerio) er beskrevet her. To alternative måder at intraperitoneal injektion præsenteres og betingelser, der skal reducere variationer mellem forskellige eksperimentelle grupper diskuteres.

The genetically accessible adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasingly used as a vertebrate model for understanding human diseases such as ...

This method can help determine key factors affecting viral agents during the development of an adaptive model for ensocycline induced catatoxicity. The main advantage of this technique is that it is a simple ensocycline induced catatoxicity model which can be used for high-throughput genetic and drug-based screenings. When making DOX stock solution, thoroughly dissolve the DOX powder in deionized water until absolutely no clumps are visible.For quality control testing, collect a wild-type Zebra fish embryos from at least two pair of fish in two separate collections. Manually dechorionate the embryos 24 hours post-fertilization using fine needles. After the dechorionation, refresh the embryo water and remove any dead embryos.Each collection of embryos must have at least 36 embryos for a quality control test. Now, dilute the stock DOX solution in fresh embryo water to a final concentration of 100 micromolar. Prepare at least 100 microliters per three embryos.Mix the dilution using a vortex. The final dilution should have a light red color. Next, load the wells of a 96 well plate with 100 microliters of diluted DOX solution.Prepare one well per three embryos. Then, transfer the embryos to the wells using a plastic transfer pipette. While transferring embryos, keep the embryos close to the end of the pipette tip.Then, put the pipette tip into solution and allow the embryos to swim naturally into the well. Do not eject the embryos with solution as this will alter the DOX concentration. 48 hours post-fertilization, refresh the DOX solution.At this time, look under 10X magnification to identify dead embryos, which have no heartbeat and identify embryos with edema. Be quick to count and remove any dead embryos, otherwise the remaining embryos in the well will also die. Repeat the dead count at 72 hours post-fertilization.If there is at least 25%death then the DOX solution has a good drug efficacy and can be used for the experiment. Prior to injecting the fish with DOX, fast the fish for 24 hours. Next, group the fish.While anesthetized, use a clean filter paper to dry each fish and measure its body weight. Make groups of fish that are all within 10%of the same body weight, so each group can be injected with the same dose of DOX. Next, calculate the working concentration of DOX for each group so that each group is injected with five microliters of solution and receives the same dose of DOX by body weight.Then, dilute the stock of DOX in 1X HBSS. Mix the dilution with a vortex and then pulse spin the dilution to keep it cooled together in the tube. For the injection, prepare an injecting platform.In a clean, 100 milliliter Petri dish, place a sponge. With the aid of a dissection microscope, cut a cavity into the sponge to hold one fish. Four centimeters usually works.Next, unto a 34-gage needle, attach a 10 microliter microsyringe. Then, rinse the needle with one 1X HBSS to remove any bubbles or blocks from the syringe and tubing. Now, briefly anesthetize the adult fish with tricaine.Then, soak the sponge in the embryo water with tricaine and transfer a fish onto the sponge with its abdomen up for the injection. Now, intraperitoneally inject DOX solution by quickly inserting the needle at a 45 degree angle into the midline between the pelvic fins about one to two millimeters deep. Then, slowly release all of the DOX solution.Before retracting the needle, wait five seconds. Alternatively, the fish can be positioned laterally, with the anterior to the right. Then, inject at the lateral line above the pelvic fin, with the bevel up pointing towards seven o'clock at a 45 degree angle and three to four millimeters deep.If either method for injection was successful, there will be a red tint in the belly. After the injection, quickly transfer the fish to a clean crossing tank filled with fresh system water where it can recover. Then, rinse the needle with HBSS and proceed to the inject the next fish.Later, return the injected fish to a system with running circulation, but separate from the main system to avoid cross-contamination. For the next 24 hours, continue to fast the fish. Over the first week post-injection, be certain to check the fish daily and remove any dead fish.When using the classic belly-up IP injection method, it was noted that the injected DOX solution could sometimes ooze out from the location where the needle penetrated. The alternative lateral IP injection effectively prevented the leakage. Injection of DOX dosed at 50 milligrams per kilogram led to severe toxicity where the majority of fish died within one week.However, at a lower dose of 20 milligrams per kilogram, the injected Zebra fish could be maintained for chronic observation. With the alternative injection, there was no fish death during the first two weeks, and only about 10%death at four weeks. The classic method for injection at the same dose led to about 30%dead by four weeks.Next, transgenic fish with a casper background expressing DsRed and cardiomyocytes were used to assess the progression of cardiac dysfunction in the DIC model. Their red heart could be viewed at both the systolic and diastolic stages under a fluorescent microscope. After injection of 20 milligrams per kilogram of DOX using the alternative lateral injection method, ventricular function decline was detected beginning after four weeks.Once mastered, delivery of Doxorubicin with either technique can be performed on about 30 to 50 fish an hour. Following this procedure, other methods like echocardiography, electrocardiography or ex vivo heart function essay can be performed in order to profile heart function of this DIC model at different stages. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to use freshly prepared Doxorubicin and to test its drug efficacy after long-term storage, before the injection.Also, always handle Doxorubicin taking the appropriate safety precautions.

a-doxorubicin-induced-cardiomyopathy-model-in-adult-zebrafish

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Induction of Myocardial Infarction in Adult Zebrafish Using Cryoinjury

The mammalian heart is incapable of significant regeneration following an acute injury such as myocardial infarction1. By contrast, urodele amphibians and teleost fish retain a remarkable capacity for cardiac regeneration with little or no scarring throughout life2,3. It is not known why only some non-mammalian vertebrates can recreate a complete organ from remnant tissues4,5. To understand the molecular and cellular differences between regenerative responses in different species, we need to use similar approaches for inducing acute injuries.
In mammals, the most frequently used model to study cardiac repair has been acute ischemia after a ligation of the coronary artery or tissue destruction after cryoinjury6,7. The cardiac regeneration in newts and zebrafish has been predominantly studied after a partial resection of the ventricular apex2,3. Recently, several groups have established the cryoinjury technique in adult zebrafish8-10. This method has a great potential because it allows a comparative discussion of the results obtained from the mammalian and non-mammalian species.
Here, we present a method to induce a reproducible disc-shaped infarct of the zebrafish ventricle by cryoinjury. This injury model is based on rapid freezing-thawing tissue, which results in massive cell death of about 20% of cardiomyocytes of the ventricular wall. First, a small incision was made through the chest with iridectomy scissors to access the heart. The ventricular wall was directly frozen by applying for 23-25 seconds a stainless steel cryoprobe precooled in liquid nitrogen. To stop the freezing of the heart, fish water at room temperature was dropped on the tip of the cryoprobe. The procedure is well tolerated by animals, with a survival rate of 95%.
To characterize the regenerative process, the hearts were collected and fixed at different days after cryoinjury. Subsequently, the specimen were embedded for cryosectioning. The slides with sections were processed for histological analysis, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. This undertaking enhances our understanding of the factors that are required for the regenerative plasticity in the zebrafish, and provide new insights into the machinery of cardiac regeneration. A conceptual and molecular understanding of heart regeneration in zebrafish will impact both developmental biology and regenerative medicine.

Zebrafish represents a valuable model to study the mechanisms of heart regeneration in vertebrates. Here, we present a protocol for induction of a heart infarct in adult zebrafish using cryoinjury. This method results in massive cell death within 20% of the ventricular wall, similar to that observed in mammalian infarcts.

Induktion af myokardieinfarkt i Adult Zebrafisk Brug kryobeskadigelse

The mammalian heart is incapable of significant regeneration following an acute injury such as myocardial infarction1. By contrast, urodele amphibians and ...

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol-induced developmental damage, we have developed a zebrafish model of ethanol exposure and are exploring the physical, cellular, and genetic alterations that occur after ethanol exposure1. We then seek to find potential interventions and rapidly test them in this animal model.

Evaluering Teratogene Ændringer i en Zebrafisk Model af Føtalt Alkohol Eksponering

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

Screening for Melanoma Modifiers using a Zebrafish Autochthonous Tumor Model

Genomic studies of human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these studies is that many genes are altered, and it can be difficult to distinguish genetic alterations that drove tumorigenesis from that those arose incidentally during transformation. To draw this distinction it is beneficial to have an assay that can quantitatively measure the effect of an altered gene on tumor initiation and other processes that enable tumors to persist and disseminate. Here we present a rapid means to screen large numbers of candidate melanoma modifiers in zebrafish using an autochthonous tumor model4 that encompasses steps required for melanoma initiation and maintenance. A key reagent in this assay is the miniCoopR vector, which couples a wild-type copy of the mitfa melanocyte specification factor to a Gateway recombination cassette into which candidate melanoma genes can be recombined5. The miniCoopR vector has a mitfa rescuing minigene which contains the promoter, open reading frame and 3'-untranslated region of the wild-type mitfa gene. It allows us to make constructs using full-length open reading frames of candidate melanoma modifiers. These individual clones can then be injected into single cell Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E);p53(lf);mitfa(lf)zebrafish embryos. The miniCoopR vector gets integrated by Tol2-mediated transgenesis6 and rescues melanocytes. Because they are physically coupled to the mitfa rescuing minigene, candidate genes are expressed in rescued melanocytes, some of which will transform and develop into tumors. The effect of a candidate gene on melanoma initiation and melanoma cell properties can be measured using melanoma-free survival curves, invasion assays, antibody staining and transplantation assays.

A rapid way to screen for melanoma modifiers using a zebrafish autochthonous tumor model is presented. It takes advantage of the miniCoopR vector which allows for expression of candidate melanoma genes in melanocytes. A method to obtain melanoma-free survival curves, an invasion assay, a protocol for antibody staining of scale melanocytes and a melanoma transplantation assay are described.

Screening for Melanoma Modifiers anvendelse af et zebrafisk Autokton tumormodel

Genomic studies of  human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered  in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these ...

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Diabetes mellitus currently affects 346 million individuals and this is projected to increase to 400 million by 2030. Evidence from both the laboratory and large scale clinical trials has revealed that diabetic complications progress unimpeded via the phenomenon of metabolic memory even when glycemic control is pharmaceutically achieved. Gene expression can be stably altered through epigenetic changes which not only allow cells and organisms to quickly respond to changing environmental stimuli but also confer the ability of the cell to "memorize" these encounters once the stimulus is removed. As such, the roles that these mechanisms play in the metabolic memory phenomenon are currently being examined.
We have recently reported the development of a zebrafish model of type I diabetes mellitus and characterized this model to show that diabetic zebrafish not only display the known secondary complications including the changes associated with diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and impaired wound healing but also exhibit impaired caudal fin regeneration. This model is unique in that the zebrafish is capable to regenerate its damaged pancreas and restore a euglycemic state similar to what would be expected in post-transplant human patients. Moreover, multiple rounds of caudal fin amputation allow for the separation and study of pure epigenetic effects in an in vivo system without potential complicating factors from the previous diabetic state. Although euglycemia is achieved following pancreatic regeneration, the diabetic secondary complication of fin regeneration and skin wound healing persists indefinitely. In the case of impaired fin regeneration, this pathology is retained even after multiple rounds of fin regeneration in the daughter fin tissues. These observations point to an underlying epigenetic process existing in the metabolic memory state. Here we present the methods needed to successfully generate the diabetic and metabolic memory groups of fish and discuss the advantages of this model.

Metabolic memory is the phenomenon by which diabetic complications persist and progress unimpeded even after euglycemia is achieved pharmaceutically. Here we describe a diabetes mellitus zebrafish model which is unique in that it allows for the examination of the mitotically transmissible epigenetic components of metabolic memory in vivo.

En zebrafisk Model af diabetes mellitus og Metabolic Memory

Diabetes mellitus currently affects 346 million individuals and this is projected to increase to 400 million by 2030. Evidence from both the laboratory ...

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The molecular mechanisms leading to cyst formation in PKD remain somewhat unclear, but many genes are thought to be involved. Wnt5a is a non-canonical glycoprotein that regulates a wide range of developmental processes. Wnt5a works through the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway that regulates oriented cell division during renal tubular cell elongation. Defects of the PCP pathway have been found to cause kidney cyst formation. Our paper describes a method for developing a zebrafish cystic kidney disease model by knockdown of the wnt5a gene with wnt5a antisense morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides. Tg(wt1b:GFP) transgenic zebrafish were used to visualize kidney structure and kidney cysts following wnt5a knockdown. Two distinct antisense MOs (AUG - and splice-site) were used and both resulted in curly tail down phenotype and cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown. Injection of mouse Wnt5a mRNA, resistant to the MOs due to a difference in primary base pair structure, rescued the abnormal phenotype, demonstrating that the phenotype was not due to &#8220;off-target&#8221; effects of the morpholino. This work supports the validity of using a zebrafish model to study wnt5a function in the kidney.

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

We describe a method of generating a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease. We used Tg(wt1b:GFP) fish to visualize kidney structure. Knockdown of wnt5a was by morpholino injection. Pronephric cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown was observed in this GFP transgenic zebrafish.

En mulig Zebrafisk Model af polycystisk nyresygdom: Knockdown af<em&gt; Wnt5a</em&gt; Årsager cyster i zebrafisk Nyrer

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The ...

Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy As a Chronic Heart Failure Model in Swine

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment methods. Here, we present such a model by tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, which can be produced by rapid cardiac pacing in swine.
A single pacing lead is introduced transvenously into fully anaesthetized healthy swine, to the apex of the right ventricle, and fixated. Its other end is then tunneled dorsally to the paravertebral region. There, it is connected to an in-house modified heart pacemaker unit that is then implanted in a subcutaneous pocket. 
After 4 - 8 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing at rates of 200 - 240 beats/min, physical examination revealed signs of severe heart failure - tachypnea, spontaneous sinus tachycardia, and fatigue. Echocardiography and X-ray showed dilation of all heart chambers, effusions, and severe systolic dysfunction. These findings correspond well to decompensated dilated cardiomyopathy and are also preserved after the cessation of pacing.
This model of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy can be used for studying the pathophysiology of progressive chronic heart failure, especially hemodynamic changes caused by new treatment modalities like mechanical circulatory supports. This methodology is easy to perform and the results are robust and reproducible.

Here, we present a protocol to produce tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in swine. This model represents a potent way to study the hemodynamics of progressive chronic heart failure and the effects of applied treatment.

Takykardi-induceret kardiomyopati som kronisk hjertesvigt Model hos svin

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Isometrisk kontraktilitet måling af musen mesenterica arterie ved hjælp af Wire blodkar

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Murine Myocardial Infarction Model using Permanent Ligation of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute coronary diseases are among the most prominent causes of death in population with western lifestyle. The murine models of MI with permanent ligation of left-anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery closely mimics MI in humans. Murine models benefit from the extensive genetic engineering available nowadays. Here we propose a reproducible murine surgical model of myocardial infarction by permanent LAD coronary ligation. Our technique comprises anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine that can be rapidly reversed by administration of an antagonist, intubation without tracheotomy for mechanical-assisted ventilation, ventilation with application of extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to avoid alveolar collapse, a thoracotomy method limiting to the minimum surgical lesions made to skeletal muscles, and lung inflation without thoracentesis. This method is sparsely invasive, reproducible and reduces post-surgery mortality and complications.

Herein we describe a surgical procedure showing how to achieve permanent ligation of the left-anterior descending coronary artery in mice. This model is of high relevance to investigate the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction and the concomitant biological processes.

Murine myokardieinfarkt model ved hjælp af permanent ligation af venstre anterior faldende koronararterie

Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute coronary diseases are among the most prominent causes of death in population with western lifestyle. The murine ...

A Doxorubicin-Induced Murine Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Vivo

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to a spectrum of heterogeneous myocardial disorders characterized by ventricular dilation and depressed cardiac performance in the absence of hypertension, valvular, congenital, or ischemic heart diseases, and which may be related to infection, autoimmune or metabolic abnormalities, or family inheritance. It can progress into congestive heart failure with a poor prognosis. Doxorubicin (Dox) is widely employed as a chemotherapeutic drug, but its use is limited because it causes DCM-like changes of the myocardium. Its myocardial toxicity is attributed to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. A model of DCM exploiting these Dox-induced DCM symptoms has not been established.

Described is a protocol to establish a Doxorubicin-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) model in mice via long-term intraperitoneal injection of Doxorubicin.

En Doxorubicin-induceret Murine Model af udvidet kardiomyopati i Vivo

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to a spectrum of heterogeneous myocardial disorders characterized by ventricular dilation and depressed cardiac ...

Acute Kidney Injury Model Induced by Cisplatin in Adult Zebrafish

Cisplatin is commonly used as chemotherapy. Although it has positive effects in cancer-treated individuals, cisplatin can easily accumulate in the kidney due to its low molecular weight. Such accumulation causes the death of tubular cells and can induce the development of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is characterized by a quick decrease in kidney function, tissue damage, and immune cells infiltration. If administered in specific doses cisplatin can be a useful tool as an AKI inducer in animal models. The zebrafish has appeared as an interesting model to study renal function, kidney regeneration, and injury, as renal structures conserve functional similarities with mammals. Adult zebrafish injected with cisplatin shows decreased survival, kidney cell death, and increased inflammation markers after 24 h post-injection (hpi). In this model, immune cells infiltration and cell death can be assessed by flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. This protocol describes the procedures to induce AKI in adult zebrafish by intraperitoneal cisplatin injection and subsequently demonstrates how to collect the renal tissue for flow cytometry processing and cell death TUNEL assay. These techniques will be useful to understand the effects of cisplatin as a nephrotoxic agent and will contribute to the expansion of AKI models in adult zebrafish. This model can also be used to study kidney regeneration, in the search for compounds that treat or prevent kidney damage and to study inflammation in AKI. Moreover, the methods used in this protocol will improve the characterization of tissue damage and inflammation, which are therapeutic targets in kidney-associated comorbidities.

This protocol describes the procedures to induce Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in adult zebrafish using cisplatin as a nephrotoxic agent. We detailed the steps to evaluate the reproducibility of the technique and two techniques to analyze inflammation and cell death in the renal tissue, flow cytometry and TUNEL, respectively.

Akut nyreskade model induceret af Cisplatin hos voksne zebrafisk

Cisplatin is commonly used as chemotherapy. Although it has positive effects in cancer-treated individuals, cisplatin can easily accumulate in the kidney ...