Name: polysome profiling in leishmania, human cells and mouse testis
Uploaded: 2018-04-08T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis at JoVE.com

Forfatterne takker Ching Lee hjelpen lydopptak. Forskningen ble støttet av oppstart midler fra Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center og ved Center of Excellence for translasjonsforskning nevrovitenskap og Therapeutics (CTNT) gi PN-CTNT 2017-05 AKHRJDHW A.L.K.; delvis av NIH grant R01AI099380 K.Z. James C. Huffman og Kristen R. Baca var CISER (senter for integrering av STEM utdanning og forskning) forskere og ble støttet av programmet.

Alle dyr behandling og håndtering av vev innhentet i studien ble utført i henhold til protokoller godkjent av institusjonelle Animal Care og bruk komiteen ved Texas Tech University Health Science Center i henhold til National Institutes of Helse dyrevelferd retningslinjer, Protokollnummer 96005. Vennligst ofre vertebrate dyr og forberede vev i henhold til retningslinjer fra institusjonelle Animal Care og bruk komiteen. Hvis mangler slik en komité, se National Institutes of Health dyrevelferd retningslinjene. Voksen (>...

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A., Lee, M. T., Giraldez, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribosome+profiling+shows+that+miR-430+reduces+translation+before+causing+mRNA+decay+in+zebrafish.">Ribosome profiling shows that miR-430 reduces translation before causing mRNA decay in zebrafish.</a> Science. 336 (6078), 233-237 (2012).</li><li>Zanchin, N. I., Goldfarb, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nip7p+interacts+with+Nop8p,+an+essential+nucleolar+protein+required+for+60S+ribosome+biogenesis,+and+the+exosome+subunit+Rrp43p.">Nip7p interacts with Nop8p, an essential nucleolar protein required for 60S ribosome biogenesis, and the exosome subunit Rrp43p.</a> Molecular Cell Biology. 19 (2), 1518-1525 (1999).</li><li>Darnell, J. 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G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autism-related+deficits+via+dysregulated+eIF4E-dependent+translational+control.">Autism-related deficits via dysregulated eIF4E-dependent translational control.</a> Nature. 493 (7432), 371-377 (2013).</li><li>Robichaud, N., Sonenberg, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+control+and+the+cancer+cell+response+to+stress.">Translational control and the cancer cell response to stress.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 45, 102-109 (2017).</li><li>Gordon, B. S., Kelleher, A. R., Kimball, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+muscle+protein+synthesis+and+the+effects+of+catabolic+states.">Regulation of muscle protein synthesis and the effects of catabolic states.</a> International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 45 (10), 2147-2157 (2013).</li><li>Ishimura, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+function.+Ribosome+stalling+induced+by+mutation+of+a+CNS-specific+tRNA+causes+neurodegeneration.">RNA function. Ribosome stalling induced by mutation of a CNS-specific tRNA causes neurodegeneration.</a> Science. 345 (6195), 455-459 (2014).</li><li>Petersen, C. P., Bordeleau, M. E., Pelletier, J., Sharp, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+RNAs+repress+translation+after+initiation+in+mammalian+cells.">Short RNAs repress translation after initiation in mammalian cells.</a> Molecular Cell. 21 (4), 533-542 (2006).</li><li>Juntawong, P., Girke, T., Bazin, J., Bailey-Serres, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+dynamics+revealed+by+genome-wide+profiling+of+ribosome+footprints+in+Arabidopsis.">Translational dynamics revealed by genome-wide profiling of ribosome footprints in Arabidopsis.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA. 111 (1), E203-E212 (2014).</li><li>Bunnik, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polysome+profiling+reveals+translational+control+of+gene+expression+in+the+human+malaria+parasite+Plasmodium+falciparum.">Polysome profiling reveals translational control of gene expression in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.</a> Genome Biology. 14 (11), R128 (2013).</li><li>De Gaudenzi, J. G., Noe, G., Campo, V. A., Frasch, A. C., Cassola, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+regulation+in+trypanosomatids.">Gene expression regulation in trypanosomatids.</a> Essays in Biochemistry. 51, 31-46 (2011).</li><li>Alves, L. R., Goldenberg, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-binding+proteins+related+to+stress+response+and+differentiation+in+protozoa.">RNA-binding proteins related to stress response and differentiation in protozoa.</a> World Journal of Biological Chemistry. 7 (1), 78-87 (2016).</li><li>De Pablos, L. M., Ferreira, T. R., Walrad, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+differentiation+in+Leishmania+lifecycle+progression:+post-transcriptional+control+conducts+the+orchestra.">Developmental differentiation in Leishmania lifecycle progression: post-transcriptional control conducts the orchestra.</a> Current Opinions in Microbiology. 34, 82-89 (2016).</li><li>Soto, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-cycle-dependent+translation+of+histone+mRNAs+is+the+key+control+point+for+regulation+of+histone+biosynthesis+in+Leishmania+infantum.">Cell-cycle-dependent translation of histone mRNAs is the key control point for regulation of histone biosynthesis in Leishmania infantum.</a> Biochemical Journal. 379, 617-625 (2004).</li><li>McNicoll, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+3+'-untranslated+region+elements+regulate+stage-specific+mRNA+accumulation+and+translation+in+Leishmania.">Distinct 3 '-untranslated region elements regulate stage-specific mRNA accumulation and translation in Leishmania.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (42), 35238-35246 (2005).</li><li>Folgueira, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+translational+efficiencies+of+the+two+Leishmania+infantum+HSP70+mRNAs,+differing+in+their+3+'-untranslated+regions,+are+affected+by+shifts+in+the+temperature+of+growth+through+different+mechanisms.">The translational efficiencies of the two Leishmania infantum HSP70 mRNAs, differing in their 3 '-untranslated regions, are affected by shifts in the temperature of growth through different mechanisms.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (42), 35172-35183 (2005).</li><li>Dumas, C., Chow, C., Muller, M., Papadopoulou, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+class+of+developmentally+regulated+noncoding+RNAs+in+Leishmania.">A novel class of developmentally regulated noncoding RNAs in Leishmania.</a> Eukaryotic Cell. 5 (12), 2033-2046 (2006).</li><li>Kapler, G. M., Coburn, C. M., Beverley, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+transfection+of+the+human+parasite+Leishmania+major+delineates+a+30-kilobase+region+sufficient+for+extrachromosomal+replication+and+expression.">Stable transfection of the human parasite Leishmania major delineates a 30-kilobase region sufficient for extrachromosomal replication and expression.</a> Molecular Cell Biology. 10 (3), 1084-1094 (1990).</li><li>Karamyshev, A. L., Johnson, A. 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L., Gorospe, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polysome+Fractionation+to+Analyze+mRNA+Distribution+Profiles.">Polysome Fractionation to Analyze mRNA Distribution Profiles.</a> Bio Protocols. 7 (3), (2017).</li><li>Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., Maniatis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. , (1989).</li><li>Patrick, A. E., Karamyshev, A. L., Millen, L., Thomas, P. 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Polysome fraksjoneres av sukrose gradering kombinert med RNA og protein av fraksjoner er en kraftig metode å analysere translasjonsforskning statusen til individuelle mRNAs eller hele translatome og roller protein faktorer regulere translasjonsforskning maskiner under normale fysiologiske eller sykdom tilstand. Polysomal profilering er en særlig egnet teknikk å studere translasjonsforskning regulering i organismer som trypanosomatids inkludert Leishmania der transcriptional er hovedsakelig fraværende og gene...

Regulering av genuttrykk i celler styres av transcriptional, posttranscriptional og posttranslational. Fremskritt i dyp RNA sekvensering tillate studiet av stabil mRNA nivåer i genomet-bred skala på et enestående nivå. Men avslørte nyere funn at stabil mRNA nivå ikke alltid samsvarer med protein produksjon1,2. Skjebnen til en individuell transkripsjon er svært kompleks og avhenger av mange faktorer som interne/eksterne stimuli, stress, osv. Regulering av genuttrykk under proteinsyntese gir et annet lag uttrykket kontroll nødvendig for en rask reaksjon på skiftende forhold. Polysome (eller "polyribosome") profilering, separasjon og visualisering aktivt oversette ribosomer, er en kraftig metode å studere regulering av proteinsyntese. Selv om sin første eksperimentelle søknadene dukket opp i 1960-tallet3, er polysome profilering en av de viktigste teknikkene i protein oversettelsen studier4. Enkelt mRNAs kan oversettes av flere ribosom fører til dannelsen av en polysome. Utskrifter kan bli stoppet på ribosomer med gapestokk5 og mRNAs som inneholder forskjellig antall polysomes kan skilles under polysome fraksjoneres av sukrose gradient ultracentrifugation6,7 , 8 , 9. RNA analyse av polysomal fraksjoner så lar måling av endringer i individuelle mRNAs translasjonsforskning statene på genomet-bred skala og under ulike fysiologiske forhold4,7, 10. metoden er også brukt til å avsløre rollene 5' UTR og 3 UTR sekvenser kontroll over mRNA translatability11, undersøke rollen av miRNAs i translasjonsforskning undertrykkelse12, avdekke feil i ribosom biogenesis13 , og forstå rollen ribosom-assosiert proteiner med menneskelige sykdommer14,15. I løpet av det siste tiåret, har en voksende rolle for regulering av genuttrykk under oversettelsen framstått som illustrerer sin betydning i menneskelige sykdommer. Bevisene for translasjonsforskning kontroll i Krepsen, metabolske og nevrodegenerative sykdommer er overveldende15,16,17,18. For eksempel feilregulering eIF4E-avhengige translasjonsforskning kontroll bidrar til autisme relaterte underskudd15 og FMRP er involvert i drøye ut av ribosomer på mRNAs knyttet til autisme14. Dermed er polysomal profilering et svært viktig verktøy for å studere defekter i translasjonsforskning regulering i flere menneskelige sykdommer.
Protein analyse av polysomal fraksjoner under ulike fysiologiske forhold dissekerer funksjonen av faktorer assosiert med ribosomer under oversetting. Polysome profilering teknikken har vært brukt i mange arter inkludert gjær, pattedyrceller, planter og protozoer10,19,20,21. Protozoan parasitter som Trypanosoma og Leishmania utstilling begrenset transcriptional kontroll av genuttrykk. Deres genomer organiseres i polycistronic gene klynger som mangler promoter regulert transkripsjon22. I stedet styres utviklingsmessige genuttrykk hovedsakelig på protein oversettelsen og mRNA stabilitet i trypanosomatid arter23,24. Forståelse av translasjonsforskning kontroll i fravær av transcriptional er derfor spesielt viktig for disse organismene. Polysomal profilering er et kraftig verktøy for å studere posttranscriptional regulering av byggkorn under Leishmania25,26,27,28.
Framskritt i deteksjon av personlige mRNAs nivåer av ekte kvantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) og hele transcriptome av neste generasjons sekvensering, samt Proteomikk teknologier, bringer oppløsning og fordeler av polysomal profilering til et nytt nivå. Bruk av disse metodene kan fremme utbygget av analyse av individuelle polysomal fraksjoner av dyp RNA sekvensering kombinert med proteomic analyse for å overvåke translasjonsforskning statusen til celler i en genome-bred skala. Dette gjør identifisering av nye molekylær spillere regulere oversettelse under ulike fysiologiske og patologiske forhold. Her presenterer vi en universell polysome profilering protokollen brukes på tre forskjellige modeller: den parasitten Leishmania store, kultivert menneskelige celler og dyr vev. Vi presenterer råd om utarbeidelse av celle lysates fra ulike organismer, optimalisering av gradient, valg av RNase hemmere og anvendelse av RT-qPCR, Western blot og RNA geleelektroforese for å analysere polysome brøker i denne studien.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Instruments:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gradient master</td>
			<td>Biocomp Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td>108</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piston Gradient Fractionator</td>
			<td>Biocomp Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td>152</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fraction collector</td>
			<td>Gilson, Inc.</td>
			<td>FC203B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop One</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>NanoDrop One</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>ECLIPSE Ts2-FL/Ts2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2720 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>4359659</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Panasonic Healthcare Co.</td>
			<td>MCO-170A1CUV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HERATHERM incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>51028063</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biological Safety Cabinet, class II, type A2</td>
			<td>NuAire Inc.</td>
			<td>NU-543-400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Revco freezer</td>
			<td>Revco Technologies</td>
			<td>ULT1386-5-D35</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beckman L8-M Ultracentifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>L8M-70</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5424</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge Rotor SW41</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>331362</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swing-bucket rotor</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>A-4-62</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixed angle rotor</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>F-45-30-11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quant Studio 12K Flex Real-Time PCR machine 285880228</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems by life technologies</td>
			<td>4470661</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TC20 Automated cell counter</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>145-0102</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemacytometer</td>
			<td>Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td>02-671-51B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triax software&#160;</td>
			<td>Biocomp Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Counting slides, dual chamber for cell counter</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>145-0011</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1615-5500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Open-top polyclear centrifuge tubes, (14 mm x 89 mm)</td>
			<td>Seton Scientific</td>
			<td>7030</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe, 5 mL</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309646</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Syringe 3 mL23 Gauge 1 Inch Needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>10020439</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunclon Delta Surface plate, 14 cm</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>168381</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunclon Delta Surface plate, 9 cm</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>172931</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nalgene rapid-flow 90mm filter unit, 500 mL, 0.2 aPES</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>569-0020</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioLite 75 cm3 flasks</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>130193</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunc 50 mL conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>339653</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemicals:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol LS</td>
			<td>Ambion by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10296028</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP310-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma base</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1378-5KG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium-high glucose (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D6429-500ML</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F0926-50ML</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0781-100ML</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8537-500ML</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2x6H2O)</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC413415000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9541-500G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonidet P 40 (NP-40)</td>
			<td>Fluka (Sigma-Aldrich)</td>
			<td>74385</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Rnasin Ribonuclease Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>N2511</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3993-1MU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cOmplete Mini EDTA-free protease inhibitors</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td>11836170001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycogen</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>R0551</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>W4502-1L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cycloheximide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C7698-1G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>194002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiotreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP172-5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium Bromide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP-1302-10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium dehydrate (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S316-212</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optimem</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>22600050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puromycin dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8833-100MG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S5-3KG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T4049-100ML</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hgh Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcriptase Kit</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems by life technologies</td>
			<td>4368814</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems by life technologies</td>
			<td>4367659</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A144SI-212</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP26324</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>221473-500G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-RPL11 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab79352</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ribosomal protein S6 (C-8) antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.</td>
			<td>sc-74459</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1xM199</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M0393-10X1L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium cloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L-9650</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D128-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Loading Buffer II</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>AM8546G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure Agarose</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>16500-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trichloracetic acid (TCA)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A322-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperSignal West Pico PLUS chemiluminescent substrate</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>34580</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP531-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L5750-1KG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7626-5G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Mini kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74104</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenosine 5&#8242;-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate (ATP)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1852-1VL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytosine 5&#39;-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate (CTP)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1506-250MG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uridine 5&#39;-triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate (UTP)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>U6625-100MG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanosine 5&#39;-triphosphate sodium salt hydrate (GTP)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8877-250MG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SP6 RNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0207S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyrophoshatase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I1643-500UN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spermidine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S0266-1G</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

polysome profiling in leishmania, human cells and mouse testis

Riktig protein uttrykk til rett tid og i riktige mengder er grunnlaget for normal celle funksjon og overlevelse i et raskt skiftende miljø. I lang tid, ble gene expression studiene dominert av forskning på transcriptional nivå. Imidlertid stabil nivåene av mRNAs samsvarer ikke med protein produksjon, og translatability av mRNAs varierer sterkt avhengig av forholdene. I noen organismer, som parasitten Leishmania, er det protein uttrykket regulert hovedsakelig på translasjonsforskning nivå. Nyere studier har vist at protein oversettelsen feilregulering er knyttet til kreft, metabolsk, nevrodegenerative og andre menneskelige sykdommer. Polysome profilering er en kraftig metode å studere protein oversettelsen regulering. Det kan måle translasjonsforskning statusen for individuelle mRNAs eller undersøke oversettelse i genomet-bred skala. Grunnlaget for denne teknikken er separasjon av polysomes, ribosomer, tillates underorganisasjoner og gratis mRNAs under sentrifugering av en cytoplasmatiske lysate gjennom sukrose gradering. Her presenterer vi en universell polysome profilering protokollen brukes på tre forskjellige modeller - parasitten Leishmania store, kultivert menneskelige celler og dyr vev. Leishmania cellene vokse fritt i suspensjon og kultivert menneskelige celler vokse i tilhenger monolayer, mens mus testikkel representerer en dyr Vevsprøve. Dermed er teknikken tilpasset alle disse kildene. Protokollen for analyse av polysomal fraksjoner inneholder påvisning av individuelle mRNA nivåer av RT-qPCR, proteiner ved Western blot og analyse av ribosomal RNAs av geleelektroforese. Metoden kan fremme utbygget av undersøkelse av mRNAs tilknytning ribosom på transcriptome nivå av dyp RNA-seq og analyse av ribosom-assosiert proteiner av masse spektroskopi av fraksjoner. Metoden kan enkelt justeres til andre biologiske modeller.

I denne studien vi beskriver bruken av polysomal profilering teknikken til tre forskjellige kilder: parasittiske Leishmania store, kultivert menneskelige celler og mus testikkel. Leishmania cellene vokse fritt i flytende media i suspensjon kultivert menneskelig cellene vokse i tilhenger monolayer på plater og mus testikkel representerer en Vevsprøve. Metoden kan enkelt justeres til andre typer fritt voksen celler i suspensjon, ulike typer vev, eller fra en annen organi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis at JoVE.com

Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis

Det overordnede målet med polysome profilering teknikk er analyse av translasjonsforskning aktivitet individuelle mRNAs eller transcriptome mRNAs under proteinsyntese. Metoden er viktig for studier av protein syntese regulering, oversettelse aktivisering og undertrykkelse i helse og flere menneskelige sykdommer.

Polysome profilering i Leishmania, menneskelige celler og mus testikkel

Proper protein expression at the right time and in the right amounts is the basis of normal cell function and survival in a fast-changing environment. For ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis

Thermostabilization, Expression, Purification, and Crystallization of the Human Serotonin Transporter Bound to S-citalopram

Thermostabilization, Expression, Purification, and Crystallization of the Human Serotonin Transporter Bound to S-citalopram

Thermostabilization, Expression, Rensing, og Krystallisering av Human Serotonin Transporter Bound til<em&gt; S</em&gt; -citalopram

The serotonin transporter is a sodium and chloride-coupled transporter that &#34;pumps&#34; extracellular serotonin into cells. S-citalopram is a drug ...

Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

Genomet hele kvantifisering av oversettelse i spirende gjær av ribosom profilering

Translation of mRNA into proteins is a complex process involving several layers of regulation. It is often assumed that changes in mRNA transcription ...

Calibration-free In Vitro Quantification of Protein Homo-oligomerization Using Commercial Instrumentation and Free, Open Source Brightness Analysis Software

Calibration-free In Vitro Quantification of Protein Homo-oligomerization Using Commercial Instrumentation and Free, Open Source Brightness Analysis Software

Kalibrering-fri In Vitro kvantifisering av Protein Homo-oligomerization med kommersielle instrumentering og gratis, åpen kildekode lysstyrke analyseprogramvare

Number and brightness is a calibration-free fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) technique for detecting protein homo-oligomerization. It can be ...

Dissipative Microgravimetry to Study the Binding Dynamics of the Phospholipid Binding Protein Annexin A2 to Solid-supported Lipid Bilayers Using a Quartz Resonator

Dissipative Microgravimetry å studere Binding dynamikken i Phospholipid bindende Protein Annexin A2 til Solid-støttet Lipid Bilayers bruker et Quartz-Resonator

The dissipative quartz crystal microbalance technique is a simple and label-free approach to measure simultaneously the mass uptake and viscoelastic ...

Measuring and Interpreting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Whole Fly Head Segments

Måling og tolke oksygen forbruk priser helt Fly hodet segmenter

Regulated metabolic activity is essential for the normal functioning of living cells. Indeed, altered metabolic activity is causally linked with the ...

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II

Nitropeptide profilering og identifisering illustrert av angiotensin II

Protein nitration is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM) on tyrosine residues and it can be induced by chemical actions of ...

High-Resolution Complexome Profiling by Cryoslicing BN-MS Analysis

Høyoppløselig Complexome profilering av Cryoslicing BN-MS analyse

Proteins generally exert biological functions through interactions with other proteins, either in dynamic protein assemblies or as a part of stably formed ...

Profiling Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Dependent Post-translational Modifications and Identification of Significant Alterations

Profilering Ubiquitin og Ubiquitin-lignende avhengige post-translational modifikasjoner og identifisering av vesentlige endringer

Ubiquitin (ub) and ubiquitin-like (ubl) dependent post-translational modifications of proteins play fundamental biological regulatory roles within the ...

Phosphoproteomic Strategy for Profiling Osmotic Stress Signaling in Arabidopsis

Phosphoproteomic Strategy for Profiling Osmotic Stress Signaling in Arabidopsis

Fosfoproteomisk strategi for profilering av osmotisk stresssignalering i Arabidopsis

Protein phosphorylation is crucial for the regulation of enzyme activity and gene expression under osmotic condition. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based ...

Ganglioside Extraction, Purification and Profiling

Ganglioside utvinning, rensing og profilering

Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids that contain one or more sialic acid residues. They are found on all vertebrate cells and tissues but are especially ...