Name: an in vitro model to study the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy on staphylococcus aureus biofilm
Uploaded: 2018-04-16T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vitro Model to Study the Effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev finansieret af National karakter Science Foundation of China for unge akademikere (nr. 81300810), Shanghai unge læge træningsprogram (nr. 20141057) og National Natural Science Foundation of China (81671982, 81271791 og 81571955). Vi vil gerne takke LetPub (www.letpub.com) for at yde sproglig bistand under forberedelsen af dette manuskript.

1. Biofilmdannelse
<ol><li>
Biofilmdannelse i 96-brønd mikroplader
	<ol>
<li>Hente S. aureus stamme USA300 og 3 biofilm-dannende klinisk stammer (C1 - C3) opbevares ved-80 ° C. Bemærk: Evne til de kliniske stammer til at danne biofilm var bestemt af mikrotiter plade assay beskrevet tidligere15.</li>
		<li>Podes bakterien i 5 mL trypton soja bouillon (TSB) medium, og dyrke i en inkubator under omrystning ved 37 ° C natten til den stationære fase.</li>
		<li>Centr...

<ol>
	<li>Lewis, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Riddle+of+biofilm+resistance.">Riddle of biofilm resistance.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 45 (4), 999-1007 (2001).</li><li>Rabin, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofilm+formation+mechanisms+and+targets+for+developing+antibiofilm+agents.">Biofilm formation mechanisms and targets for developing antibiofilm agents.</a> Future Med Chem. 7 (4), 493-512 (2015).</li><li>Mah, T. F., O'Toole, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+biofilm+resistance+to+antimicrobial+agents.">Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents.</a> Trends Microbiol. 9 (1), 34-39 (2001).</li><li>Sharma, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toluidine+blue-mediated+photodynamic+effects+on+staphylococcal+biofilms.">Toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic effects on staphylococcal biofilms.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 52 (1), 299-305 (2008).</li><li>Rosa, L. P., da Silva, F. C., Nader, S. A., Meira, G. A., Viana, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+effectiveness+of+antimicrobial+photodynamic+therapy+(APDT)+using+a+660+nm+laser+and+malachite+green+dye+in+Staphylococcus+aureus+biofilms+arranged+on+compact+and+cancellous+bone+specimens.">In vitro effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) using a 660 nm laser and malachite green dye in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms arranged on compact and cancellous bone specimens.</a> Lasers Med Sci. 29 (6), 1959-1965 (2014).</li><li>Rosa, L. P., Silva, F. C., Nader, S. A., Meira, G. A., Viana, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+antimicrobial+photodynamic+therapy+using+a+660+nm+laser+and+methyline+blue+dye+for+inactivating+Staphylococcus+aureus+biofilms+in+compact+and+cancellous+bones:+An+in+vitro+study.">Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using a 660 nm laser and methyline blue dye for inactivating Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in compact and cancellous bones: An in vitro study.</a> Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 12 (2), 276-281 (2015).</li><li>Mai, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+antibacterial+effect+of+sinoporphyrin+sodium+photodynamic+therapy+on+Staphylococcus+aureus+planktonic+and+biofilm+cultures.">The antibacterial effect of sinoporphyrin sodium photodynamic therapy on Staphylococcus aureus planktonic and biofilm cultures.</a> Lasers Surg Med. 48 (4), 400-408 (2016).</li><li>Gandara, L., Mamone, L., Bohm, G. C., Buzzola, F., Casas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+photodynamic+inactivation+of+Staphylococcus+aureus+biofilms+by+disruptive+strategies.">Enhancement of photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by disruptive strategies.</a> Lasers Med Sci. 32 (8), 1757-1767 (2017).</li><li>Baltazar, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+photodynamic+therapy:+an+effective+alternative+approach+to+control+fungal+infections.">Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an effective alternative approach to control fungal infections.</a> Front Microbiol. 6, 202 (2015).</li><li>Fernandes, T., Bhavsar, C., Sawarkar, S., D'Souza, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+and+novel+approaches+for+control+of+dental+biofilm.">Current and novel approaches for control of dental biofilm.</a> Int J Pharm. 536 (1), 199-210 (2017).</li><li>De Sordi, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+Photodynamic+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy+(PACT)+for+Clostridium+difficile.">Development of Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) for Clostridium difficile.</a> PLoS One. 10 (8), e0135039 (2015).</li><li>Harris, F., Pierpoint, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photodynamic+therapy+based+on+5-aminolevulinic+acid+and+its+use+as+an+antimicrobial+agent.">Photodynamic therapy based on 5-aminolevulinic acid and its use as an antimicrobial agent.</a> Med Res Rev. 32 (6), 1292-1327 (2012).</li><li>Donnelly, R. F., McCarron, P. A., Tunney, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antifungal+photodynamic+therapy.">Antifungal photodynamic therapy.</a> Microbiol Res. 163 (1), 1-12 (2008).</li><li>Shi, H., Li, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Sun, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+5-aminolevulinic+acid+photodynamic+therapy+on+Candida+albicans+biofilms:+An+in+vitro+study.">Effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy on Candida albicans biofilms: An in vitro study.</a> Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 15, 40-45 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Q. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-aminolevulinic+acid-mediated+photodynamic+therapy+and+its+strain-dependent+combined+effect+with+antibiotics+on+Staphylococcus+aureus+biofilm.">5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy and its strain-dependent combined effect with antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm.</a> PLoS One. 12 (3), 0174627 (2017).</li><li>Chang, Y. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+single+cell+detection+of+Staphylococcus+aureus+by+aptamer-conjugated+gold+nanoparticles.">Rapid single cell detection of Staphylococcus aureus by aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles.</a> Sci Rep. 3, 1863 (2013).</li><li>Barra, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photodynamic+and+Antibiotic+Therapy+in+Combination+to+Fight+Biofilms+and+Resistant+Surface+Bacterial+Infections.">Photodynamic and Antibiotic Therapy in Combination to Fight Biofilms and Resistant Surface Bacterial Infections.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 16 (9), 20417-20430 (2015).</li><li>St Denis, T. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All+you+need+is+light:+antimicrobial+photoinactivation+as+an+evolving+and+emerging+discovery+strategy+against+infectious+disease.">All you need is light: antimicrobial photoinactivation as an evolving and emerging discovery strategy against infectious disease.</a> Virulence. 2 (6), 509-520 (2011).</li><li>O'Neill, J. F., Hope, C. K., Wilson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+bacteria+in+multi-species+biofilms+can+be+killed+by+red+light+in+the+presence+of+toluidine+blue.">Oral bacteria in multi-species biofilms can be killed by red light in the presence of toluidine blue.</a> Lasers Surg Med. 31 (2), 86-90 (2002).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+5-aminolevulinic+acid-mediated+photodynamic+therapy+on+antibiotic-resistant+staphylococcal+biofilm:+an+in+vitro+study.">Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy on antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal biofilm: an in vitro study.</a> J Surg Res. 184 (2), 1013-1021 (2013).</li><li>Hall-Stoodley, L., Costerton, J. W., Stoodley, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+biofilms:+from+the+natural+environment+to+infectious+diseases.">Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 2 (2), 95-108 (2004).</li><li>Elias, S., Banin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-species+biofilms:+living+with+friendly+neighbors.">Multi-species biofilms: living with friendly neighbors.</a> FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36 (5), 990-1004 (2012).</li><li>Wu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+Proof+of+Programmed+5-Aminolevulinic+Acid+Prodrug+Nanocarriers+for+Targeted+Photodynamic+Cancer+Therapy.">Design and Proof of Programmed 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Prodrug Nanocarriers for Targeted Photodynamic Cancer Therapy.</a> ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 9 (17), 14596-14605 (2017).</li></ol>

PDT er blevet en velundersøgte terapi til behandling af kræft, da det blev opfundet for mere end 100 år siden18. I det sidste årti, PDT er blevet anvendt som en antimikrobiel strategi og har vist effektivitet mod nogle antibiotika-resistente patogene bakterier12. I forhold til planktoniske staten, synes bakterielle biofilm at være mere resistente over for antibiotika behandling3, mens effekten af ALA-PDT på biofilm ikke er blevet fuldt undersø...

S. aureus er en vigtig Gram-positive patogen, der koloniserer hud og slimhinder i menneskelige værter. Dens evne til at form biofilm betragtes som et vigtigt aspekt af dens patogenese1. Bakterielle biofilm er et fællesskab af bakterier indlejret i en egen-producerede matrix, som er sammensat af ekstracellulære polymere stoffer, herunder polysaccharid, DNA og protein. Denne matrix spiller en væsentlig rolle i den fortsatte eksistens af bakterielle infektioner, bidrage til en høj grad af modstand mod det menneskelige immunsystem og aktuelle antimikrobielle behandlingsformer2. Antibiotika er stadig den vigtigste behandling for biofilm infektioner, selv om virkningerne af antibiotika på biofilm er begrænset. Det er tidligere påvist, at celler i biofilm er 10 - 1.000 gange mere resistente over for antibiotika i forhold til deres planktoniske modparter3. Således alternative strategier er nødvendige for at erobre dette spørgsmål.
PDT, en alternativ behandling for bakterielle infektioner, bruger en passende bølgelængde lys til at aktivere photosensitizers. Dette fører til produktion af reaktive ilt arter (ROS), som er dødelige til target-cellerne ved at forstyrre cellevæggen, inaktivere enzymer og beskadige DNA4. Denne multi-Target karakteristisk gør det vanskeligt for bakterier at udvikle resistens over for PDT behandling.
Den antimikrobielle effekt af PDT på bakterie- og svampeinfektioner biofilm, med flere photosensitizers, såsom toluidin blå, Malakit grønt, methylenblåt, klor e6 og porfyriner, er blevet undersøgt i tidligere rapporter5,6, 7,8,9,10,11,12,13. 5-ALA, en prodrug af den faktiske photosensitizer, PpIX, er kendetegnet ved sin lille molekylvægt og hurtig clearance12,14. Disse fordele give ALA-PDT store potentiale som en terapeutisk anvendelse. Selv om effekten af ALA-PDT på planktoniske bakterier er blevet undersøgt af mange grupper12, klarlagt den antimikrobielle effekt af ALA-PDT på bakterielle biofilm endnu ikke. I mellemtiden, er det svært at sammenligne resultater mellem tidligere undersøgelser. En af grundene er, at de forskellige protokoller bruges af forskellige grupper. Således, denne protokol beskriver en in vitro- model af en ALA-PDT system baseret på vores tidligere arbejde15. Effekten af denne model blev bekræftet af CFU beregning og levedygtighed farvning med CLSM.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone Soya Broth (TSB)</td>
			<td>OXOID</td>
			<td>CM0129B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone Soya Agar (TSA)</td>
			<td>OXOID</td>
			<td>CM0131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYTO9</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>L7012</td>
			<td>The LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kits&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium iodide (PI)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>L7012</td>
			<td>The LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kits&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pancreatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3292</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)</td>
			<td>Fudan Zhangjiang Bio-Pharm</td>
			<td>3.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staphylococcus aureus strain USA300</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>The source of USA 300 references &#8220;Tenover FC, Goering RV. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Sep; 64(3):441-6&#8221;.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains (C1-C3)</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>All clinical strains were isolated from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University [Zhang QZ, Zhao KQ, Wu Y, et al. PLoS One. 2017 Mar; 12(3): e0174627].</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well microplate</td>
			<td>Corning Inc</td>
			<td>3599</td>
			<td>Clear Flat Bottom Polystyrene TC-Treated Microplates, Individually Wrapped, with Lid, Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorodish</td>
			<td>NEST Biotechnology</td>
			<td>801001</td>
			<td>Glass bottom, Non-pyrogenic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Safe-Lock Tubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030120086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf microcentrifuge 5417</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Z365998 |&#160;SIGMA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SHKE4000</td>
			<td>MaxQ 4000 Benchtop Orbital Shakers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light emitting diode (LED)</td>
			<td>Wuhan Yage Optic and Electronic Technique CO</td>
			<td>LED-IB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica TCS SP8 confocal laser-scanning microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica LAS AF software</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMARIS software</td>
			<td>Bitplane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vitro model to study the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy on staphylococcus aureus biofilm

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) er en fælles menneskelige patogen, som forårsager pyogenic og systemiske infektioner. S. aureus infektioner er vanskeligt at udrydde ikke kun på grund af fremkomsten af antibiotika-resistente stammer, men også sin evne til at form biofilm. Fotodynamisk terapi (PDT) har for nylig nævnt som en af de mulige behandlinger til at kontrollere biofilm infektioner. Dog er yderligere undersøgelser forpligtet til at forbedre vores viden om dens indvirkning på bakterielle biofilm, samt de underliggende mekanismer. Dette manuskript beskriver en in vitro model af PDT med 5-aminolaevulinsyre (5-ALA), en forløber for den faktiske photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Kort, modne S. aureus biofilm blev inkuberet med ALA og derefter udsat for lys. Senere blev den antibakterielle virkning af ALA-PDT på S. aureus biofilm kvantificeres ved beregningen af de kolonidannende enheder (CFUs) og visualiseret ved levedygtighed fluorescerende farvning via Konfokal laser scanning mikroskopi (CLSM). Repræsentative resultater viste en stærk antibakteriel effekt af ALA-PDT på S. aureus biofilm. Denne protokol er enkel og kan anvendes til at udvikle en in vitro- model for at studere behandling af S. aureus biofilm med ALA-PDT. Fremover, kunne det også henvises til i PDT undersøgelser udnytter andre photosensitizers for forskellige bakteriestammer med minimale tilpasninger.

Levedygtigheden af bakterier i biofilm faldt efter ALA-PDT behandling i forhold til kontrol (ALA - LED-, ALA + LED- og ALA-LED +) i både USA300 og de tre kliniske stammer (figur 1).
For at bekræfte resultaterne fra CFU assay og observere antibakterielle virkning af ALA-PDT på S. aureus biofilm i situ, USA300 biofilm blev visualiseret ved CLSM med levedygtighed farvning. De leved...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vitro Model to Study the Effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm at JoVE.com

An In Vitro Model to Study the Effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm

Dette manuskript beskriver en protokol for at studere den antimikrobielle effekt af 5-aminolaevulinsyre syre-medieret Fotodynamisk terapi (ALA-PDT) på en Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Denne protokol kan bruges til at udvikle en in vitro- model for at studere til behandling af bakterielle biofilm med PDT i fremtiden.

En In Vitro Model til at studere effekten af 5-aminolaevulinsyre-medieret Fotodynamisk terapi på Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common human pathogen, which causes pyogenic and systemic infections. S. aureus infections are difficult to ...

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An In Vitro Model to Study the Effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm

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