Name: bedside ultrasound for guiding fluid removal in patients with pulmonary edema: the reverse-falls protocol
Uploaded: 2018-07-28T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol at JoVE.com

作者希望认识到他对这篇手稿的贡献, 他是肾病学和危重护理专家 Paul 菲克斯·萨穆迪奥博士。

1. 在利尿前评估外间隔: 胸部超声
<ol><li>使用低频, 相控阵探头。</li>
	<li>选择适当的机器设置 (腹部或肺) 与屏幕标记操作员左。</li>
	<li>将深度调整到8-12 厘米。</li>
	<li>将病人置于仰卧或半卧位, 露出前胸。将换能器置于90°角, 用探针标记面对头侧。<ol>
<li>在胸部两侧两个位置的锁骨中线线上执行此协议, 共四个位置: 在2和-3路或 3路-4 次肋间空间, 并在4日-5?...

<ol>
	<li>Zoccali, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulmonary+congestion+predicts+cardiac+events+and+mortality+in+ESRD.">Pulmonary congestion predicts cardiac events and mortality in ESRD.</a> Journal of the Amerian Society of Nephrology. 24, 639-646 (2013).</li><li>Vitturi, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasound+during+hemodialysis,+the+role+in+the+assessment+of+volume+status.">Lung ultrasound during hemodialysis, the role in the assessment of volume status.</a> International Urology and Nephrology. 46, 169-174 (2014).</li><li>Noble, V. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+assessment+for+extravascular+lung+water+in+patients+undergoing+hemodialysis.+Time+course+for+resolution.">Ultrasound assessment for extravascular lung water in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Time course for resolution.</a> Chest. 135, 1433-1439 (2009).</li><li>Lang, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+Cardiac+Chamber+Quantification+by+Echocardiography+in+Adults:+An+Update+from+the+American+Society+of+Echocardiography+and+the+European+Association+of+Cardiovascular+Imaging.">Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.</a> Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 28, 1-39 (2015).</li><li>Barbier, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+changes+in+inferior+vena+cava+diameter+are+helpful+in+predicting+fluid+responsiveness+in+ventilated+septic+patients.">Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients.</a> Intensive Care Medicine. 30, 1740-1746 (2004).</li><li>Feissel, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+respiratory+variation+in+inferior+vena+cava+diameter+as+a+guide+to+fluid+therapy.">The respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter as a guide to fluid therapy.</a> Intensive Care Medicine. 30, 1834-1837 (2004).</li><li>Lichtenstein, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasound+in+the+critically+ill.">Lung ultrasound in the critically ill.</a> Annals of Intensive Care. 4, 1 (2014).</li><li>Lichtenstein, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BLUE-Protocol+and+FALLS-Protocol:+Two+Applications+of+Lung+Ultrasound+in+the+Critically+Ill.">BLUE-Protocol and FALLS-Protocol: Two Applications of Lung Ultrasound in the Critically Ill.</a> Chest. 147, 1659-1670 (2015).</li><li>Moore, C. L., Copel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Point-of-care+ultrasonography.">Point-of-care ultrasonography.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 364, 749-757 (2011).</li><li>Lichtenstein, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A-lines+and+B-lines:+lung+ultrasound+as+a+bedside+tool+for+predicting+pulmonary+artery+occlusion+pressure+in+the+critically+ill.">A-lines and B-lines: lung ultrasound as a bedside tool for predicting pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in the critically ill.</a> Chest. 136, (2009).</li><li>Trezzi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasonography+for+the+assessment+of+rapid+extravascular+water+variation,+evidence+from+hemodialysis+patients.">Lung ultrasonography for the assessment of rapid extravascular water variation, evidence from hemodialysis patients.</a> Internal and Emergency Medicine. 8, 409-415 (2013).</li><li>Lyon, M., Blaivas, M., Brannam, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonographic+measurement+of+the+inferior+vena+cava+as+a+marker+of+blood+loss.">Sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava as a marker of blood loss.</a> American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 23, 45-50 (2005).</li><li>Katzarski, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+evaluation+of+ultrasound+measurement+of+inferior+vena+cava+diameter+in+assessing+dry+weight+in+normotensive+and+hypertensive+hemodialysis+patients.">A critical evaluation of ultrasound measurement of inferior vena cava diameter in assessing dry weight in normotensive and hypertensive hemodialysis patients.</a> American Journal of Kidney Disease. 30, 459-465 (1997).</li><li>Goyfman, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+aquaretic+and+diuretic+therapy+in+acute+heart+failure.">Combined aquaretic and diuretic therapy in acute heart failure.</a> International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease. 10, 129-134 (2017).</li></ol>

许多研究表明, 床边美国是一个可靠的诊断工具, 可用于指导管理的各种疾病状态, 如休克和呼吸困难5。B 线与外肺水的相关性在评价肺水肿方面具有良好的灵敏度和特异性, 研究表明, 肺美可可靠地检测到外肺水2的微小变化, 10. 同样, 研究表明, 经美国技术测量的静脉内径是血管内容积损失12、13</...

液体滞留是最常见的可修改的危险因素的死亡率和心血管事件的体积超载患者1。液体滞留导致高血压、心脏功能不全和肺水肿, 并与此人群的过量死亡率有关。临床评估患者的体积状态, 结合患者的症状, 血压和体重的变化代表了临床评价, 容易不精确2。本文提出了一种利用床边超声 (美国) 技术指导肺水肿有效治疗的协议。胸部和下腔静脉 (静脉) 我们构成了这一建议的临床方案的基石, 以去除液体。无论是胸部还是静脉, 我们在文献中都有很长的记录, 包括急性呼吸衰竭的管理、终末期肾病 (ESRD) 和循环休克。
胸美已被证明为评估 ESRD 患者的肺水肿提供客观的数据, 并准确地反映了3的透析中肺水肿的减少程度。同样, 我们的下腔静脉 (静脉) 已长期用于各种临床应用。我们建议作为经胸超声心动图检查的例行组成部分, 并提供几个目的, 包括估计右心房压力 (说唱), 这是一个标记的体积状态和预负荷的心脏4。几项研究已经阐明了在休克状态5,6的响应的静脉口径与液体的关系。在休克状态的管理中也值得注意的是, 胸部超声已被用来检测在循环休克的液体复苏过程中新的肺水肿的发生, 通常是通过床边美国应用称为流体管理有限的肺超声 (瀑布) 协议7,8。这里提出的《反瀑布协议》的协议, 将胸部和静脉超声的良好记录功能结合起来, 以安全有效地管理肺水肿。
便携式, 或床边, 美国是一种成像方式, 提供即时和可靠的数据, 减少暴露于辐射, 消除了病人运输的需要, 并减少资源利用。由于它的可用性和基本没有相关的不良影响, 床边我们可以重复监测和调整利尿治疗。最后, 床边的我们是很容易的临床医生执行和解释的实时9。
胸部美国是一种广泛接受的技术, 检测特定的工件模式, 代表各种胸膜和实质病理。例如, "一条线" 是胸膜表面的水平回声 (明亮) 混响伪影, 它们表明没有液体的正常的实质。或者, "B 线" 是回声垂直的工件, 开始于胸膜线的下半部分, 延伸到屏幕的末尾, 与呼吸同步移动。存在的 B 线在设置怀疑体积超载表明外肺水。这些 B 线典型地消散在利尿期间以对应于容量撤除导致再出现干 a 线工件样式3。研究表明, 这些美国发现与高肺充填压力密切相关, 如侵入方法10所评估。
美国也可以用来测量静脉血管直径和湿陷指数, 这是在自发呼吸过程中直径减少的百分比。有几项研究表明, 在利尿过程中, 静脉血流量的测量与容积的变化有相关性, 这表明该工具对11例肺水肿患者的可行性和适用性。
在这里, 我们提出了一个样本美国协议, 反瀑布协议, 它结合了肺和静脉我们指导液体去除治疗的肺水肿患者。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Portable Ultrasound machine&#160;</td>
			<td>Shown in video: FUGIFILM/Sonosite</td>
			<td>Shown in video:&#160; M- Turbo</td>
			<td>Any portable ultrasound machine with the following capabilities 
			&#8226;&#160; B- Mode 
			&#8226;&#160; M- Mode 
			&#8226;&#160; Caliper measurement tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transducer</td>
			<td>Shown in video: FUGIFILM/Sonosite</td>
			<td>Shown in video:&#160; P21</td>
			<td>Any ultrasound transducer probe with the following capabilities: 
			&#8226;&#160; Phased Array 
			&#8226;&#160; Low frequency (1-5MHz)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bedside ultrasound for guiding fluid removal in patients with pulmonary edema: the reverse-falls protocol

液体滞留是最常见的危险因素的死亡率和心血管并发症的患者的容积过重的疾病状态。利尿或液体清除的程度经常由身体检查决定, 这是不准确的。
床边超声 (美国) 是一种便携式工具, 它能给病人的床边带来实时的诊断影像。这种多才多艺的方式使临床医生有可能调查患者的外和血管内容积状态。外体积, 特别是在肺水肿的情况下, 可以定量地评估我们的前胸部。血管内容积的估计通过可视化下腔静脉 (静脉) 口径。两者结合起来, 外肺水的程度和静脉的口径提供客观的数据, 可以指导临床医生确定需要的利尿水平, 有效地安全治疗肺水肿。
本文的目的是三重: 1) 总结以往研究的结果, 关于便携式美国指导流体管理的功效, 2) 描述一个建议的超声协议, 以帮助指导流体管理, 和 3), 以阐明技术,使用便携式美国来处理血管内和外体积的测量。

肺超声通过可视化一条线或 B 线工件来估计外车厢内的流体量, 如图 1所示。肺超声 B 线的数量有助于确定所需的液体去除量, 如图 2所示。混合的 a 线和 B 线模式, 或一条线的主导模式表明, 肺实质是相对没有额外的液体。轻度利尿可能是必要的完全解决外肺水。B 线的主要模式表明存在过量外肺水。适度到积极的液体去除疗法?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol at JoVE.com

Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol

床边超声在肺水肿患者导液中的效果: 反瀑布协议

我们描述了一种成像协议, 使临床医生能够实时可视化病人的血管内和外空间体积, 并设置利尿和流体清除参数, 以安全和有效地治疗肺水肿。

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