Name: protrusion force microscopy: a method to quantify forces developed by cell protrusions
Uploaded: 2018-06-16T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protrusion Force Microscopy: A Method to Quantify Forces Developed by Cell Protrusions at JoVE.com

Gli autori sono grati ad Anna Labernadie, Guillaume Charrière e Patrick Delobelle per il loro contributo iniziale di questo lavoro e di Matthieu Sanchez e Françoise Viala per il loro aiuto con riprese video e montaggio. Quest'opera è stata sostenuta dall'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR14-CE11-0020-02), la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM DEQ2016 0334894), INSERM piano cancro, Fondation Tolosa e Human Frontier Science Program (RGP0035/2016).

1. preparazione di griglie rivestite con Formvar
<ol><li>Pulire le griglie di microscopia elettronica con acetone puro e farle asciugare su carta da filtro. Quindi pulire un vetrino da microscopio con etanolo puro, pulire con una carta per lenti e rimuovere la polvere con un soffietto.</li>
	<li>Posto un vetrino pulito etanolo verticalmente nell'imbuto di un dispositivo di fusione pellicola contenente una soluzione di Formvar nella parte inferiore. Coprire la parte superiore dell'imbuto.</li>
	<li>Con la lampadina atom...

<ol>
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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+Elasticity+Directs+Stem+Cell+Lineage+Specification.">Matrix Elasticity Directs Stem Cell Lineage Specification.</a> Cell. 126, 677-689 (2006).</li><li>Gilbert, P. M., Weaver, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+Adaptation+to+Biomechanical+Stress+across+Length+Scales+in+Tissue+Homeostasis+and+Disease.">Cellular Adaptation to Biomechanical Stress across Length Scales in Tissue Homeostasis and Disease.</a> Seminars in Cell &amp; Developmental Biology. 67, 141-152 (2017).</li><li>Vining, K. H., Mooney, D. 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Force Generation and Mechanosensing Activity of Human Macrophage Podosomes.</a> Nature Communications. 5, 5343 (2014).</li><li>Proag, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+Together:+Spatial+Synchrony+in+the+Force+and+Actin+Dynamics+of+Podosome+First+Neighbors.">Working Together: Spatial Synchrony in the Force and Actin Dynamics of Podosome First Neighbors.</a> ACS Nano. 9, 3800-3813 (2015).</li><li>Proag, A., Bouissou, A., Vieu, C., Maridonneau-Parini, I., Poincloux, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+Force+and+Spatial+Dynamics+of+Macrophage+Podosomes+by+Multi-Particle+Tracking.">Evaluation of the Force and Spatial Dynamics of Macrophage Podosomes by Multi-Particle Tracking.</a> Methods. 94, 75-84 (2016).</li><li>Cougoule, C., et al. <a 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Proprietà del materiale
La scelta del materiale per la membrana deformabile, nel nostro caso Formvar, deve soddisfare alcuni requisiti. Il materiale deve essere trasparente alla luce visibile e presentano fluorescenza auto limitato per consentire osservazioni in campo chiaro e microscopia a fluorescenza. La rugosità del film sottile deve essere ben di sotto di 10 nm per evitare qualsiasi effetto topografica su adesione delle cellule e per consentire la chiara osservazione de...

Cellule animali interagiscono fisicamente con la matrice e le altre cellule che costituiscono il loro ambiente1. Ciò è necessario per loro di migrare, interiorizzare corpi, acquisire informazioni esterne o differenziare. In tali processi, la cella deve generare forze meccaniche e, come numerosi studi hanno dimostrato negli ultimi anni, la capacità di una cellula di generare forze e sonda ambiente influenza il comportamento biologico, dirigendo per esempio proliferazione o differenziazione2,3. A sua volta, la misurazione delle forze cellulare è un aiuto importante per studiare la regolazione della forza di generazione e capire la sua implicazione nella cella comportamento e tessuto destino4,5.
Ultimi anni hanno visto lo sviluppo di numerose tecniche per misurare le forze che una cella può esercitare sul suo ambiente6. La maggior parte di questi è stati strumentale nel rivelare che la trazione delle forze che cellule esercitano come si tirano su sonde mobili o un substrato deformabile. Tuttavia, le forze meccaniche coinvolte in protrusione nell'ambiente extracellulare soffrono di una mancanza di tecniche di misurazione e sono fino ad oggi non è ben caratterizzato.
Per ovviare a questa limitazione, presentiamo un metodo per misurare forze esercitate ortogonalmente al substrato. Essa consiste nella placcatura cellule viventi in un sottile foglio elastico che può deformare in direzione ortogonale, che permette di misurare la deformazione di substrato dalle cellule e dedurre le forze coinvolte. Topografia di substrato è misurata con risoluzione nanometrica mediante microscopia a forza atomica e la valutazione delle forze di deformazione si basa sulla conoscenza della geometria delle strutture cellulari protrusiva7,8, 9.
Qui, descriviamo l'installazione e la sua applicazione per misurare le forze generate dal podosomes, strutture di adesione protrusiva formate dai macrofagi per la loro migrazione mesenchimale in ambienti tridimensionali10,11, 12,13,14,15,16,17. Noi crediamo che questa tecnica avanzerà la comprensione della creazione delle forze e la sua regolamentazione in molti processi cellulari che coinvolgono la protrusione.

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			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:216px;">200 mesh nickel grids</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G200-Ni</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:216px;">Filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1001-055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:216px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10235612</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">White stickers 26 x 70 mm</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">DP033-100</td>
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			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:216px;">Film casting device with valve in its outlet</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
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			<td style="width:71px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">72000</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.08543.0250</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20066.321</td>
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			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:216px;">Formvar 0.5% solution in ethylene dichloride</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15820</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">12 mm coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">631-0666</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Axiovert 200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:216px;">Atomic Force Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">JPK Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NanoWizard III</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:216px;">Temperature-controlled sample holder&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">JPK Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BioCell</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">Silicon nitride cantilever with a nominal spring constant of 0.01 N/m</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Veeco Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MLCT-AUHW</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190-094</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Double-sided adhesive tape</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">APLI AGIPA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">118100</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31870-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:216px;">FCS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F7524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:216px;">HEPES&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H0887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">35 mm glass-bottom Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FD35-100</td>
			<td></td>
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protrusion force microscopy: a method to quantify forces developed by cell protrusions

In numerosi contesti biologici, cellule animali hanno bisogno di interagire fisicamente con il loro ambiente attraverso lo sviluppo di forze meccaniche. Tra questi, le forze di trazione sono stati ben caratterizzate, ma c'è una mancanza di tecniche che permettono la misurazione delle forze protrusione esercitata dalle cellule ortogonalmente al loro substrato. Abbiamo progettato un setup sperimentale per misurare le forze di protrusione esercitate dalle cellule aderenti il loro substrato. Cellule piastrate su un foglio di Formvar compatibile con questo substrato di deformazione e la topografia risultante è mappata per microscopia a forza atomica (AFM) su scala nanometrica. I valori di forza vengono quindi estratti da un'analisi del profilo deformazione basato sulla geometria delle strutture cellulari protrusive. Quindi, le forze esercitate dalle singole unità sporgente di una cellula vivente possono essere misurate nel tempo. Questa tecnica consentirà lo studio della generazione di forza e la sua regolamentazione in molti processi cellulari che coinvolgono la protrusione. Qui, descriviamo la sua applicazione per misurare le forze protrusive generate da podosomes formata dai macrofagi umani.

Il protocollo di cui sopra viene descritto come preparare la messa a punto sperimentale di quantificare le forze di protrusione applicate dal macrofago podosomes su un substrato di Formvar. Questa operazione viene eseguita mediante AFM ed è illustrata nella Figura 1.
Quando si analizza un'immagine topografica di rigonfiamenti sotto podosomes utilizzando il software di elaborazione dati JPK, un poli...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protrusion Force Microscopy: A Method to Quantify Forces Developed by Cell Protrusions at JoVE.com

Protrusion Force Microscopy: A Method to Quantify Forces Developed by Cell Protrusions

Qui, abbiamo dettaglio le tecniche sperimentali utilizzate per valutare le forze di protrusione che podosomes si applicano su una pellicola compatibile, dalla preparazione del film per l'analisi automatizzata delle immagini topografiche.

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Novel Method of Plasmid DNA Delivery to Mouse Bladder Urothelium by Electroporation

Nuovo metodo di consegna plasmide DNA Urothelium della vescica del Mouse mediante elettroporazione

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are extremely valuable in revealing novel biological insights into the initiation and progression mechanisms ...

Live-cell Imaging of Single-Cell Arrays (LISCA) - a Versatile Technique to Quantify Cellular Kinetics

Live-cell Imaging of Single-Cell Arrays LISCA - a Versatile Technique to Quantify Cellular Kinetics

Imaging a cellule vive di array a cella singola (LISCA) - una tecnica versatile per quantificare la cinetica cellulare

Live-cell Imaging of Single-Cell Arrays (LISCA) is a versatile method to collect time courses of fluorescence signals from individual cells in high ...

Measuring Cell-Edge Protrusion Dynamics during Spreading using Live-Cell Microscopy

Misurazione della dinamica di protrusione del bordo cellulare durante la diffusione utilizzando la microscopia a cellule vive

The development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms rely on coordinated regulation of cell migration. Cell migration is an essential event in the ...