Name: induction of nephrotic syndrome in mice by retrobulbar injection of doxorubicin and prevention of volume retention by sustained release aprotinin
Uploaded: 2018-05-06T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin at JoVE.com

Denne undersøgelse blev støttet af en bevilling fra tyske Research Foundation (DFG, AR 1092/2-1).

Alle metoder blev udført Ifølge National Institutes of sundhed Guide for pasning og anvendelse af forsøgsdyr og den tyske lov for dyrenes velfærd, og de blev godkendt af lokale myndigheder (Regierungspräsidium Tübingen).
1. induktion af eksperimentelle Nefrotisk syndrom af Doxorubicin injektion til retrobulbær Sinus
<ol><li>Forberede en 0,5 mL sprøjte med en monteret 30G kanyle ved at markere stopposition af stemplet.</li>
	<li>Beregne Injektionsvolumen af doxorubicin for mandlige (7...

<ol>
	<li>Lee, V. W., Harris, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adriamycin+nephropathy:+a+model+of+focal+segmental+glomerulosclerosis.">Adriamycin nephropathy: a model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.</a> Nephrology (Carlton). 16 (1), 30-38 (2011).</li><li>Frenk, S., Antonowicz, I., Craig, J. M., Metcoff, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+nephrotic+syndrome+induced+in+rats+by+aminonucleoside;+renal+lesions+and+body+electrolyte+composition.">Experimental nephrotic syndrome induced in rats by aminonucleoside; renal lesions and body electrolyte composition.</a> Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 89 (3), 424-427 (1955).</li><li>Ichikawa, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+for+intrarenal+mechanisms+in+the+impaired+salt+excretion+of+experimental+nephrotic+syndrome.">Role for intrarenal mechanisms in the impaired salt excretion of experimental nephrotic syndrome.</a> J Clin Invest. 71, (1983).</li><li>Deschenes, G., Wittner, M., Stefano, A., Jounier, S., Doucet, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collecting+duct+is+a+site+of+sodium+retention+in+PAN+nephrosis:+a+rationale+for+amiloride+therapy.">Collecting duct is a site of sodium retention in PAN nephrosis: a rationale for amiloride therapy.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 12 (3), 598-601 (2001).</li><li>Lourdel, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperaldosteronemia+and+activation+of+the+epithelial+sodium+channel+are+not+required+for+sodium+retention+in+puromycin-induced+nephrosis.">Hyperaldosteronemia and activation of the epithelial sodium channel are not required for sodium retention in puromycin-induced nephrosis.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 16 (12), 3642-3650 (2005).</li><li>Seigneux, S., Kim, S. W., Hemmingsen, S. C., Frokiaer, J., Nielsen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+expression+but+not+targeting+of+ENaC+in+adrenalectomized+rats+with+PAN-induced+nephrotic+syndrome.">Increased expression but not targeting of ENaC in adrenalectomized rats with PAN-induced nephrotic syndrome.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 291 (1), F208-F217 (2006).</li><li>Artunc, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum-+and+glucocorticoid-inducible+kinase+1+in+doxorubicin-induced+nephrotic+syndrome.">Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 in doxorubicin-induced nephrotic syndrome.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 295 (6), F1624-F1634 (2008).</li><li>Zheng, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Mendelian+locus+on+chromosome+16+determines+susceptibility+to+doxorubicin+nephropathy+in+the+mouse.">A Mendelian locus on chromosome 16 determines susceptibility to doxorubicin nephropathy in the mouse.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (7), 2502-2507 (2005).</li><li>Kimura, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interstrain+differences+in+murine+daunomycin-induced+nephrosis.">Interstrain differences in murine daunomycin-induced nephrosis.</a> Nephron. 63 (2), 193-198 (1993).</li><li>Wang, Y., Wang, Y. P., Tay, Y. C., Harris, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progressive+adriamycin+nephropathy+in+mice:+sequence+of+histologic+and+immunohistochemical+events.">Progressive adriamycin nephropathy in mice: sequence of histologic and immunohistochemical events.</a> Kidney Int. 58 (4), 1797-1804 (2000).</li><li>Svenningsen, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmin+in+nephrotic+urine+activates+the+epithelial+sodium+channel.">Plasmin in nephrotic urine activates the epithelial sodium channel.</a> Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. 20 (2), 299-310 (2009).</li><li>Passero, C. J., Hughey, R. P., Kleyman, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+role+for+plasmin+in+sodium+homeostasis.">New role for plasmin in sodium homeostasis.</a> Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 19 (1), 13-19 (2010).</li><li>Bohnert, B. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aprotinin+prevents+proteolytic+epithelial+sodium+channel+(ENaC)+activation+and+volume+retention+in+nephrotic+syndrome.">Aprotinin prevents proteolytic epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activation and volume retention in nephrotic syndrome.</a> Kidney Int. 93 (1), 159-172 (2018).</li><li>Pippin, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducible+rodent+models+of+acquired+podocyte+diseases.">Inducible rodent models of acquired podocyte diseases.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 296 (2), F213-F229 (2009).</li><li>Bohnert, B. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+phosphorus+restriction+and+vitamin+D-substitution+on+secondary+hyperparathyroidism+in+a+proteinuric+mouse+model.">Impact of phosphorus restriction and vitamin D-substitution on secondary hyperparathyroidism in a proteinuric mouse model.</a> Kidney Blood Press Res. 40 (2), 153-165 (2015).</li><li>Morton, D. B., Griffiths, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+on+the+recognition+of+pain,+distress+and+discomfort+in+experimental+animals+and+an+hypothesis+for+assessment.">Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in experimental animals and an hypothesis for assessment.</a> Vet Rec. 116 (16), 431-436 (1985).</li><li>Beath, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+aprotinin+concentrations+during+cardiac+surgery:+full-+versus+half-dose+regimens.">Plasma aprotinin concentrations during cardiac surgery: full- versus half-dose regimens.</a> Anesth Analg. 91 (2), 257-264 (2000).</li><li>Kanter, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+toxicology+study+of+liposome+encapsulated+doxorubicin+(TLC+D-99):+comparison+with+doxorubicin+and+empty+liposomes+in+mice+and+dogs.">Preclinical toxicology study of liposome encapsulated doxorubicin (TLC D-99): comparison with doxorubicin and empty liposomes in mice and dogs.</a> In Vivo. 7 (1), 85-95 (1993).</li><li>Ma, L. J., Fogo, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model+of+robust+induction+of+glomerulosclerosis+in+mice:+importance+of+genetic+background.">Model of robust induction of glomerulosclerosis in mice: importance of genetic background.</a> Kidney Int. 64 (1), 350-355 (2003).</li><li>Kren, S., Hostetter, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+course+of+the+remnant+kidney+model+in+mice.">The course of the remnant kidney model in mice.</a> Kidney Int. 56 (1), 333-337 (1999).</li><li>Mizuno-Horikawa, Y., Mizuno, S., Tamura, S., Kurosawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+glomerulosclerosis+is+reversible+in+nephrotic+mice.">Advanced glomerulosclerosis is reversible in nephrotic mice.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 284 (3), 707-713 (2001).</li><li>Friberger, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromogenic+peptide+substrates.+Their+use+for+the+assay+of+factors+in+the+fibrinolytic+and+the+plasma+kallikrein-kinin+systems.">Chromogenic peptide substrates. Their use for the assay of factors in the fibrinolytic and the plasma kallikrein-kinin systems.</a> Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 162, 1-298 (1982).</li><li>Haerteis, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+kallikrein+activates+the+epithelial+sodium+channel+in+vitro+but+is+not+essential+for+volume+retention+in+nephrotic+mice.">Plasma kallikrein activates the epithelial sodium channel in vitro but is not essential for volume retention in nephrotic mice.</a> Acta Physiologica. , (2018).</li><li>Schork, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+Plasminuria+with+Overhydration+in+Patients+with+CKD.">Association of Plasminuria with Overhydration in Patients with CKD.</a> Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 11 (5), 761-769 (2016).</li></ol>

Vi viser her, at doxorubicin injektion via retrobulbær sinus indsprøjtning inducerer eksperimentelle Nefrotisk syndrom i 129S1/SvImJ mus med proteinuri, natrium fastholdelse, hypoalbumenia og hyperlipidæmi. Men der er to vigtige spørgsmål, der skal tages i betragtning, når du bruger denne model. For det første model induktion er strengt dosisafhængige og afvigelser af doxorubicin dosis så små som 0,3 µg/g påvirke svaret af mus15. Når injiceres med en lavere dosis som 14 µg/g bw eller...

Nefrotisk syndrom er karakteriseret ved svær proteinuri, hypoalbuminæmi, ødem og hyperlipidæmi, og kan betragtes som de mest ekstreme manifestation af proteinuric nyresygdom. I gnavere, kan eksperimentelle Nefrotisk syndrom være fremkaldt af enkelt injektion af anthracyclines eller puromycin, som fører til podocyte skader og ligner menneskelige minimal ændring sygdom og fokale segmentær glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)1. Efter sin første beskrivelse i 1955 af Frenk mfl. 2, puromycin nucleoside nefrose (PAN) hos rotter er blevet en standard model til at undersøge Patofysiologi af Nefrotisk syndrom i talrige undersøgelser3,4,5,6. I mus, kan den tilsvarende model være fremkaldt af antracyklin doxorubicin7. Der er imidlertid en stærk stamme-afhængighed, der er genetisk betinget af mindst to genetiske loci8. Derudover er der forskelle i proteinuric svar og kursus i Nefrotisk syndrom9,10. Brug 129S1/SvImJ mus og hurtige intravenøs injektion af doxorubicin via retrobulbær sinus, nå proteinuri svar værdier, der er tilstrækkelig til at fremkalde de typiske træk ved Nefrotisk syndrom, især volumen opbevaring karakteriseret ved ascites og næsten natriumfrie urin7. Natrium fastholdelse i eksperimentel Nefrotisk syndrom har været formodes at være resultatet af aktivering af epitel natrium-kanal (ENaC) i den distale tubulus af anderledes filtrerede Serin proteaser som plasmin forårsager proteolyse af dens γ-subunit4 ,11,12. For nylig, dette begreb blev bevist i nefrotisk mus, som var beskyttet mod proteolytiske ENaC aktivering og natrium fastholdelse af behandling med Serin protease hæmmer aprotinin, der var lige så effektiv som ENaC blocker amilorid13. For at sikre kontinuerlig levering til den distale tubulus, blev aprotinin administreret via subkutant implanterede vedvarende frigivelse pellets. Fremtidige undersøgelser er forpligtet til at identificere de Serin proteaser, der er ansvarlig for proteolytisk ENaC aktivering i Nefrotisk syndrom, som menes at parallel den menneskelige situation. Til dette formål er doxorubicin-induceret Nefrotisk syndrom en værdifuld model, der kan bruges i wild-type mus eller udvidet til gensplejsede mus. Dens fordele omfatter lav pris for lægemidlet, lavere kompleksitet i ledelse og god reproducerbarhed14.
I denne artikel vil vise vi induktion af eksperimentelle Nefrotisk syndrom af hurtige intravenøs injektion af doxorubicin til retrobulbær sinus og implantation af vedvarende-release piller indeholdende aprotinin for at hæmme urin Serin protease aktivitet, målt med et kromogent assay.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Micro FINE + U-40 (0.30 mm x 8 mm)</td>
			<td>BD Deutschland GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>PZN: 07468060</td>
			<td>syring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ETHILON*II (5/0, 16 mm, 3/8c, 45 cm)</td>
			<td>Johnson&#38;Johnson Medical GmbH, Ethicon Deutschland, Norderstedt, Germany)</td>
			<td>EH7823H</td>
			<td>suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aprotinin (6000 KIU/mg)</td>
			<td>LOXO, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>CAS 9087-70-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bepanthen, Augen- und Nasensalbe</td>
			<td>Bayer Vital GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany</td>
			<td>PZN: 1578681</td>
			<td>ointment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromogenix S-2251</td>
			<td>HAEMOCHROM DIAGNOSTICA GmbH, Essen, Germany</td>
			<td>82 0332 39</td>
			<td>chromogenic substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>doxorubicin (2.0 &#181;g/&#181;L)</td>
			<td>Cell Pharm, Bad Vilbel, Germany</td>
			<td>CAS 25316-40-9</td>
			<td>doxorubicin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isofluran CP (1 mL/mL)</td>
			<td>CP-Pharma, Burgdorf, Germany</td>
			<td>CAS 26675-46-7</td>
			<td>isofluran</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pellets with matrix-driven sustained release (custom-made)</td>
			<td>Innovative Research of America, Sarasota, FL</td>
			<td>X-999</td>
			<td>pellet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELx808 Absorbance Mikroplate Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek, Bad Friedrichshall, Germany</td>
			<td>ELx808</td>
			<td>microplate reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MICROSTERIL - 436</td>
			<td>B.M.S., Trescore Balneario, Italy</td>
			<td>GAL/436</td>
			<td>sterilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization oven/shaker</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare UK Limited, Amersham LIFE SCIENCE, Little Chalfont, UK</td>
			<td>RPN 2511</td>
			<td>heat chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo MAT Pro 10 W, 15x25 cm, Lucky Reptile</td>
			<td>Import Export Peter Hoch GmbH, Waldkirch, Germany</td>
			<td>61201</td>
			<td>mouse warming device</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

induction of nephrotic syndrome in mice by retrobulbar injection of doxorubicin and prevention of volume retention by sustained release aprotinin

Nefrotisk syndrom er den mest ekstreme manifestation af proteinuric nyresygdom og karakteriseret ved svær proteinuri, hypoalbuminæmi, og ødem på grund af natrium fastholdelse og hyperlipidæmi. For at studere Patofysiologi af dette syndrom, baseret gnavere modeller er blevet udviklet på injektion af giftige stoffer som doxorubicin podocyte skader. I mus er kun nogle stammer modtagelige for denne model. I vildtype 129S1/SvImJ mus inducerer administration af doxorubicin ved hurtig intravenøs injektion til retrobulbær sinus eksperimentelle Nefrotisk syndrom at funktioner alle symptomer på sygdom hos mennesker herunder natrium væskeophobning og ødem. Efter debut af proteinuri øget mus udstille urin Serin protease aktivitet, der fører til aktivering af epitel natrium kanalen (ENaC) og natrium fastholdelse. Farmakologisk hæmning af urin Serin proteaser ved behandling med vedvarende frigivelse aprotinin ophæver ENaC aktivering og forhindrer natrium fastholdelse. Denne model er ideel til at studere Patofysiologi af proteasuria, dvs., udskillelsen af aktive Serin proteaser, der forårsager ENaC aktivering af proteolyse af dens γ-underenhed. Dette kan betragtes som den primære mekanisme af ENaC aktivering og natrium fastholdelse i proteinuric nyresygdom.

Efter induktion af isofluran narkose, blev doxorubicin hurtigt injiceres via venstre retrobulbær sinus. Den samlede mængde af 7.25 µL/g bw blev sprøjtet uden nogen modstand og ekstravasation beviser korrekt intravenøs placering af kanylen. Musen inddrives fra narkose hurtigt og havde ingen værdiforringelse på dag og derefter. Især var der ingen tegn på skader på venstre øje. Efter doxorubicin injektion, mad og væske indtag faldt over de første 3 dage på grund af en generel t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin at JoVE.com

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin

Her beskriver vi induktion af eksperimentelle Nefrotisk syndrom i 129S1/SvImJ mus ved hurtig retrobulbær injektion af doxorubicin. Vi behandler også nefrotisk mus med vedvarende frigivelse piller indeholdende aprotinin for at hæmme urin Serin protease aktivitet og forhindre natrium fastholdelse.

Induktion af Nefrotisk syndrom hos mus ved retrobulbær injektion af Doxorubicin og forebyggelse af volumen opbevaring af vedvarende frigivelse Aprotinin

Nephrotic syndrome is the most extreme manifestation of proteinuric kidney disease and characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema due ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Cardiac Stress Test Induced by Dobutamine and Monitored by Cardiac Catheterization in Mice

Cardiac Stress Test induceret af Dobutamin og overvåges af hjertekateterisation i mus

Dobutamine is a &beta;-adrenergic agonist with an affinity higher for receptor expressed in the heart (&beta;1) than for receptors expressed in the ...

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Nethindeløsning Model i Gnavere ved subretinal Injektion af Natriumhyaluronats

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the ...

Experimental Glaucoma Induced by Ocular Injection of Magnetic Microspheres

Eksperimentel Glaukom induceret af okulær Injektion af magnetiske mikrosfærer

Progress in understanding the pathophysiology, and providing novel treatments for glaucoma is dependent on good animal models of the disease. We present ...

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

Bile Duct Ligering i mus: Induktion af inflammatorisk leverskade, og fibrose ved Obstruktiv Kolestase

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Induktion af accelereret åreforkalkning i Mus: Den "Wire-Skade" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Real-time Pressure-volume Analysis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Real-time pres-binds analyse af akut myokardieinfarkt i mus

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any ...

Assessment of Respiratory Function in Conscious Mice by Double-chamber Plethysmography

Vurdering af respiratoriske funktion i bevidst mus af dobbelt-kammer Plethysmography

Air volume changes created by a conscious subject breathing spontaneously within a body box are at the basis of plethysmography, a technique used to ...

A Model of Glaucoma Induced by Circumlimbal Suture in Rats and Mice

En Model af glaukom induceret af Circumlimbal sutur i rotter og mus

The circumlimbal suture is a technique for inducing experimental glaucoma in rodents by chronically elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-known ...