Name: intracranial subarachnoidal route of infection for investigating roles of streptococcus suis biofilms in meningitis in a mouse infection model
Uploaded: 2018-07-01T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model at JoVE.com

Quest'opera è stata sostenuta da sovvenzioni nazionali chiave di ricerca e sviluppo programma della Cina [2017YFD0500102]; la Fondazione nazionale di scienze naturali della Cina [31572544]; il laboratorio chiave dello stato di biologia eziologico veterinaria [SKLVEB2016KFKT005]; l'agricoltura di Shanghai applicato tecnologia sviluppo programma, Cina [G2016060201].

Gli esperimenti di infezione del mouse sono stati approvati dal laboratorio animale monitoraggio Comitato della provincia di Jiangsu, Cina ed eseguiti nel laboratorio animale Center of Nanjing Agricultural University (permesso numero: SYXK (Su): 2017-0007).
1. preparazione di batteri
Nota: Il ceppo virulento di S. suis sierotipo 2 P1/7 è stato isolato da un maiale malato con meningite19. Ceppo P1/7 è stato coltivato in brodo Todd-Hew...

<ol>
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P., Xu, J., Segura, M., Gottschalk, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streptococcus+suis,+an+important+pig+pathogen+and+emerging+zoonotic+agent-an+update+on+the+worldwide+distribution+based+on+serotyping+and+sequence+typing.">Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent-an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing.</a> Emerging Microbes &amp; Infections. 3 (6), e45 (2014).</li><li>Kerdsin, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emergence+of+Streptococcus+suis+serotype+9+infection+in+humans.">Emergence of Streptococcus suis serotype 9 infection in humans.</a> Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 50 (4), 545-546 (2017).</li><li>Hatrongjit, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+human+case+report+of+sepsis+due+to+infection+with+Streptococcus+suis+serotype+31+in+Thailand.">First human case report of sepsis due to infection with Streptococcus suis serotype 31 in Thailand.</a> BMC Infect Diseases. 15, 392 (2015).</li><li>Fittipaldi, N., Segura, M., Grenier, D., Gottschalk, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virulence+factors+involved+in+the+pathogenesis+of+the+infection+caused+by+the+swine+pathogen+and+zoonotic+agent+Streptococcus+suis.">Virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of the infection caused by the swine pathogen and zoonotic agent Streptococcus suis.</a> Future Microbiology. 7 (2), 259-279 (2012).</li><li>Hall-Stoodley, L., Costerton, J. W., Stoodley, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+biofilms:+from+the+natural+environment+to+infectious+diseases.">Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases.</a> Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2 (2), 95-108 (2004).</li><li>Fuxman Bass, J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+DNA:+a+major+proinflammatory+component+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilms.">Extracellular DNA: a major proinflammatory component of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.</a> Journal of Immunology. 184 (11), 6386-6395 (2010).</li><li>Isiaku, A. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofilm+is+associated+with+chronic+streptococcal+meningoencephalitis+in+fish.">Biofilm is associated with chronic streptococcal meningoencephalitis in fish.</a> Microbial Pathogenesis. 102, 59-68 (2017).</li><li>Oggioni, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switch+from+planktonic+to+sessile+life:+a+major+event+in+pneumococcal+pathogenesis.">Switch from planktonic to sessile life: a major event in pneumococcal pathogenesis.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 61 (5), 1196-1210 (2006).</li><li>Xiao, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streptococcus+suis+small+RNA+rss04+contributes+to+the+induction+of+meningitis+by+regulating+capsule+synthesis+and+by+inducing+biofilm+formation+in+a+mouse+infection+model.">Streptococcus suis small RNA rss04 contributes to the induction of meningitis by regulating capsule synthesis and by inducing biofilm formation in a mouse infection model.</a> Veterinary Microbiology. 199, 111-119 (2017).</li><li>Dominguez-Punaro, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streptococcus+suis+serotype+2,+an+important+swine+and+human+pathogen,+induces+strong+systemic+and+cerebral+inflammatory+responses+in+a+mouse+model+of+infection.">Streptococcus suis serotype 2, an important swine and human pathogen, induces strong systemic and cerebral inflammatory responses in a mouse model of infection.</a> Journal of Immunology. 179 (3), 1842-1854 (2007).</li><li>Seitz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+intranasal+mouse+model+for+mucosal+colonization+by+Streptococcus+suis+serotype+2.">A novel intranasal mouse model for mucosal colonization by Streptococcus suis serotype 2.</a> Journal of Medical Microbiology. 61 (Pt 9), 1311-1318 (2012).</li><li>Busque, P., Higgins, R., Caya, F., Quessy, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunization+of+pigs+against+Streptococcus+suis+serotype+2+infection+using+a+live+avirulent+strain.">Immunization of pigs against Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection using a live avirulent strain.</a> Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 61 (4), 275-279 (1997).</li><li>Williams, A. E., Blakemore, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathology+of+Streptococcal+meningitis+following+intravenous+intracisternal+and+natural+routes+of+infection.">Pathology of Streptococcal meningitis following intravenous intracisternal and natural routes of infection.</a> Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 4 (4), 345-356 (1990).</li><li>Dominguez-Punaro, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Severe+cochlear+inflammation+and+vestibular+syndrome+in+an+experimental+model+of+Streptococcus+suis+infection+in+mice.">Severe cochlear inflammation and vestibular syndrome in an experimental model of Streptococcus suis infection in mice.</a> European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases. 31 (9), 2391-2400 (2012).</li><li>Auger, J. P., Fittipaldi, N., Benoit-Biancamano, M. O., Segura, M., Gottschalk, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virulence+Studies+of+Different+Sequence+Types+and+Geographical+Origins+of+Streptococcus+suis+Serotype+2+in+a+Mouse+Model+of+Infection.">Virulence Studies of Different Sequence Types and Geographical Origins of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 in a Mouse Model of Infection.</a> Pathogens. 5 (3), (2016).</li><li>Chiavolini, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+inducing+experimental+pneumococcal+meningitis+in+outbred+mice.">Method for inducing experimental pneumococcal meningitis in outbred mice.</a> BMC Microbiology. 4, 36 (2004).</li><li>Madsen, L. W., Svensmark, B., Elvestad, K., Jensen, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Otitis+interna+is+a+frequent+sequela+to+Streptococcus+suis+meningitis+in+pigs.">Otitis interna is a frequent sequela to Streptococcus suis meningitis in pigs.</a> Veterinary Pathology. 38 (2), 190-195 (2001).</li><li>Holden, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+evolution+of+virulence+and+drug+resistance+in+the+emerging+zoonotic+pathogen+Streptococcus+suis.">Rapid evolution of virulence and drug resistance in the emerging zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis.</a> PLoS One. 4 (7), e6072 (2009).</li><li>Dominguez-Punaro Mde, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+characterization+of+the+microglial+inflammatory+response+to+Streptococcus+suis,+an+important+emerging+zoonotic+agent+of+meningitis.">In vitro characterization of the microglial inflammatory response to Streptococcus suis, an important emerging zoonotic agent of meningitis.</a> Infection and Immunity. 78 (12), 5074-5085 (2010).</li><li>Hassan, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+different+detection+methods+of+biofilm+formation+in+the+clinical+isolates.">Evaluation of different detection methods of biofilm formation in the clinical isolates.</a> Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 15 (4), 305-311 (2011).</li><li>Vanier, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+putative+virulence+factors+of+Streptococcus+suis+involved+in+invasion+of+porcine+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells.">New putative virulence factors of Streptococcus suis involved in invasion of porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells.</a> Microbial Pathogenesis. 46 (1), 13-20 (2009).</li><li>Takeuchi, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+suilysin+to+the+pathogenesis+of+Streptococcus+suis+meningitis.">The contribution of suilysin to the pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis meningitis.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 209 (10), 1509-1519 (2014).</li><li>Tenenbaum, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polar+bacterial+invasion+and+translocation+of+Streptococcus+suis+across+the+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barrier+in+vitro.">Polar bacterial invasion and translocation of Streptococcus suis across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in vitro.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 11 (2), 323-336 (2009).</li></ol>

L'itinerario di subarachnoidal intracranica dell'infezione qui descritto ha ovvi vantaggi sopra altri itinerari dell'infezione. Esso consente ai ricercatori di studiare l'interazione ospite-batterio e l'effetto di componenti batteriche sulla risposta immune dell'ospite direttamente nel cervello, che mimano ingresso batterica nel sistema nervoso centrale. Così, questo itinerario dell'infezione può essere esteso per indagare i meccanismi della meningite causate da altri batteri. Inoltre, può anche essere utilizzato per ...

Streptococcus suis (S. suis) è un importante agente patogeno batterico di suini in tutto il mondo, causando gravi malattie tra cui la meningite, polmonite, setticemia, endocardite e artrite1. È anche un agente zoonotico emergente. Finora, è stato segnalato che nove sierotipi possono causare infezione in esseri umani, compreso i sierotipi 2, 4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21, 24 e 312,3,4. In esseri umani e maiali, la meningite è uno dei principali segni clinici delle infezioni da S. suis . In Vietnam e Thailandia, S. suis è la principale causa della meningite in adulti5. Biofilm microbici sono microrganismi che aderiscono a vicenda e sono concentrati in un'interfaccia; Essi sono essenziali per la virulenza batterica, sopravvivenza in ambienti diversi e Antibiotico-resistenza5. I biofilm sono in genere circondati da una matrice extracellulare che generalmente contiene polisaccaridi, proteine e DNA6. Quest'ultimo è in grado di suscitare la risposta infiammatoria dell'ospite e di produzione di citochina7. Formazione di biofilm è stata segnalata per essere coinvolti nella meningite streptococcica in studi precedenti. Biofilm contribuiscono alla meningite da Streptococcus agalactiae in un modello di pesce tilapia e formazione di biofilm è stato rivelato all'interno dei tessuti del cervello e nei dintorni di meningea superfici in vivo attraverso Inoculazione intra-addominale8. Durante la meningite, lo streptococco pneumoniae è in uno stato di biofilm e batteri in un tale stato di biofilm erano più efficaci nell'induzione della meningite in un modello di infezione del mouse9. Inoltre, nel nostro precedente studio, lo stato di biofilm associato S. suis nel cervello del topo contribuisce alla virulenza batterica di sopravvivenza analisi10. Tuttavia, la prova diretta per il coinvolgimento di biofilm in S. suis meningite richiede ulteriori indagini.
Modelli animali di infezione da S. suis sono stati sviluppati nei topi utilizzando intraperitoneale (i.p.)11, intranasale (i.n.)12, endovenosa (i.v.)13e gli itinerari di intracisternal (i.c.) di infezione14, 15 , 16. Tuttavia, le vie di i.p., i.n. e i.v. di infezione non sono adatte per studiare i ruoli dei componenti di superficie di S. suis nella meningite direttamente nel cervello. Questi includono matrice extracellulare da biofilm. Anche se l'inoculazione di i.c. è stato usato per infezione da S. suis , il sito di iniezione precisa non è stata descritta in quei fascicoli. Al contrario, le coordinate stereotassiche del sito di iniezione per inoculazione subarachnoidal intracranica chiaramente è stato descritto in un precedente studio17. Questo ha permesso il facile riconoscimento del punto di inoculazione e più semplicistico protocollo sperimentale. Inoltre, l'itinerario di subarachnoidal intracranica dell'infezione imita ingresso batterica nel sistema nervoso centrale da seni o l' orecchio medio17e la relazione tra l'orecchio medio e la meningite causata da S. suis è stato dimostrato da Madsen et al.18. Inoltre, applicando l'itinerario subarachnoidal intracranica dell'infezione nei topi, abbiamo dimostrato che S. suis piccolo RNA rss04 contribuisce alla meningite nel nostro precedente studio10.
Nello studio presente, l'itinerario di subarachnoidal intracranica dell'infezione è stato utilizzato nei topi per indagare i ruoli di biofilm in S. suis meningite. Topi sono stati infettati con cellule planctoniche o cellule stato biofilm di S. suis da questo itinerario dell'infezione. L'analisi istopatologica e aumentata espressione di mRNA di TLR2 e citochine dal tessuto di cervello di topi iniettati con le cellule di biofilm stato chiaramente indicato che il biofilm di S. suis contribuisce alla meningite.

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			<td height="46">Todd Hewitt Broth(THB)</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">DF0492078</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 30 g of the powder in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">DSBIO</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">16C0050</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 15 g of the powder in 1 L of THB. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:184px;">Milli-Q Reference Water Purification System</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Z00QSVCUS</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Without Dnase/ Rnase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10019318</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>Na2HPO3</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009012-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009017-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009019-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td>KOH</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009014-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10010618</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Diluted with equal volumu of purified water, autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">80096675</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">25% Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">30092436</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">10-fold diluted with purified water for fixation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10009218</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10006818</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Spctrophotometre</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">DeNovix Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">DS-11+</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Ultrasound cell crusher</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">NingBo Scientz Biotechnology Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">JY96-IIN</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Hitachi Koki Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">CT15RE</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Refrigerator</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Aucma Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">DW-86L500</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">EVO-LS10</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FastRNA Pro Green Kit</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">#6045-050</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FastPrep-24 Instrument</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">116005500</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Instrument for PCR</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">SensoQuest GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">1124310110</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QuantStudio 6 Flex</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">4485689</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">SYBR Premix Ex Taq II</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Takara Biomedical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">RR820A</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA Eraser</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Takara Biomedical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">RR047A</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Fully Enclosed Tissue Processor</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">ASP200S</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Heated Paraffin Embedding Module</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">EG1150H</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Semi-Automated Rotary Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">RM2245</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Water bath for paraffin sections</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">HI1210</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Autostainer XL</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">ST5010</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Agilent 2100</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">G2939A</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Optical microscope</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">BX51</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intracranial subarachnoidal route of infection for investigating roles of streptococcus suis biofilms in meningitis in a mouse infection model

Streptococcus suis è non solo un importante agente patogeno batterico di suini in tutto il mondo, ma anche un agente zoonotico emergente. In esseri umani e maiali, la meningite è una manifestazione importante di infezioni da S. suis . Un modello di infezione adatto è uno strumento essenziale per comprendere i meccanismi delle malattie causate da agenti patogeni. Diversi itinerari dell'infezione nei topi sono stati sviluppati per studiare la patogenesi dell'infezione da S. suis . Tuttavia, i percorsi intraperitoneali, intranasali ed endovenosa dell'infezione non sono adatti per studiare i ruoli dei componenti di superficie di S. suis nella meningite direttamente nel cervello, come la matrice extracellulare da biofilm. Anche se l'inoculazione intracisternal è stato utilizzato per infezione da S. suis , il sito di iniezione precisa non è stata descritta. Qui, l'itinerario di subarachnoidal intracranica dell'infezione è stata descritta in un modello murino per studiare i ruoli di biofilm in S. suis meningite. S. suis cellule planctoniche o biofilm dello stato sono stati iniettati direttamente nello spazio subaracnoideo dei topi attraverso il sito di iniezione si trova 3,5 mm rostrale dal bregma. L'analisi istopatologica e aumentata espressione di mRNA di TLR2 e citochine del tessuto cerebrale da topi iniettati con le cellule di biofilm stato indicato chiaramente che S. suis biofilm svolge ruoli definitivi in S. suis meningite. Questo itinerario dell'infezione ha evidenti vantaggi rispetto ad altre vie di infezione, permettendo lo studio dell'interazione ospite-batterio. Inoltre, esso consente l'effetto di componenti batteriche sulla risposta immune dell'ospite direttamente nel cervello per essere valutati e imita ingresso batterica nel sistema nervoso centrale. Questo itinerario dell'infezione può essere esteso per indagare i meccanismi della meningite causate da altri batteri. Inoltre, può anche essere utilizzato per testare l'efficacia di farmaci contro la meningite batterica.

Analisi SEM è stato effettuato per esaminare la formazione di biofilm nelle circostanze sperimentali. Come illustrato nella Figura 1, c'è una differenza significativa nella formazione del biofilm tra cellule planctoniche (Figura 1A) e stato biofilm (Figura 1B). Analisi SEM ha mostrato che il biofilm batteri erano in ciuffi e più livelli e sono stati racchiusi nell...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model at JoVE.com

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

Qui, descriviamo l'itinerario subarachnoidal intracranica dell'infezione nei topi per studiare i ruoli dei biofilm nella meningite Streptococcus suis . Questo modello di infezione è anche adatto per studiare la patogenesi di altre meningite batterica e l'efficacia di nuovi farmaci contro la meningite batterica.

Intracranica Subarachnoidal itinerario dell'infezione per indagare ruoli di biofilm di Streptococcus suis nella meningite in un modello di infezione del topo

Streptococcus suis is not only a major bacterial pathogen of pigs worldwide but also an emerging zoonotic agent. In humans and pigs, meningitis is a major ...

This method can help answer key questions about the roles of streptococcus suis'components in many sites, such as the extracellular matrix from its biofilms. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables investigations of bacterial components that affect how the immune responses directly in a brain and mimic bacteria entrance into the central nervous system. Demonstrating the procedure will be Mister Shouming Zhang, a graduate student from my laboratory.To collect strain P1/7 planktonic cells, first collect five milliliters of the cells from mid-lock phase culture. Centrifuge for three minutes at 8000 times G before washing the cells three times in PBS. Re-suspend the cells with five milliliters of 25%glycerol in THB and aliquot into five tubes.Alternatively, to collect strain P1/7 biofilm state cells, take 20 milliliters of an overnight culture and add to 180 milliliters of fresh THB. Equally divide the diluted culture into 10 round culture plates, then incubate the plates at 37 degrees celsius in 5%carbon dioxide for 24 hours. Following incubation, shake the plate gently to re-suspend the bacteria that have not adhered to the plate and avoid re-suspending the sediment.Then, discard the supernatant by aspiration. Add five milliliters of PBS to harvest biofilm state cells. Re-suspend the sediment completely and then transfer the sample to a new tube.Sonicate the re-suspended biofilm state cells as listed in the text protocol. Next, centrifuge the sonicated cells for three minutes at 8000 times G and store the supernatant at minus 80 degrees celsius. The supernatant may contain biofilm components and it can be used to re-suspend the biofilm bacteria before infection.Re-suspend the sediment with 10 milliliters of 25%glycerol in THB before observing the samples by scanning electron microscopy as described in the text protocol. Infect all mice using planktonic cells or biofilm state cells and perform euthanasia as described in the text protocol. Next, extract the total RNA from brain tissue using an RNA extraction kit.For each mouse, use whole brain tissue for extracting RNA. Divide whole brain tissue into five tubes. Take up to 100 milligrams of brain tissue and add one milliliter of lysis solution to each tube containing the lysis matrix provided by the kit.Extract the RNA following the steps listed in the text protocol. Next, perform CDMA synthesis, including elimination of genomic DNA, using a thermocycler with a reverse transcription reagent kit. Add one microgram of RNA to a tube containing two microliters of 5X genomic DNA elimination buffer and one microliter of geneomic DNA elimination enzyme.Add RNAse free water until the volume reaches 10 microliters. Incubate for two minutes at 42 degrees celsius. Add 10 microliters of master mix to the reaction solution and then mix gently.Proceed immediately with the reverse transcription reaction by placing the tube at 37 degrees celsius for 15 minutes, then transfer the reaction to 85 degrees celsius for five seconds. Perform the quantitative real-time PCR analysis using a real-time PCR machine with a cyber quantitative real-time PCR kit. Following the kit instructions, combine the enzyme, primers, 50X ROX reference dye two, and CDMA template, then add RNAse free water until a total volume of 20 microliters is reached.Run each sample in triplicate using the thermal parameters listed in the text protocol and calculate the relative fold-change based on the two minus delta delta CT method. Also perform the observation and scoring of histological sections of the infected brain tissue as detailed in the text protocol. The effect of biofilms on inflammatory response in mirroring brain tissue is shown here.At 12 hours post-infection, the expression of CCL2, IL6, TNF-alpha, and TLR2 from brains of infected mice was significantly higher for biofilm state cells as compared to planktonic cells. Far more severe pathological changes were observed in the meninges and cerebral cortex of mice infected with the biofilm bacteria as compared to mice infected with the planktonic bacteria. These changes included large areas of necrosis and intense inflammatory cell infiltration.However, much less inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the meninges from mice infected with the planktonic bacteria. Furthermore, there was far more intense inflammatory cell infiltration observed in ventricles from mice infected with biofilm bacteria as compared to mice infected with the planktonic bacteria. As shown here, much less inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in ventricles from mice infected with the planktonic bacteria.While attempting this procedure, it is important to keep in mind that different strains may have different infective doses, so a preliminary experiment is strongly recommended to determine the appropriate infection dose. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to collect biofilm cells and perform intercranial subretinal direct infection in mice.

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

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