Name: intracranial subarachnoidal route of infection for investigating roles of streptococcus suis biofilms in meningitis in a mouse infection model
Uploaded: 2018-07-01T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model at JoVE.com

この作品は国立キー研究開発中国プログラム [2017YFD0500102]; からの補助金によって支えられました。[31572544]; 中国の国家自然科学基金[SKLVEB2016KFKT005]; 獣医病因生物学国家重点実験室上海農業技術開発プログラム、中国 [G2016060201] を適用されます。

マウス感染実験研究所動物監視委員会、江蘇省、中国が承認され、研究所動物センター南京農業大学で実行 (許可番号: SYXK (Su) 2017-0007)。
1. 細菌の準備
注:血清血清型 2 型の強毒株 P1/7 だった髄膜炎19罹患豚から分離されました。ひずみ P1/7 トッド ・ ヒューイット ブイヨンで育った (バーツ、1 リットルあたりバーツの数式: 心?...

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I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofilm+is+associated+with+chronic+streptococcal+meningoencephalitis+in+fish.">Biofilm is associated with chronic streptococcal meningoencephalitis in fish.</a> Microbial Pathogenesis. 102, 59-68 (2017).</li><li>Oggioni, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switch+from+planktonic+to+sessile+life:+a+major+event+in+pneumococcal+pathogenesis.">Switch from planktonic to sessile life: a major event in pneumococcal pathogenesis.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 61 (5), 1196-1210 (2006).</li><li>Xiao, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streptococcus+suis+small+RNA+rss04+contributes+to+the+induction+of+meningitis+by+regulating+capsule+synthesis+and+by+inducing+biofilm+formation+in+a+mouse+infection+model.">Streptococcus suis small RNA rss04 contributes to the induction of meningitis by regulating capsule synthesis and by inducing biofilm formation in a mouse infection model.</a> Veterinary Microbiology. 199, 111-119 (2017).</li><li>Dominguez-Punaro, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streptococcus+suis+serotype+2,+an+important+swine+and+human+pathogen,+induces+strong+systemic+and+cerebral+inflammatory+responses+in+a+mouse+model+of+infection.">Streptococcus suis serotype 2, an important swine and human pathogen, induces strong systemic and cerebral inflammatory responses in a mouse model of infection.</a> Journal of Immunology. 179 (3), 1842-1854 (2007).</li><li>Seitz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+intranasal+mouse+model+for+mucosal+colonization+by+Streptococcus+suis+serotype+2.">A novel intranasal mouse model for mucosal colonization by Streptococcus suis serotype 2.</a> Journal of Medical Microbiology. 61 (Pt 9), 1311-1318 (2012).</li><li>Busque, P., Higgins, R., Caya, F., Quessy, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunization+of+pigs+against+Streptococcus+suis+serotype+2+infection+using+a+live+avirulent+strain.">Immunization of pigs against Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection using a live avirulent strain.</a> Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 61 (4), 275-279 (1997).</li><li>Williams, A. 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ここで説明した感染症の頭蓋内クモ膜下ルート感染の他のルートに比べて明らかな利点があります。ホスト細菌相互作用や中枢神経に細菌の入口を模倣、直接脳内の宿主の免疫応答におよぼす細菌成分を研究する研究者をことができます。したがって、感染症のこのルートは他の細菌によって引き起こされる髄膜炎のメカニズムを調査するため拡張できます。さらに、細菌性髄膜炎の治療薬?...

レンサ球菌性(血清) は、髄膜炎、肺炎、敗血症、心内膜炎、関節炎1を含む深刻な病気を引き起こし豚、世界中の主要な細菌の病原体です。また、新興人獣共通感染エージェントです。これまでのところ、9 つの血清型が 2、4、5、9、14、16、21、24、および 31 は血清型2,3、4を含む人間の感染症を引き起こすことができますが報告されています。人間と豚、髄膜炎はs ・性感染症の主な臨床症状であります。ベトナムやタイの血清は大人5で髄膜炎の主要な原因です。微生物バイオ フィルムは、微生物を互いに遵守し、インターフェイスに集中しています。彼らは細菌の病原性、多様な環境および抗生物質耐性5の生存に不可欠です。バイオ フィルムは、一般的に多糖類、蛋白質および DNA の6を含む細胞外マトリックスによって通常囲まれています。後者は、宿主の炎症性反応とサイトカイン生産7を引き出すことができます。バイオ フィルム形成は、先行研究のレンサ球菌性髄膜炎に関与する報告されています。ティラピア魚モデルにおけるシアリルラクトサミン連鎖球菌髄膜炎に貢献するバイオ フィルムとバイオ フィルム形成脳組織内で明らかにされているし体内から腹腔内接種8表面の硬膜のまわり。中に髄膜炎、肺炎連鎖球菌は、バイオ フィルムのような状態と細菌バイオ フィルムのような状態でマウス感染モデル9で髄膜炎を誘発するのに効果的であった。さらに、私たちの以前の研究は、生存分析10細菌の病原性に貢献するバイオ フィルム状態がマウス脳における血清に関連付けられています。ただし、血清性髄膜炎におけるバイオ フィルム関与の直接的な証拠はさらに調査が必要です。
S ・性感染症の動物モデルをマウス腹腔11、鼻腔内 (i.n と)12、静脈13、および感染症14,の大槽内ステロイド (i.c.) ルートを使用して開発されています。15,16します。 ただし、i. p.、i.n と、静脈感染経路、直接脳内性髄膜炎における血清表面部品の役割を勉強に適しています。バイオ フィルムからの細胞外マトリックスが含まれます。I.c. 接種は感染症血清使用、正確な注射部位はないこれらの論文で記載されています。対照的に、頭蓋内クモ膜下接種の注射部位の定位座標は以前研究17で明確に記載されています。これは接種のポイントとより多くの単純な実験的プロトコルの簡単な認識を許可しました。さらに、感染症の頭蓋内クモ膜下ルートは、副鼻腔や中耳の17中間耳および血清によって引き起こされる髄膜炎の関係から中枢神経系に細菌の入り口を模倣します。マドセンら18によって実証されています。また、感染マウスの脳クモ膜下ルートを適用すると、我々 は血清小さな RNA rss04 が私たちの以前の研究10で髄膜炎に寄与することを実証しました。
本研究で、感染症の頭蓋内クモ膜下ルートは血清性髄膜炎におけるバイオ フィルムの役割を調査するためマウスで使用されました。マウスは、この感染経路による浮遊性細胞や血清のバイオ フィルム状態の細胞に感染していた。病理組織学的解析と TLR2 とバイオ フィルム状態の細胞を注入したマウスの脳組織からのサイトカインの mRNA 発現の増加、血清バイオ フィルムが髄膜炎に貢献することに明示します。

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			<td height="46">Todd Hewitt Broth(THB)</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">DF0492078</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 30 g of the powder in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min.</td>
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			<td>Agar</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">DSBIO</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">16C0050</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 15 g of the powder in 1 L of THB. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min.</td>
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			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:184px;">Milli-Q Reference Water Purification System</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Z00QSVCUS</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Without Dnase/ Rnase</td>
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			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10019318</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
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			<td>Na2HPO3</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009012-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
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			<td>KCl</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009017-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
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			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009019-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
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			<td>KOH</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009014-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10010618</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Diluted with equal volumu of purified water, autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">80096675</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">25% Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">30092436</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">10-fold diluted with purified water for fixation.</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10009218</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10006818</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Spctrophotometre</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">DeNovix Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">DS-11+</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Ultrasound cell crusher</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">NingBo Scientz Biotechnology Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">JY96-IIN</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Hitachi Koki Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">CT15RE</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Refrigerator</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Aucma Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">DW-86L500</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">EVO-LS10</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FastRNA Pro Green Kit</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">#6045-050</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FastPrep-24 Instrument</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">116005500</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Instrument for PCR</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">SensoQuest GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">1124310110</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QuantStudio 6 Flex</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">4485689</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">SYBR Premix Ex Taq II</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Takara Biomedical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">RR820A</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA Eraser</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Takara Biomedical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">RR047A</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Fully Enclosed Tissue Processor</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">ASP200S</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Heated Paraffin Embedding Module</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">EG1150H</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Semi-Automated Rotary Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">RM2245</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Water bath for paraffin sections</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">HI1210</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Autostainer XL</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">ST5010</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Agilent 2100</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">G2939A</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Optical microscope</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">BX51</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intracranial subarachnoidal route of infection for investigating roles of streptococcus suis biofilms in meningitis in a mouse infection model

連鎖球菌性は、豚の世界の主要な細菌の病原体だけでなく、新興の人獣共通感染エージェントです。人間と豚は、髄膜炎がs ・性感染症の主な症状です。適切な感染症モデルは、病原体によって引き起こされる病気のメカニズムを理解するために不可欠なツールです。感染マウスのいくつかのルートは、 s ・性感染症の病因を研究して開発されています。ただし、感染症、鼻腔内、腹腔内、静脈内のルートは、バイオ フィルムから細胞外のマトリックスのような頭脳に直接性髄膜炎における血清表面部材における役割を研究するため適していません。S ・性感染症の大槽内ステロイド接種が使用されているが正確な注射部位が記載されていません。ここでは、感染症の頭蓋内クモ膜下ルートは、血清性髄膜炎におけるバイオ フィルムの役割を調査するためマウス モデルで記述されていた。血清浮遊性細胞やバイオ フィルム状態細胞直接 3.5 mm 前から吻側に位置する注射部位を介してマウスのくも膜下腔に注入されました。病理組織学的解析とバイオ フィルム状態の細胞を注入したマウス脳組織のサイトカインと TLR2 の mRNA 発現の増加、血清バイオ フィルムが血清髄膜炎に決定的な役割を果たしていることに明示します。この感染経路がホスト細菌の相互作用の研究をできるように、感染症の他のルートに比べて明らかな利点です。さらに、それはできます、評価される脳で直接ホスト免疫反応におよぼす細菌成分と中枢神経に細菌の入口を模倣します。この感染経路は、他の細菌によって引き起こされる髄膜炎のメカニズムを調査するために拡張できます。さらに、細菌性髄膜炎の治療薬の有効性をテストも使用することができます。

実験条件下でのバイオ フィルム形成を検討する SEM 分析を行った。図 1のように、浮遊性細胞 (図 1A) とバイオ フィルム状態 (図 1B) のバイオ フィルム形成に重要な違いがあります。SEM 分析はバイオ フィルム形成細菌の塊、浮遊性バクテリアが大いにより少なく密で主に分散?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model at JoVE.com

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

ここでは、連鎖球菌性髄膜炎でのバイオ フィルムの役割を研究するマウスにおける感染症の頭蓋内クモ膜下ルートをについて説明します。この感染モデルもその他の細菌性髄膜炎の病態と細菌性髄膜炎の新しい治療薬の有効性を研究するために最適です。

感染マウス感染モデルにおける髄膜炎の連鎖球菌性バイオ フィルムの役割の調査のための頭蓋内クモ膜下ルート

Streptococcus suis is not only a major bacterial pathogen of pigs worldwide but also an emerging zoonotic agent. In humans and pigs, meningitis is a major ...

This method can help answer key questions about the roles of streptococcus suis'components in many sites, such as the extracellular matrix from its biofilms. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables investigations of bacterial components that affect how the immune responses directly in a brain and mimic bacteria entrance into the central nervous system. Demonstrating the procedure will be Mister Shouming Zhang, a graduate student from my laboratory.To collect strain P1/7 planktonic cells, first collect five milliliters of the cells from mid-lock phase culture. Centrifuge for three minutes at 8000 times G before washing the cells three times in PBS. Re-suspend the cells with five milliliters of 25%glycerol in THB and aliquot into five tubes.Alternatively, to collect strain P1/7 biofilm state cells, take 20 milliliters of an overnight culture and add to 180 milliliters of fresh THB. Equally divide the diluted culture into 10 round culture plates, then incubate the plates at 37 degrees celsius in 5%carbon dioxide for 24 hours. Following incubation, shake the plate gently to re-suspend the bacteria that have not adhered to the plate and avoid re-suspending the sediment.Then, discard the supernatant by aspiration. Add five milliliters of PBS to harvest biofilm state cells. Re-suspend the sediment completely and then transfer the sample to a new tube.Sonicate the re-suspended biofilm state cells as listed in the text protocol. Next, centrifuge the sonicated cells for three minutes at 8000 times G and store the supernatant at minus 80 degrees celsius. The supernatant may contain biofilm components and it can be used to re-suspend the biofilm bacteria before infection.Re-suspend the sediment with 10 milliliters of 25%glycerol in THB before observing the samples by scanning electron microscopy as described in the text protocol. Infect all mice using planktonic cells or biofilm state cells and perform euthanasia as described in the text protocol. Next, extract the total RNA from brain tissue using an RNA extraction kit.For each mouse, use whole brain tissue for extracting RNA. Divide whole brain tissue into five tubes. Take up to 100 milligrams of brain tissue and add one milliliter of lysis solution to each tube containing the lysis matrix provided by the kit.Extract the RNA following the steps listed in the text protocol. Next, perform CDMA synthesis, including elimination of genomic DNA, using a thermocycler with a reverse transcription reagent kit. Add one microgram of RNA to a tube containing two microliters of 5X genomic DNA elimination buffer and one microliter of geneomic DNA elimination enzyme.Add RNAse free water until the volume reaches 10 microliters. Incubate for two minutes at 42 degrees celsius. Add 10 microliters of master mix to the reaction solution and then mix gently.Proceed immediately with the reverse transcription reaction by placing the tube at 37 degrees celsius for 15 minutes, then transfer the reaction to 85 degrees celsius for five seconds. Perform the quantitative real-time PCR analysis using a real-time PCR machine with a cyber quantitative real-time PCR kit. Following the kit instructions, combine the enzyme, primers, 50X ROX reference dye two, and CDMA template, then add RNAse free water until a total volume of 20 microliters is reached.Run each sample in triplicate using the thermal parameters listed in the text protocol and calculate the relative fold-change based on the two minus delta delta CT method. Also perform the observation and scoring of histological sections of the infected brain tissue as detailed in the text protocol. The effect of biofilms on inflammatory response in mirroring brain tissue is shown here.At 12 hours post-infection, the expression of CCL2, IL6, TNF-alpha, and TLR2 from brains of infected mice was significantly higher for biofilm state cells as compared to planktonic cells. Far more severe pathological changes were observed in the meninges and cerebral cortex of mice infected with the biofilm bacteria as compared to mice infected with the planktonic bacteria. These changes included large areas of necrosis and intense inflammatory cell infiltration.However, much less inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the meninges from mice infected with the planktonic bacteria. Furthermore, there was far more intense inflammatory cell infiltration observed in ventricles from mice infected with biofilm bacteria as compared to mice infected with the planktonic bacteria. As shown here, much less inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in ventricles from mice infected with the planktonic bacteria.While attempting this procedure, it is important to keep in mind that different strains may have different infective doses, so a preliminary experiment is strongly recommended to determine the appropriate infection dose. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to collect biofilm cells and perform intercranial subretinal direct infection in mice.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

細菌付着の研究ではせん断応力を導入する

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

免疫・感染学

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

の単一細胞解析枯草菌</em蛍光顕微鏡とフローサイトメトリーを用いて>バイオフィルム

Biofilm formation is a general attribute to almost all bacteria 1-6. When bacteria form biofilms, cells are encased in extracellular matrix that is mostly ...

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

全タンパク質の抽出および2次元ゲル電気泳動法のための<em&gt;バークホルデリア</em&gt;種

The investigation of  the intracellular protein levels of bacterial species is of importance to  understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases ...

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

の莢膜血清型<em&gt;肺炎球菌</em&gt;ラテックス凝集による

Latex agglutination reagents are widely used in microbial diagnosis, identification and serotyping. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major ...

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

のゼブラフィッシュ幼生モデルにおける先天性免疫応答の非侵襲的イメージング<em&gt;ストレプトコッカスイニエ</em&gt;感染

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of ...

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

グループBのマウスモデル<em&gt;連鎖球菌</em&gt;膣植民地化

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), is a Gram-positive, asymptomatic colonizer of the human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal tract of ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

感染症のマウスモデルでの A 型インフルエンザ ウイルス研究

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

血清型1肺 炎球 菌519/43株における変異体の構築

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 remains a huge problem in low-and-middle income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its importance, ...

Antibiotic Efficacy Testing in an Ex vivo Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Antibiotic Efficacy Testing in an Ex vivo Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

嚢胞性線維症肺における 緑膿菌 および 黄色ブドウ球 菌バイオフィルムのEx生体モデルにおける抗生物質有効性試験

The effective prescription of antibiotics for the bacterial biofilms present within the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) is limited by a ...

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

肺炎 連鎖 球菌のウイルス重感染によるコロニー形成者から病原体への移行に関するマウスモデルが加齢増悪疾患を再現

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an asymptomatic colonizer of the nasopharynx in most individuals but can progress to a pulmonary and systemic ...

感染マウス感染モデルにおける髄膜炎の連鎖球菌性バイオ フィルムの役割の調査のための頭蓋内クモ膜下ルート

感染マウス感染モデルにおける髄膜炎の連鎖球菌性バイオフィルムの役割の調査のための頭蓋内クモ膜下ルート