Name: intracranial subarachnoidal route of infection for investigating roles of streptococcus suis biofilms in meningitis in a mouse infection model
Uploaded: 2018-07-01T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model at JoVE.com

Bu eser ulusal anahtar araştırma ve geliştirme programı Çin [2017YFD0500102]; gelen hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir Ulusal Doğa Bilimleri Vakfı Çin [31572544]; Devlet anahtar laboratuvar veteriner etiyolojik biyoloji [SKLVEB2016KFKT005]; Shanghai tarım teknoloji geliştirme programı, Çin [G2016060201] uygulanan.

Fare enfeksiyon deneyler laboratuvar hayvan İzleme Komitesi Jiangsu Province, Çin tarafından onaylanmış ve laboratuvar hayvan Merkezi, Nanjing Tarım Üniversitesi'nde gerçekleştirilen (izin numarası: SYXK (Su) 2017-0007).
1. bakteri hazırlanması
Not: S. suis serotip 2 öldürücü soy P1 7/menenjit19hastalıklı bir domuzla yalıtılmış. Zorlanma P1/7 Todd-Hewitt suyu yetiştirilen (THB, formül en düşük THB litre baş?...

<ol>
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I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofilm+is+associated+with+chronic+streptococcal+meningoencephalitis+in+fish.">Biofilm is associated with chronic streptococcal meningoencephalitis in fish.</a> Microbial Pathogenesis. 102, 59-68 (2017).</li><li>Oggioni, M. 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Burada açıklanan enfeksiyon intrakranial subarachnoidal rotanın diğer yolları enfeksiyonu üzerinde belirgin avantajları vardır. Ana bilgisayar-bakteri etkileşim ve bakteriyel bileşenleri etkisi ana bilgisayar bağışıklık yanıtı doğrudan beyindeki hangi bakteri giriş merkezi sinir sistemi taklit çalışmaya müfettişler sağlar. Böylece, bu yolu enfeksiyonu diğer bakterilerin neden olduğu menenjit mekanizmalarının araştırılması için genişletilebilir. Üstelik, o da bakteriyel menenjit karş?...

Streptokok suis (S. suis) büyük bir bakteriyel patojen domuz dünya çapında, menenjit, pnömoni, septisemi, endokardit ve artrit1de dahil olmak üzere ağır hastalığa neden oluyor. Ortaya çıkan olabilmekte ajanı da sağlar. Şimdiye kadar bu dokuz serotipleri enfeksiyon serotipleri 2, 4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21, 24 ve 312,3,4de dahil olmak üzere insanlarda neden olabilir bildirilmiştir. İnsanlar ve domuzlar, menenjit S. suis enfeksiyonlar önemli klinik belirtileri biridir. Vietnam ve Tayland, S. suis menenjit yetişkin5önemli nedenidir. Mikrobiyal biyofilmler birbirine bağlı ve bir arabirim konsantre olan mikroorganizmalar vardır; Onlar bakteriyel virülans, çeşitli ortamlarda ve antibiyotik direnci5hayatta kalmak için gereklidir. Biyofilmler genellikle genellikle polisakkaritler, proteinler ve DNA6içeren bir hücre dışı matriks tarafından çevrili. İkinci ana bilgisayar inflamatuar yanıt ve sitokin üretim7temin edebilmektedir. Biyofilm oluşumu önceki çalışmalarda streptokok menenjit dahil olmak için rapor edildi. Streptococcus agalactiae menenjit tilapia balık modelindeki biyofilmler katkıda ve biyofilm oluşumu ortaya beyin doku içinde ve çevresinde meninjeal vivo içinde ile intra abdominal aşılama8yüzeyler. Menenjit sırasında bir biyofilm benzeri durumda Streptococcus pneumoniae ve böyle bir biyofilm devlet bakterilerde bir fare enfeksiyon modeli9menenjit inducing daha etkili. Buna ek olarak, bizim önceki çalışma, S. suis fare beyin ile ilişkili biyofilm durumu bakteriyel virülans için hayatta kalma analiz10tarafından katkıda bulunur. Ancak, doğrudan kanıt S. suis menenjit biyofilm katılımı için daha fazla araştırma gerektirir.
Mayi (IP)11, burunici (i.n.)12, şarapla (IV)13ve enfeksiyon14, intracisternal (araç ten) yollarını kullanarak farelerde hayvan modelleri S. suis enfeksiyon geliştirilmiştir 15 , 16. ancak, enfeksiyon ı.p., i.n. ve damar içi enjeksiyona yolları menenjit doğrudan beyindeki S. suis yüzey bileşenlerinde rolleri eğitim için uygun değildir. Bu hücre dışı matriks biyofilmler üzerinden içerir. Her ne kadar araç ten aşılama S. suis enfeksiyonu için kullanılan, hassas enjeksiyon yeri bu gazetelerde tanımlanmıştır değil. Buna ek olarak, intrakranial subarachnoidal aşı enjeksiyon izi stereotaksik koordinatlarını açıkça tarif edilmiş bir önceki çalışma17'. Bu aşı noktası ve daha fazla basit Deneysel protokol kolay tanınmasını sağladı. Buna ek olarak, intrakranial subarachnoidal yolu enfeksiyonu taklit eden bakteri giriş merkezi sinir sistemi sinüsler veya orta kulak17ve orta kulak ve S. suis tarafından neden menenjit ilişkisi içine Madsen ve ark18tarafından kanıtlanmıştır. Ayrıca, intrakranial subarachnoidal yolu enfeksiyonu farelerde uygulayarak, biz S. suis küçük RNA rss04 menenjit bizim önceki çalışma10katkıda göstermiştir.
Mevcut çalışma, intrakranial subarachnoidal yolu enfeksiyonu farelerde S. suis menenjit biyofilmler rollerini araştırmak için kullanıldı. Fareler planktonik hücreleri veya S. suis biyofilm devlet hücreleri ile enfeksiyon bu yoldan bulaşmış. Histopatolojik Analizi ve TLR2 ve sitokinler biyofilm devlet hücreleri enjekte farelerin beyin dokusundan artan mRNA ifadesi açıkça S. suis biyofilm menenjit için katkıda belirtti.

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			<td height="46">Todd Hewitt Broth(THB)</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">DF0492078</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 30 g of the powder in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">DSBIO</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">16C0050</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 15 g of the powder in 1 L of THB. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:184px;">Milli-Q Reference Water Purification System</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Z00QSVCUS</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Without Dnase/ Rnase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10019318</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>Na2HPO3</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009012-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009017-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009019-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td>KOH</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">9009014-01-09</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dissolve 8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.42 g Na2HPO3 , 0.27 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of purified water. Autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min. Use KOH to adjust pH to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10010618</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Diluted with equal volumu of purified water, autoclave at 121&#176; for 15 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">80096675</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">25% Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">30092436</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">10-fold diluted with purified water for fixation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10009218</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Sionpharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10006818</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Spctrophotometre</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">DeNovix Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">DS-11+</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Ultrasound cell crusher</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">NingBo Scientz Biotechnology Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">JY96-IIN</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Hitachi Koki Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">CT15RE</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Refrigerator</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Aucma Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">DW-86L500</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">EVO-LS10</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FastRNA Pro Green Kit</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">#6045-050</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FastPrep-24 Instrument</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">116005500</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Instrument for PCR</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">SensoQuest GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">1124310110</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QuantStudio 6 Flex</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">4485689</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">SYBR Premix Ex Taq II</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Takara Biomedical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">RR820A</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA Eraser</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Takara Biomedical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">RR047A</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Fully Enclosed Tissue Processor</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">ASP200S</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Heated Paraffin Embedding Module</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">EG1150H</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Semi-Automated Rotary Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">RM2245</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Water bath for paraffin sections</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">HI1210</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">Autostainer XL</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">ST5010</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Agilent 2100</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">G2939A</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Optical microscope</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">BX51</td>
			<td style="width:304px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intracranial subarachnoidal route of infection for investigating roles of streptococcus suis biofilms in meningitis in a mouse infection model

Streptokok suis sadece domuz dünya çapında büyük bir bakteriyel patojen aynı zamanda gelişmekte olan Hayvansal ajanı var. İnsanlar ve domuzlar, menenjit S. suis enfeksiyonların büyük bir tezahürüdür. Uygun enfeksiyon manken patojenlerin yol açtığı hastalıklar mekanizmaları anlamak için önemli bir araçtır. Enfeksiyon farelerde birçok yolların S. suis enfeksiyon patogenezi okumaya geliştirilmiştir. Ancak, enfeksiyon mayi, etkilerinin ve intravenöz yolları menenjit gibi hücre dışı matriks biyofilmler üzerinden doğrudan beyindeki S. suis yüzey bileşenlerinde rolleri eğitim için uygun değildir. Her ne kadar intracisternal aşılama S. suis enfeksiyonu için kullanılan, hassas enjeksiyon yeri tarif değil. Burada, intrakranial subarachnoidal yolu enfeksiyonu S. suis menenjit biyofilmler rollerini araştırmak için bir fare modeli tanımlanmıştır. S. suis planktonik hücreleri veya biyofilm devlet hücreleri doğrudan 3, 5 mm bregma rostral bulunan enjeksiyon sitesi aracılığıyla farelerin Subaraknoid boşluk içine enjekte edildi. Histopatolojik Analizi ve TLR2 artan mRNA ifade ve sitokinler biyofilm devlet hücreleri enjekte fareler gelen beyin dokusunun S. suis biyofilm S. suis menenjit kesin rol oynar açıkça belirtti. Bu yolu enfeksiyonu diğer yolları enfeksiyonu, ana bilgisayar-bakteri etkileşim çalışma izin üzerinde belirgin avantajları vardır. Ayrıca, bakteriyel bileşenleri etkisi ana bilgisayar bağışıklık yanıtı doğrudan beyindeki değerlendirilmesi için izin verir ve merkezi sinir sistemi bakteriyel giriş taklit eder. Bu yolu enfeksiyonu diğer bakterilerin neden olduğu menenjit mekanizmalarının araştırılması için genişletilebilir. Üstelik, o da bakteriyel menenjit karşı ilaçların etkinliğini test etmek için kullanılabilir.

SEM analiz biyofilm oluşumu deneysel koşullar altında incelemek için gerçekleştirildi. Şekil 1' de gösterildiği gibi biyofilm oluşumu planktonik hücreleri (Şekil 1A) ve biyofilm devlet hücreleri (Şekil 1B) arasında önemli bir fark vardır. SEM analiz biyofilm bakteri kümeleri ve planktonik bakteriler tek tek daha az yoğun ve esas olarak dağınık i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model at JoVE.com

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

Burada, enfeksiyon biyofilmler streptokok suis menenjit içinde rolleri çalışma farelerde intrakranial subarachnoidal rotanın tarif. Bu enfeksiyon model diğer bakteriyel menenjit patogenezi ve bakteriyel menenjit karşı yeni ilaçların etkinliğini çalışmak için uygundur.

Kafa içi Subarachnoidal rota için soruşturma rolleri streptokok suis biyofilmler menenjit bir fare enfeksiyon modeli içinde enfeksiyon

Streptococcus suis is not only a major bacterial pathogen of pigs worldwide but also an emerging zoonotic agent. In humans and pigs, meningitis is a major ...

This method can help answer key questions about the roles of streptococcus suis'components in many sites, such as the extracellular matrix from its biofilms. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables investigations of bacterial components that affect how the immune responses directly in a brain and mimic bacteria entrance into the central nervous system. Demonstrating the procedure will be Mister Shouming Zhang, a graduate student from my laboratory.To collect strain P1/7 planktonic cells, first collect five milliliters of the cells from mid-lock phase culture. Centrifuge for three minutes at 8000 times G before washing the cells three times in PBS. Re-suspend the cells with five milliliters of 25%glycerol in THB and aliquot into five tubes.Alternatively, to collect strain P1/7 biofilm state cells, take 20 milliliters of an overnight culture and add to 180 milliliters of fresh THB. Equally divide the diluted culture into 10 round culture plates, then incubate the plates at 37 degrees celsius in 5%carbon dioxide for 24 hours. Following incubation, shake the plate gently to re-suspend the bacteria that have not adhered to the plate and avoid re-suspending the sediment.Then, discard the supernatant by aspiration. Add five milliliters of PBS to harvest biofilm state cells. Re-suspend the sediment completely and then transfer the sample to a new tube.Sonicate the re-suspended biofilm state cells as listed in the text protocol. Next, centrifuge the sonicated cells for three minutes at 8000 times G and store the supernatant at minus 80 degrees celsius. The supernatant may contain biofilm components and it can be used to re-suspend the biofilm bacteria before infection.Re-suspend the sediment with 10 milliliters of 25%glycerol in THB before observing the samples by scanning electron microscopy as described in the text protocol. Infect all mice using planktonic cells or biofilm state cells and perform euthanasia as described in the text protocol. Next, extract the total RNA from brain tissue using an RNA extraction kit.For each mouse, use whole brain tissue for extracting RNA. Divide whole brain tissue into five tubes. Take up to 100 milligrams of brain tissue and add one milliliter of lysis solution to each tube containing the lysis matrix provided by the kit.Extract the RNA following the steps listed in the text protocol. Next, perform CDMA synthesis, including elimination of genomic DNA, using a thermocycler with a reverse transcription reagent kit. Add one microgram of RNA to a tube containing two microliters of 5X genomic DNA elimination buffer and one microliter of geneomic DNA elimination enzyme.Add RNAse free water until the volume reaches 10 microliters. Incubate for two minutes at 42 degrees celsius. Add 10 microliters of master mix to the reaction solution and then mix gently.Proceed immediately with the reverse transcription reaction by placing the tube at 37 degrees celsius for 15 minutes, then transfer the reaction to 85 degrees celsius for five seconds. Perform the quantitative real-time PCR analysis using a real-time PCR machine with a cyber quantitative real-time PCR kit. Following the kit instructions, combine the enzyme, primers, 50X ROX reference dye two, and CDMA template, then add RNAse free water until a total volume of 20 microliters is reached.Run each sample in triplicate using the thermal parameters listed in the text protocol and calculate the relative fold-change based on the two minus delta delta CT method. Also perform the observation and scoring of histological sections of the infected brain tissue as detailed in the text protocol. The effect of biofilms on inflammatory response in mirroring brain tissue is shown here.At 12 hours post-infection, the expression of CCL2, IL6, TNF-alpha, and TLR2 from brains of infected mice was significantly higher for biofilm state cells as compared to planktonic cells. Far more severe pathological changes were observed in the meninges and cerebral cortex of mice infected with the biofilm bacteria as compared to mice infected with the planktonic bacteria. These changes included large areas of necrosis and intense inflammatory cell infiltration.However, much less inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the meninges from mice infected with the planktonic bacteria. Furthermore, there was far more intense inflammatory cell infiltration observed in ventricles from mice infected with biofilm bacteria as compared to mice infected with the planktonic bacteria. As shown here, much less inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in ventricles from mice infected with the planktonic bacteria.While attempting this procedure, it is important to keep in mind that different strains may have different infective doses, so a preliminary experiment is strongly recommended to determine the appropriate infection dose. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to collect biofilm cells and perform intercranial subretinal direct infection in mice.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

Bakteriyel Yapışma Çalışma Kesme Stres Tanıtımı

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Tek hücreli Analizi Bacillus subtilis</emFloresan Mikroskobu ve Akım Sitometri Kullanma> Biyofilmler

Biofilm formation is a general attribute to almost all bacteria 1-6. When bacteria form biofilms, cells are encased in extracellular matrix that is mostly ...

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

Toplam Protein Ekstraksiyon ve 2-D Jel Elektroforez Yöntemleri<em&gt; Burkholderia</em&gt; Türler

The investigation of  the intracellular protein levels of bacterial species is of importance to  understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases ...

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Kapsüler Serotipleme<em&gt; Streptococcus pneumoniae</em&gt; Lateks Aglutinasyon tarafından

Latex agglutination reagents are widely used in microbial diagnosis, identification and serotyping. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major ...

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

Bir Zebra balığı Larva Modeli Doğuştan Bağışıklık Tepki Non-invaziv Görüntüleme<em&gt; Streptococcus iniae</em&gt; Enfeksiyon

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of ...

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

B Grubu bir murin modelinde<em&gt; Streptococcus</em&gt; Vajinal Kolonizasyon

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), is a Gram-positive, asymptomatic colonizer of the human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal tract of ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Grip A virüs enfeksiyonu bir fare modeli çalışmalarda

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Serotip 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae suşunda Mutantların İnşası 519/43

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 remains a huge problem in low-and-middle income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its importance, ...

Antibiotic Efficacy Testing in an Ex vivo Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Antibiotic Efficacy Testing in an Ex vivo Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Kistik Fibrozis Akciğerinde Pseudomonas aeruginosa ve Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms Ex vivo Modelinde Antibiyotik Etkinliği Testi

The effective prescription of antibiotics for the bacterial biofilms present within the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) is limited by a ...

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

Streptococcus pneumoniae'nin Viral Ko-Enfeksiyon Üzerine Kolonizatörden Patojene Geçişi İçin Bir Fare Modeli, Yaşın Şiddetlendirdiği Hastalıkları Özetler

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an asymptomatic colonizer of the nasopharynx in most individuals but can progress to a pulmonary and systemic ...