Name: murine oropharyngeal aspiration model of ventilator-associated and hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia
Uploaded: 2018-06-28T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af det nationale Institut for allergi og smitsomme sygdomme på National Institutes of Health [Grant numre R01 AI117211, R01 AI130060, R21 AI127954 og R42 AI106375 til BS] og US Food and Drug Administration [kontrakt HHSF223201710199C til BML].

Alle procedurer, der involverer dyr skal godkendes af forskerens institutionelle Animal Care og brug udvalg (IACUC).
1. forberedelse af bakteriel inokulum
<ol><li>Isolere bakteriel kolonier.<ol>
<li>Streak en bakteriel stamme (f.eks. A. baumannii "HUMC1") på passende steril agarsubstratet (f.eks.Tryptic soja agar), være omhyggelig med at generere isolerede kolonier.</li>
		<li>Der inkuberes ved passende betingelser (fxnatten over ved 37 ° C).</li>
	</ol...

<ol>
	<li>Spellberg, B., Talbot, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommended+Design+Features+of+Future+Clinical+Trials+of+Antibacterial+Agents+for+Hospital-Acquired+Bacterial+Pneumonia+and+Ventilator-Associated+Bacterial+Pneumonia.">Recommended Design Features of Future Clinical Trials of Antibacterial Agents for Hospital-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia.</a> Clinical Infectious Diseases. 51 (S1), S150-S170 (2010).</li><li>Kalil, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+Adults+With+Hospital-acquired+and+Ventilator-associated+Pneumonia:+2016+Clinical+Practice+Guidelines+by+the+Infectious+Diseases+Society+of+America+and+the+American+Thoracic+Society.">Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society.</a> Clinical Infectious Diseases. 63 (5), e61-e111 (2016).</li><li>Medina, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+model+of+pneumococcal+pneumonia.">Murine model of pneumococcal pneumonia.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. , 405-410 (2010).</li><li>Azoulay-Dupuis, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+efficacy+of+a+new+fluoroquinolone,+sparfloxacin,+against+penicillin-susceptible+and+-resistant+and+multiresistant+strains+of+Streptococcus+pneumoniae+in+a+mouse+model+of+pneumonia.">In vivo efficacy of a new fluoroquinolone, sparfloxacin, against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant and multiresistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse model of pneumonia.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 36 (12), 2698-2703 (1992).</li><li>Mizgerd, J. P., Skerrett, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+human+pneumonia.">Animal models of human pneumonia.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 294 (3), L387-L398 (2008).</li><li>Rayamajhi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-surgical+intratracheal+instillation+of+mice+with+analysis+of+lungs+and+lung+draining+lymph+nodes+by+flow+cytometry.">Non-surgical intratracheal instillation of mice with analysis of lungs and lung draining lymph nodes by flow cytometry.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (51), (2011).</li><li>Nielsen, T. B., Bruhn, K. W., Pantapalangkoor, P., Junus, J. L., Spellberg, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryopreservation+of+virulent+Acinetobacter+baumannii+to+reduce+variability+of+in+vivo+studies.">Cryopreservation of virulent Acinetobacter baumannii to reduce variability of in vivo studies.</a> BMC Microbiology. 15, 252 (2015).</li><li>Trammell, R. A., Toth, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Markers+for+predicting+death+as+an+outcome+for+mice+used+in+infectious+disease+research.">Markers for predicting death as an outcome for mice used in infectious disease research.</a> Comparative Medicine. 61 (6), 492-498 (2011).</li><li>Bast, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+murine+model+of+pneumococcal+pneumonia:+use+of+temperature+as+a+measure+of+disease+severity+to+compare+the+efficacies+of+moxifloxacin+and+levofloxacin.">Novel murine model of pneumococcal pneumonia: use of temperature as a measure of disease severity to compare the efficacies of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 48 (9), 3343-3348 (2004).</li><li>Hankenson, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Weight+loss+and+reduced+body+temperature+determine+humane+endpoints+in+a+mouse+model+of+ocular+herpesvirus+infection.">Weight loss and reduced body temperature determine humane endpoints in a mouse model of ocular herpesvirus infection.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 52 (3), 277-285 (2013).</li><li>Adamson, T. W., Diaz-Arevalo, D., Gonzalez, T. M., Liu, X., Kalkum, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothermic+endpoint+for+an+intranasal+invasive+pulmonary+aspergillosis+mouse+model.">Hypothermic endpoint for an intranasal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis mouse model.</a> Comparative Medicine. 63 (6), 477-481 (2013).</li><li>Nielsen, T. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+Exacerbates+Infection+via+Hyperinflammation+by+Signaling+through+TLR4+and+RAGE.">Diabetes Exacerbates Infection via Hyperinflammation by Signaling through TLR4 and RAGE.</a> mBio. 8 (4), (2017).</li><li>Nielsen, T. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+Antibody+Protects+Against+Acinetobacter+baumannii+Infection+by+Enhancing+Bacterial+Clearance+and+Evading+Sepsis.">Monoclonal Antibody Protects Against Acinetobacter baumannii Infection by Enhancing Bacterial Clearance and Evading Sepsis.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 216 (4), 489-501 (2017).</li><li>Cheng, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+serotypes+5+and+8+capsular+polysaccharides+in+protection+against+Staphylococcus+aureus+in+murine+models+of+infection.">Evaluation of serotypes 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides in protection against Staphylococcus aureus in murine models of infection.</a> Human Vaccine Immunotherapy. 13 (7), 1609-1614 (2017).</li><li>Wong, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+and+Pathophysiological+Overview+of+Acinetobacter+Infections:+a+Century+of+Challenges.">Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview of Acinetobacter Infections: a Century of Challenges.</a> Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 30 (1), 409-447 (2017).</li></ol>

At være sikker, er mus ikke miniature mennesker. Resultaterne fra musemodeller skal betragtes i sammenhæng og efterfølgende fortolkes for anvendelse på mennesker, baseret på forskelle og ligheder mellem to arter6. Det er også vigtigt at vælge den passende mus stamme som visse er mere modtagelige for nogle infektioner end andre; det samme gælder patogen stamme af valg16.
Det er vigtigt at udføre infektioner i en krævende og meget reprodu...

Nedre luftvejsinfektion er verdens mest dødelige smitsomme sygdomme og den mest almindelige dødsårsag i udviklingslandene1. Globalt, tegner disse infektioner sig for mere end 3,2 millioner dødsfald1. Derudover nosokomiel pneumoni er blandt de mest almindelige og dødbringende former for sundhedspleje erhvervede infektioner, og er forårsaget af den mest antibiotika-resistente patogener2,3. Den typiske erhvervelse af bakteriel lungebetændelse for både erhvervet og nosokomiel pneumoni er aspiration af oropharyngeale indholdet i alveolerne. Murine modeller bruges til at studere disse sygdomme ofte bruge intranasal podning4, deponering meget af bakterier uden for lungerne, forårsager off target komplikationer og symptomer som bihulebetændelse og fysiske traumer, som er inkongruente med sygdommen progression i menneskelige som modellerne var designet til at efterligne. Andre modeller kan bruge indånding kamre og micromisting enheder, der mere præcist efterligne viral, tuberkuløse og fungal lungebetændelser, men ikke præcist sammenfatte den normale rute af anskaffelsessum for typiske bakterielle lungebetændelser.
Murine oropharyngeale aspiration lungebetændelse model kan udnyttes til at simulere naturlig rute og patogenese af bakteriel lungebetændelse. Ved vaccination 50 µL af den bakterielle suspension i oropharynx af bedøvede mus ved hjælp af en pipette, ensues refleksiv aspiration, hvilket resulterer i infektiøse lungebetændelse. Bruger denne model, kan en undersøger patogenese af lungebetændelse-forårsager patogener og nye behandlinger til at bekæmpe disse sygdomme med en højere troskab model, mere svarer til aspiration lungebetændelse infektioner observeret i human. Desuden, i modsætning til lignende modeller, der inficerer gennem mundhulen5,6, sikrer denne model, at den fulde inokulum når lungerne i stedet for tarmen, hvor det kan forårsage off-site betændelse og infektioner, såsom gastritis og enteritis. Endelig, i modsætning til et andet offentliggjort model, der kræver en laryngoscope og inokulerede gennem luftrøret7, denne model hindrer ikke luftvejene med en sonde kanyle og kræver ikke injektion for inokulum levering. I stedet, podning afhængig af den naturlige aspiration refleks af musen.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>214530</td>
			<td>Combine with TSB to make TSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beads, Borosilicate Glass</td>
			<td>Kimble</td>
			<td>135003</td>
			<td>Sterilize by baking or autoclaving before each use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beaker, 250 mL</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td>1003</td>
			<td>Used during precise aliquoting of concentrated bacterial inocula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sorvall</td>
			<td>ST 40R</td>
			<td>Capable of 4,000&#215;g at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chamber for Anesthesia</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>VetFlo-0720</td>
			<td>Accommodates up to 5 mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryomold, Intermediate Size</td>
			<td>Sakura Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td>4566</td>
			<td>Disposable vinyl specimen molds, 15&#215;15&#215;5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental Floss</td>
			<td>Oral-B</td>
			<td>37000469537</td>
			<td>Tie to stable post approx. 6&#34; above table height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82027-440</td>
			<td>Used to gently pull tongue out of mouse&#39;s mouth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homogenizer for Lung Tissue</td>
			<td>Omni International</td>
			<td>TM125-115</td>
			<td>Autoclave before first use; rinse between samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane for Anesthesia</td>
			<td>Abbott</td>
			<td>10015516</td>
			<td>Alternative drug can be used; modify procedure accordingly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iSTAT Cartridge</td>
			<td>Abbott</td>
			<td>03P79-25</td>
			<td>Various cartridges are available to suit your needs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine, 100 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Western Medical Supply</td>
			<td>4165</td>
			<td>Dilute 1:10 in PBS to 1 mg/mL and combine with Xylazine at 1 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ointment for Eyes</td>
			<td>Akorn</td>
			<td>Tears Renewed</td>
			<td>Avoid touching eye with tip of dispenser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optimal Cutting Temperature (O.C.T.) Compound</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23-730-571</td>
			<td>Used to freeze lung samples at -80 &#176;C to prepare for pathology sectioning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dish</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-302</td>
			<td>Polystyrene, disposable, sterilized, 100&#215;15 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-031-CM</td>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s PBS without calcium and magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Tips, 200-&#956;L</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10017-044</td>
			<td>Autoclave before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipetter, 200-&#956;L</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>Pipetman P200</td>
			<td>Autoclave and calibrate before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spreader, Bacterial Cell</td>
			<td>Bel-Art</td>
			<td>F377360006</td>
			<td>Sterilize by baking or autoclaving before each use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stir Bar, Magnetic, 7.9 mm Diameter &#215; 38.1 mm Length</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>58948-150</td>
			<td>Used for stiring concentrated bacterial inocula during aliquoting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stir Plate, Magnetic</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>PC-620D</td>
			<td>Used for stiring concentrated bacterial inocula during aliquoting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>211822</td>
			<td>Combine with Agar to make TSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vial, Conical, Sterile, 50 mL</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431720</td>
			<td>Used for preparing bacterial inocula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vial, Conical, Sterile, 500 mL</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431123</td>
			<td>Used to concentrate inocula for preparing frozen inocula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vial, Cryogenic, 2.0 mL</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430659</td>
			<td>Used for cryogenic storage of concentrated bacterial inocula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine, 20 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Akorn</td>
			<td>AnaSed Injection</td>
			<td>Dilute 1:20 in PBS to 1 mg/mL and combine with Ketamine at 1 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

murine oropharyngeal aspiration model of ventilator-associated and hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia

Murine infektion modeller er afgørende for forståelse sygdom patogenese og teste effekten af roman therapeutics designet til at bekæmpe sygdomsfremkaldende patogener. Infektiøse lungebetændelse er blandt de mest almindelige infektioner som patienter i klinikken og dermed garanterer en passende i vivo model. Typiske lungebetændelse modeller bruger intranasal podning, som deponerer overdreven organismer uden for lungerne, forårsager off target komplikationer og symptomer, såsom bihulebetændelse, gastritis, enteritis, fysisk traume eller microparticle dug til at efterligne aerosol spredes mere typisk for viral, tuberkuløse eller fungal pneumoni. Disse modeller afspejler ikke præcist patogenesen af typiske EF - eller sundhedspleje-erhvervet bakteriel lungebetændelse. Derimod efterligner denne murine model af oropharyngeale aspirationspneumoni ruten droplet i healthcare erhvervet lungebetændelse. Suspension i oropharynx af bedøvede mus vaccinere 50 µL af bakterierne der forårsager refleksiv aspiration, hvilket resulterer i lungebetændelse. Med denne model, kan en undersøger patogenese af lungebetændelse-forårsager patogener og nye behandlinger til at bekæmpe disse sygdomme.

Omhyggeligt efter protokollen, kan reproducerbare og robust data nemt indhentes. Det er afgørende at strengt til ens tilpassede inokulum forberedelse protokol for eksperimenter skal sammenlignes med en hinanden. Det er også vigtigt at korrekt håndtere mus under proceduren infektion. Sørg for at placere mus i en anæstesi kammer isofluran. Mus vil gå i panik hvis de placeres i et kammer, der har været fyldt med isofluran og kan opleve overskydende stress, som muligvis kan kompromitte...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia at JoVE.com

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Infektiøse lungebetændelse er blandt de mest almindelige infektioner i mennesker. En passende i vivo model er afgørende for forståelse sygdom patogenese og teste effekten af roman therapeutics. Med denne murine oropharyngeale aspiration lungebetændelse model, kan en undersøger patogenese og nye behandlinger mod disse dødelige infektioner.

Murine oropharyngeale Aspiration Model af respirator-associeret og hospitalserhvervede bakteriel lungebetændelse

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