Name: suppression of pro-fibrotic signaling potentiates factor-mediated reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes
Uploaded: 2018-06-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes at JoVE.com

Denne forskning blev støttet af midler fra instituttets Boettcher Webb-Waring Biomedical Research Program, American Heart Association videnskabsmand udvikling Grant (13SDG17400031), University of Colorado Institut for medicin udestående tidlige karriere Scholar Program, University of Colorado Division af kardiologi Barlow Stigs begavelse og NIH R01HL133230 (til KS). A.S.R blev støttet af NIH/NCATS Colorado CTSA Grant nummer TL1TR001081 og et præ ph.d.-stipendium fra University of Colorado konsortium for fibrose forskning & oversættelse (CFReT). Denne forskning blev også støttet af kræft Center støtte Grant (P30CA046934), hud sygdomme forskning kerner Grant (P30AR057212) og Flow flowcytometri Core på University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.

Alle eksperimenter der kræver dyr blev godkendt af det institutionelle Animal Care og brug udvalg på UC Denver Anschutz Medical Campus.
1. isolering af MEFs
<ol><li>Køb C57BL/6 gravide mus på E13. Skibet natten over.</li>
	<li>Aflive mor efter godkendte IACUC protokoller (ex: ~1.3 L/min CO2 indtil dyr vises død efterfulgt af cervikal dislokation)</li>
	<li>Spray moderen med 70% ethanol og åbne bughulen. Fjerne den uterine horn der indeholder embryoner og sted i en 10 cm para...

<ol>
	<li>Benjamin, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+Disease+and+Stroke+Statistics-2017+Update:+A+Report+From+the+American+Heart+Association.">Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 136 (20), (2017).</li><li>Laflamme, M. A., Murry, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regenerating+the+heart.">Regenerating the heart.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 23 (7), 845-856 (2005).</li><li>Mercola, M., Ruiz-Lozano, P., Schneider, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+muscle+regeneration:+lessons+from+development.">Cardiac muscle regeneration: lessons from development.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 25 (4), 299-309 (2011).</li><li>Bergmann, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+cardiomyocyte+renewal+in+humans.">Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans.</a> Science. 324 (5923), 98-102 (2009).</li><li>Senyo, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+heart+renewal+by+pre-existing+cardiomyocytes.">Mammalian heart renewal by pre-existing cardiomyocytes.</a> Nature. 493 (7432), 433-436 (2013).</li><li>Nabel, E. G., Braunwald, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+tale+of+coronary+artery+disease+and+myocardial+infarction.">A tale of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction.</a> N Engl J Med. 366 (1), 54-63 (2012).</li><li>Packer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+carvedilol+on+the+morbidity+of+patients+with+severe+chronic+heart+failure:+results+of+the+carvedilol+prospective+randomized+cumulative+survival+(COPERNICUS)+study.">Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study.</a> Circulation. 106 (17), 2194-2199 (2002).</li><li>The CAPRICORN Investigators. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+carvedilol+on+outcome+after+myocardial+infarction+in+patients+with+left-ventricular+dysfunction:+the+CAPRICORN+randomized+trial.">Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomized trial.</a> The Lancet. 357 (9266), 1385-1390 (2001).</li><li>Marangou, J., Paul, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+attitudes+on+cardiac+devices+in+heart+failure:+a+review.">Current attitudes on cardiac devices in heart failure: a review.</a> Clin Ther. 37 (10), 2206-2214 (2015).</li><li>Xin, M., Olson, E. 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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracoronary+autologous+bone-marrow+cell+transfer+after+myocardial+infarction:+the+BOOST+randomized+controlled+clinical+trial.">Intracoronary autologous bone-marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: the BOOST randomized controlled clinical trial.</a> Lancet. 364 (9429), 141-148 (2004).</li><li>Schachinger, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracoronary+bone+marrow-derived+progenitor+cells+in+acute+myocardial+infarction.">Intracoronary bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (12), 1210-1221 (2006).</li><li>Huikuri, H. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+intracoronary+injection+of+mononuclear+bone+marrow+cells+on+left+ventricular+function,+arrhythmia+risk+profile,+and+restenosis+after+thrombolytic+therapy+of+acute+myocardial+infarction.">Effects of intracoronary injection of mononuclear bone marrow cells on left ventricular function, arrhythmia risk profile, and restenosis after thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction.</a> Eur. Heart J. 29 (22), 2723-2732 (2008).</li><li>Janssens, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autologous+bone+marrow-derived+stem-cell+transfer+in+patients+with+ST-segment+elevation+myocardial+infarction:+double-blind,+randomised+controlled+trial.">Autologous bone marrow-derived stem-cell transfer in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: double-blind, randomised controlled trial.</a> Lancet. 367 (9505), 113-121 (2006).</li><li>Lunde, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracoronary+injection+of+mononuclear+bone+marrow+cells+in+acute+myocardial+infarction.">Intracoronary injection of mononuclear bone marrow cells in acute myocardial infarction.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (12), 1199-1209 (2006).</li><li>Hirsch, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracoronary+infusion+of+autologous+mononuclear+bone+marrow+cells+or+peripheral+mononuclear+blood+cells+after+primary+percutaneous+coronary+intervention:+rationale+and+design+of+the+HEBE+trial+-+a+prospective,+multicenter,+randomized+trial.">Intracoronary infusion of autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells or peripheral mononuclear blood cells after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: rationale and design of the HEBE trial - a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial.</a> Am. Heart J. 152 (3), 434-441 (2006).</li><li>Hirsch, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracoronary+infusion+of+mononuclear+cells+from+bone+marrow+or+peripheral+blood+compared+with+standard+therapy+in+patients+after+acute+myocardial+infarction+treated+by+primary+percutaneous+coronary+intervention:+results+of+the+randomized+controlled+HEBE+trial.">Intracoronary infusion of mononuclear cells from bone marrow or peripheral blood compared with standard therapy in patients after acute myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the randomized controlled HEBE trial.</a> Eur. Heart J. 32 (14), 1736-1747 (2011).</li><li>Karantalis, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autologous+mesenchymal+stem+cells+produce+concordant+improvements+in+regional+function,+tissue+perfusion,+and+fibrotic+burden+when+administered+to+patients+undergoing+coronary+artery+bypass+grafting:+The+Prospective+Randomized+Study+of+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cell+Therapy+in+Patients+Undergoing+Cardiac+Surgery+(PROMETHEUS)+trial.">Autologous mesenchymal stem cells produce concordant improvements in regional function, tissue perfusion, and fibrotic burden when administered to patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: The Prospective Randomized Study of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery (PROMETHEUS) trial.</a> Circ Res. 114 (8), 1302-1310 (2014).</li><li>Takahashi, K., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+mouse+embryonic+and+adult+fibroblast+cultures+by+defined+factors.">Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.</a> Cell. 126 (4), 663-676 (2006).</li><li>Lian, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+cardiomyocyte+differentiation+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+via+temporal+modulation+of+canonical+Wnt+signaling.">Robust cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells via temporal modulation of canonical Wnt signaling.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 109 (27), E1848-E1857 (2012).</li><li>Loh, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+Pairwise+Choices+Leading+from+Pluripotency+to+Human+Bone,+Heart,+and+Other+Mesoderm+Cell+Types.">Mapping the Pairwise Choices Leading from Pluripotency to Human Bone, Heart, and Other Mesoderm Cell Types.</a> Cell. 166 (2), 451-467 (2016).</li><li>Yoshida, Y., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=iPS+cells:+A+source+of+cardiac+regeneration.">iPS cells: A source of cardiac regeneration.</a> J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 50 (2), 327-332 (2011).</li><li>Shiba, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allogeneic+transplantation+of+iPS+cell-derived+cardiomyocytes+regenerates+primate+hearts.">Allogeneic transplantation of iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes regenerates primate hearts.</a> Nature. 538, 388-391 (2016).</li><li>Ieda, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+reprogramming+of+fibroblasts+into+functional+cardiomyocytes+by+defined+factors.">Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by defined factors.</a> Cell. 142 (3), 357-386 (2010).</li><li>Song, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+repair+by+reprogramming+non-myocytes+with+cardiac+transcription+factors.">Heart repair by reprogramming non-myocytes with cardiac transcription factors.</a> Nature. 485, 599-604 (2012).</li><li>Hirai, H., Katoku-Kikyo, N., Keirstead, S. A., Kikyo, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+direct+reprogramming+of+fibroblasts+into+cardiomyocyte-like+cells+with+the+MyoD+transactivation+domain.">Accelerated direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells with the MyoD transactivation domain.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 100 (1), 105-113 (2013).</li><li>Qian, L., Berry, E. C., Fu, J., Ieda, M., Srivastava, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+of+mouse+fibroblasts+into+cardiomyocyte-like+cells+in+vitro.">Reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro.</a> Nat Protoc. 8 (6), 1204-1215 (2013).</li><li>Addis, R. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+direct+fibroblast+reprogramming+to+cardiomyocytes+using+calcium+activity+as+a+functional+measure+of+success.">Optimization of direct fibroblast reprogramming to cardiomyocytes using calcium activity as a functional measure of success.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 60, 97-106 (2013).</li><li>Ifkovitz, J. L., Addis, R. C., Epstein, J. A., Gearhart, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+TGF&#946;+signaling+increases+direct+conversion+of+fibroblasts+to+induced+cardiomyocytes.">Inhibition of TGF&#946; signaling increases direct conversion of fibroblasts to induced cardiomyocytes.</a> PLoS One. 9 (2), e89678 (2014).</li><li>Zhou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bmi1+Is+a+Key+Epigenetic+Barrier+to+Direct+Cardiac+Reprogramming.">Bmi1 Is a Key Epigenetic Barrier to Direct Cardiac Reprogramming.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 18 (3), 382-395 (2016).</li><li>Christoforou, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factors+MYOCD,+SRF,+Mesp1+and+SMARCD3+enhance+the+cardio-inducing+effect+of+GATA4,+TBX5,+and+MEF2C+during+direct+cellular+reprogramming.">Transcription factors MYOCD, SRF, Mesp1 and SMARCD3 enhance the cardio-inducing effect of GATA4, TBX5, and MEF2C during direct cellular reprogramming.</a> PLoS One. 8 (5), e63577 (2013).</li><li>Jayawardena, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+induced+cardiac+reprogramming+in+vivo:+evidence+for+mature+cardiac+myocytes+and+improved+cardiac+function.">MicroRNA induced cardiac reprogramming in vivo: evidence for mature cardiac myocytes and improved cardiac function.</a> Circ Res. 116 (3), 418-424 (2015).</li><li>Jayawardena, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA-mediated+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+direct+reprogramming+of+cardiac+fibroblasts+to+cardiomyocytes.">MicroRNA-mediated in vitro and in vivo direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes.</a> Circ Res. 110 (11), 1465-1473 (2012).</li><li>Cao, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conversion+of+human+fibroblasts+into+functional+cardiomyocytes+by+small+molecules.">Conversion of human fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by small molecules.</a> Science. 352 (6290), 1216-1220 (2016).</li><li>Zhao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+reprogramming+of+fibroblasts+into+cardiomyocytes+requires+suppression+of+pro-fibrotic+signalling.">High-efficiency reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes requires suppression of pro-fibrotic signalling.</a> Nature Communications. 6, 1-15 (2015).</li><li>Morita, S., Kojima, T., Kitamura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plat-E:+an+efficient+and+stable+system+for+transient+packaging+of+retroviruses.">Plat-E: an efficient and stable system for transient packaging of retroviruses.</a> Gene Therapy. 7, 1063-1066 (2000).</li><li>Zhou, H., Dickson, M. 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Den nuværende undersøgelse skitserer en højeffektiv strategi til direkte at omprogrammere fibroblaster til funktionel iCMs via levering af GHMT2m omprogrammering faktorer kombineret med undertrykkelse af pro-fibrotisk signaling veje. Ved hjælp af flowcytometri, immunfluorescent imaging, calcium imaging, og slå celletal, viser vi fleste celler i denne protokol gennemgå vellykket omprogrammering og vedtage CM lineage skæbne. Vi har tidligere vist, at tilsætning af anti-fibrotisk phenolforbindelser, herunder typen T...

Iskæmisk hjertesygdom er en førende dødsårsag i USA1. Ca 800.000 amerikanere opleve en første eller tilbagevendende myokardieinfarkt (MI) pr. år1. Efter MI, død cardiomyocytes (CMs) og hjerte fibrose, deponeret af aktiverede hjerte fibroblaster, forringe hjertet funktion2,3. Progression af hjertesvigt efter MI er i vid udstrækning irreversibel på grund af den dårlige regenerationsevne voksen CMs4,5. Mens aktuelle kliniske behandlinger langsom sygdomsprogression og mindske risikoen for fremtidige kardiale hændelser6,7,8,9, reverse ingen behandlinger sygdomsprogression på grund af manglende evne til at regenerere CMs post infarkt10. Roman celle behandlingsformer er på vej til behandling af patienter efter MI. skuffende, kliniske forsøg leverer stamceller til hjertet efter MI hidtil har vist ufyldestgørende regenerativ potentielle11,12, 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18.
Generation af menneske-afledte inducerede pluripotente stamceller (hiPSCs) fra fibroblaster af overekspression af fire transkriptionsfaktorer, første gang demonstreret af Takahashi & Yamanaka, åbnede døren til nye gennembrud i celle terapi19. Disse celler kan differentiere til alle tre Kim lag19, og flere yderst effektive metoder til at generere store mængder af CMs har tidligere vist20,21. HiPSC-afledte CMs (hofter-CMs) tilbyder en kraftfuld platform for at studere cardiomyogenesis og kan have stor betydning for reparation af hjertet efter skade. Men hofter-CMs står translationel forhindringer på grund af bekymringer, teratom dannelse22, og deres umodne natur kan være pro-arrhythmogenic23. Omprogrammering fibroblaster i hiPSCs udløste interesse i direkte omprogrammering fibroblaster til andre celletyper. Ieda et al. demonstreret at overekspression af GATA4, Mef2c og Tbx5 (GMT) i fibroblaster medfører direkte omprogrammering til hjerte afstamning, omend på lav effektivitet24. Omprogrammering effektivitet er blevet forbedret med tilføjelse af Hand2 (GHMT)25. Siden disse tidlige studier, har mange publikationer vist, at ændre den omprogrammering faktor cocktail med yderligere transskription faktorer26,27,28,29, kromatin modifikatorer30,31, MicroRNA32,33, eller små molekyler34 fører til forbedret omprogrammering effektivitet og/eller modning af inducerede cardiomyocyte-lignende celler (iCMs ).
Her giver vi en detaljeret protokol for at generere iCMs fra mus embryonale fibroblaster (MEFs) med høj effektivitet. Vi tidligere viste at GHMT cocktail er væsentligt forbedret med tilføjelse af miR-1 og miR-133 (GHMT2m) og er yderligere forbedret, når pro-fibrotisk signalering veje herunder omdanne vækst faktor β (TGF-β) signalering eller Rho-associerede protein kinase (ROCK) signaling veje er hæmmet35. Bruger denne protokol, viser vi, at ca 60% af cellerne udtrykke hjerte Troponin T (cTnT), ca. 50% express α-actinin, og et stort antal slå celler kan observeres allerede i dag 11 efter transduktion af omprogrammering faktorer og behandling med TGF-β type I receptor hæmmer A-83-01. Desuden, disse iCMs express gap junction proteiner herunder connexin 43 og udstille spontan sammentrækning og calcium transienter. Dette markerede forbedring i omprogrammering effektivitet i forhold til tidligere undersøgelser viser potentiale til at regenerere CMs fra endogene cellepopulationer, der forbliver i hjertet efter infarkt.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1326">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">C57BL/6 Mice</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Charles River&#39;s Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">027</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">For MEF isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Platinum E (PE) Cells</td>
			<td>Cell Biolabs, INC</td>
			<td>RV-101</td>
			<td>For retrovirus production</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM High Glucose</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>SH30022.FS</td>
			<td>Component of iCM, PE, and Growth media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Medium 199</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11150-059</td>
			<td>Component of iCM media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gemini</td>
			<td>100106</td>
			<td>Component of iCM, PE, and Growth media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Donor Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Gemini</td>
			<td>100508 500</td>
			<td>Component of iCM media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">MEM Essential Amino Acids, 50X</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11130051</td>
			<td>Component of iCM media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">Sodium Pyruvate Solution, 100X</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11360070</td>
			<td>Component of iCM media and for calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids, 100X</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>Component of iCM media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">MEM Vitamin Solution, 100X</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11120-052</td>
			<td>Component of iCM media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>41400045</td>
			<td>Component of iCM media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">B27</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>Component of iCM media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">Penicilin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Component of iCM, PE, and Growth media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">GlutaMAX (L-Glutamine Supplement)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>Component of iCM, PE, and Growth media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blasticidin-HCl</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11139-03</td>
			<td>Component of PE media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">Puromycin dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11138-03</td>
			<td>Component of PE media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">0.25% Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>For detaching cells from culture dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">A-83-01</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems - Tocris</td>
			<td>2939/10</td>
			<td>Treat cells to inhibit TGF-&#946; signaling - promotes high efficiecy reprogramming. Use at 0.5 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMSO</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>85190</td>
			<td>For dilution and storage of A-83-01 and component of Freeze Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SureCoat</td>
			<td>Cellutron</td>
			<td>SC-9035</td>
			<td>For coating dishes to plate MEFs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FuGENE 6 Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E2692</td>
			<td>Transfection Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Opti-MEM Reduced Serum Media</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11058-021</td>
			<td>Transfection Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pBabe-X Myc-GATA4</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plasmid containing reprogramming factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pBabe-X Myc-Hand2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plasmid containing reprogramming factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pBabe-X Myc-Mef2c</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plasmid containing reprogramming factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pBabe-X Myc-Tbx5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plasmid containing reprogramming factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pBabe-X miR-1</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plasmid containing reprogramming factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pBabe-X miR-133</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plasmid containing reprogramming factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pBabe-X GFP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plasmid containing reprogramming factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polybrene (Hexadimethrine bromide)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H9268-5G</td>
			<td>For viral induction. Use at a concentration of 6 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">Vacuum Filter + bottles (0.22 &#181;m pores)</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>&#160;569-0020&#160;</td>
			<td>For filtering media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringes</td>
			<td>Bd Vacutainer Labware&#160;</td>
			<td>309654</td>
			<td>For viral filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.45 &#181;m Filters</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229749</td>
			<td>For viral filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70 &#181;m cell strainers</td>
			<td>Falcon&#160;</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td>For MEF isolation and Flow Cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">Cytofix/Cytoperm Solution</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>554722</td>
			<td>For fixation and permeabilization of cells for flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">perm/wash buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>554723</td>
			<td>For washing cells for flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DPBS 1X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-250</td>
			<td>For washing cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>0332-100g</td>
			<td>For flow cytometry and calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>G9023</td>
			<td>For blocking cells for Flow Cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Donkey Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9663-10mg</td>
			<td>For blocking cells for Flow Cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Troponin T</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>ms-295-p</td>
			<td>1:400 IF, 1:200 Flow Cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse &#945;-actinin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7811L</td>
			<td>1:400 IF, 1:200 Flow Cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rabbit Connexin 43</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>C6219</td>
			<td>1:400 IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rabbit Troponin I</td>
			<td>PhosphoSolutions</td>
			<td>2010-TNI</td>
			<td>1:400 IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hoechst</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td>1:10000 IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa 488, rabbit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-11034</td>
			<td>1:800 IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa 555, mouse</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-21422</td>
			<td>1:800 IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa 647, mouse</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-31571</td>
			<td>1:200 Flow Cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">27-color ZE5 Flow Cytometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-RAD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For FACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>P6148-500mg</td>
			<td>For fixing cells for IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>H5142</td>
			<td>For permeabilization of cells for IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EVOS&#8482; FL Color Imaging System</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>AMEFC4300</td>
			<td>For IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>RPI</td>
			<td>S23020-5000</td>
			<td>For calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>395</td>
			<td>For calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>C614-500</td>
			<td>For calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97061-352</td>
			<td>For calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glucose</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>G7528-250g</td>
			<td>For calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>H4034-500g</td>
			<td>For calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fura-2 AM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>F1221</td>
			<td>For calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluronic F-127</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P2443-250g</td>
			<td>For calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nifedipine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N7634-1G</td>
			<td>For disruption calcium transients in iCMs - use at 10 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoproterenol</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>I6504-1g</td>
			<td>For increasing number of calcium transients in iCMs - use at 1-2 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Marianas Spinning Disk Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>3i</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For calcium imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">bleach</td>
			<td>Clorox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>GREINER BIO-ONE</td>
			<td>227261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>GREINER BIO-ONE</td>
			<td>188271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 cm cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10 cm cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">60 mm cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>GREINER BIO-ONE</td>
			<td>628160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 well cell culture plates</td>
			<td>GREINER BIO-ONE</td>
			<td>657160&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">12 well cell culture plates</td>
			<td>GREINER BIO-ONE</td>
			<td>665180&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">24 well cell culture plates</td>
			<td>GREINER BIO-ONE</td>
			<td>662160&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

suppression of pro-fibrotic signaling potentiates factor-mediated reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes

Trans-differentiering af en somatisk celletype til en anden har et enormt potentiale til at modellere og behandling af sygdomme hos mennesker. Tidligere undersøgelser har vist, at mus embryonale, dermal, og cardiac fibroblaster kan omprogrammeres til funktionel induceret-cardiomyocyte-lignende celler (iCMs) gennem overekspression af kardiogent transskriptionsfaktorer, herunder GATA4, Hand2, Mef2c, og Tbx5 både in vitro- og in vivo. Disse tidligere undersøgelser har dog vist relativt lav effektivitet. For at gendanne hjertefunktion efter skade, skal blive belyst mekanismer for kardiale omprogrammering for at øge effektiviteten og modning af iCMs.
Vi viste tidligere, at hæmning af pro-fibrotisk signalering dramatisk øger omprogrammering effektivitet. Her, detalje vi metoder til at opnå en omprogrammering effektivitet på op til 60%. Derudover beskriver vi flere metoder herunder flowcytometri, immunfluorescent imaging og calcium imaging til at kvantificere omprogrammering effektivitet og modning af omprogrammeret fibroblaster. Ved hjælp af protokollen detaljeret her, kan Mekanistiske undersøgelser gennemføres til at bestemme positive og negative regulatorer af cardiac omprogrammering. Disse undersøgelser kan identificere signaling veje, der kan målrettes for at fremme omprogrammering effektivitet og modning, som kan føre til nye celle terapier til behandling af menneskelige hjertesygdom.

Bruger den omprogrammering strategi beskrevet ovenfor og i figur 1B, genereret vi iCMs med ca 70% af celler, der udtrykker hjerte Troponin T og ca. 55% af celler, der udtrykker hjerte α-actinin, kvantificeres ved flowcytometri på dag 9 efter transduktion af GHMT2m (figur 2A og B). Derudover fleste celler express hjerte Troponin T, Troponin, og cardiac α-actinin samt gap junction markør Connexin 43 på dag 14 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes at JoVE.com

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes

Her vil vi præsentere en robust metode til at omprogrammere primære embryonale fibroblaster til funktionel cardiomyocytes gennem overekspression af GATA4, Hand2, Mef2c, Tbx5, miR-1 og miR-133 (GHMT2m) sammen med hæmning af TGF-β signalering. Vores protokol genererer bankende cardiomyocytes så tidligt som 7 dage efter transduktion med op til 60% effektivitet.

Undertrykkelse af Pro-fibrotisk signalering Potentiates faktor-medieret omprogrammering af musen embryonale fibroblaster til induceret Cardiomyocytes

Trans-differentiation of one somatic cell type into another has enormous potential to model and treat human diseases. Previous studies have shown that ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Stabil og effektiv genetisk modificering af celler i Voksen Mouse V-SVZ til analyse af neural stamcelle selvstyrende og ikke-selvstændige effekter

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are ...

Improved Generation of Induced Cardiomyocytes Using a Polycistronic Construct Expressing Optimal Ratio of Gata4, Mef2c and Tbx5

Forbedret generation af inducerede cardiomyocytes Ved hjælp af en polycistronisk Construct udtrykker optimale forhold for Gata4, Mef2c og Tbx5

Direct conversion of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) holds great potential for regenerative medicine by offering alternative ...

Protocol for the Direct Conversion of Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts into Trophoblast Stem Cells

Protokol til direkte omdannelse af murine embryonale fibroblaster i trofoblasten Stamceller

Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) arise as a consequence of the first cell fate decision in mammalian development. They can be cultured in vitro, retaining ...

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

Omprogrammering mus embryonale fibroblaster med transkriptionsfaktorer at fremkalde en Hemogenic Program

This protocol details the induction of a hemogenic program in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) via overexpression of transcription factors (TFs). We ...

Stimulation of Notch Signaling in Mouse Osteoclast Precursors

Stimulering af Notch signalering i Mouse osteoklastpræcursorer

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro ...

Assessing Cardiomyocyte Subtypes Following Transcription Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

Vurdering cardiomyocyte undertyper Efter Transcription Factor-medieret Omprogrammering af Mouse Embryonale fibroblaster

Direct reprogramming of one cell type into another has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and lineage ...

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies

Analyse af retinoidsyre-induceret Neural Differentiation af muse embryonale stamceller i to og tre-dimensionelle embryoide legemer

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for ...

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Kidney

Dissektion og kultur af mus embryonisk nyre

The goal of this protocol is to describe a method for the dissection, isolation, and culture of mouse metanephric rudiments. 
During mammalian kidney ...

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Evaluering af skade-induceret gulne og In Vivo omprogrammering i den skeletmuskulatur

Cellular senescence is a stress response that is characterized by a stable cellular growth arrest, which is important for many physiological and ...

Direct Lineage Reprogramming of Adult Mouse Fibroblast to Erythroid Progenitors

Direkte afstamning omprogrammering af voksne mus Fibroblast til Erythroid ophav

Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of cell ...