Name: split green fluorescent protein system to visualize effectors delivered from bacteria during infection
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Split Green Fluorescent Protein System to Visualize Effectors Delivered from Bacteria During Infection at JoVE.com

Denne forskning blev støttet af grundlæggende videnskab forskningsprogram gennem National Research Foundation af Korea (NRF) finansieret af Ministeriet for videnskab, IKT og fremtidige planlægning (NRF-2018R1A2A1A05019892) til DC og af et tilskud fra planten Molekylær Breeding Center ( PMBC) af næste Generation Biogreen 21 program for landdistrikternes udvikling Administration (PJ013201) til EP. Vi takker de imaging center for National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management til at give en Konfokal mikroskop til at filme.

Bemærk: Alle skridt udføres ved stuetemperatur, medmindre andet er angivet.
1. forberedelse af plantematerialer (4 uger)
<ol><li>Forberedelse til N. benthamiana -planter<ol>
<li>2 frø af N. benthamiana på overfladen af hver pot, dække bakken med en plastik kuppel og tillade frø til at spire i en 25 ° C, 60% fugtighed vækst kammer med en 16/8-h lys/mørke lysperiode cyklus.</li>
		<li>Efter to uger, udvælge og kassér den mindste sætteplante i hver potte og fortsat...

<ol>
	<li>Melotto, M., Underwood, W., He, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+stomata+in+plant+innate+immunity+and+foliar+bacterial+diseases.">Role of stomata in plant innate immunity and foliar bacterial diseases.</a> Annu Rev Phytopathol. 46, 101-122 (2008).</li><li>Melotto, M., Underwood, W., Koczan, J., Nomura, K., He, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+stomata+function+in+innate+immunity+against+bacterial+invasion.">Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion.</a> Cell. 126 (5), 969-980 (2006).</li><li>Toruno, T. Y., Stergiopoulos, I., Coaker, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant-Pathogen+Effectors:+Cellular+Probes+Interfering+with+Plant+Defenses+in+Spatial+and+Temporal+Manners.">Plant-Pathogen Effectors: Cellular Probes Interfering with Plant Defenses in Spatial and Temporal Manners.</a> Annu Rev Phytopathol. 54, 419-441 (2016).</li><li>Buttner, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behind+the+lines-actions+of+bacterial+type+III+effector+proteins+in+plant+cells.">Behind the lines-actions of bacterial type III effector proteins in plant cells.</a> FEMS Microbiol Rev. 40 (6), 894-937 (2016).</li><li>Dewoody, R. S., Merritt, P. M., Marketon, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+the+Yersinia+type+III+secretion+system:+traffic+control.">Regulation of the Yersinia type III secretion system: traffic control.</a> Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 3, 4 (2013).</li><li>Deng, W. L., Preston, G., Collmer, A., Chang, C. J., Huang, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+hrpC+and+hrpRS+operons+of+Pseudomonas+syringae+pathovars+syringae,+tomato,+and+glycinea+and+analysis+of+the+ability+of+hrpF,+hrpG,+hrcC,+hrpT,+and+hrpV+mutants+to+elicit+the+hypersensitive+response+and+disease+in+plants.">Characterization of the hrpC and hrpRS operons of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars syringae, tomato, and glycinea and analysis of the ability of hrpF, hrpG, hrcC, hrpT, and hrpV mutants to elicit the hypersensitive response and disease in plants.</a> J Bacteriol. 180 (17), 4523-4531 (1998).</li><li>Lewis, J. D., Guttman, D. S., Desveaux, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+targeting+of+plant+cellular+systems+by+injected+type+III+effector+proteins.">The targeting of plant cellular systems by injected type III effector proteins.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 20 (9), 1055-1063 (2009).</li><li>Alfano, J. R., Collmer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+III+secretion+system+effector+proteins:+double+agents+in+bacterial+disease+and+plant+defense.">Type III secretion system effector proteins: double agents in bacterial disease and plant defense.</a> Annu Rev Phytopathol. 42, 385-414 (2004).</li><li>Aung, K., Xin, X., Mecey, C., He, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+Localization+of+Pseudomonas+syringae+pv.+tomato+Effector+Proteins+in+Plants.">Subcellular Localization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Effector Proteins in Plants.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1531, 141-153 (2017).</li><li>Kay, S., Bonas, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Xanthomonas+type+III+effectors+manipulate+the+host+plant.">How Xanthomonas type III effectors manipulate the host plant.</a> Curr Opin Microbiol. 12 (1), 37-43 (2009).</li><li>Bassham, D. C., Raikhel, N. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+and+characterization+of+a+superfolder+green+fluorescent+protein.">Engineering and characterization of a superfolder green fluorescent protein.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 24 (1), 79-88 (2006).</li><li>Cabantous, S., Terwilliger, T. C., Waldo, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+tagging+and+detection+with+engineered+self-assembling+fragments+of+green+fluorescent+protein.">Protein tagging and detection with engineered self-assembling fragments of green fluorescent protein.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 23 (1), 102-107 (2005).</li><li>Cabantous, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+protein-protein+interaction+sensor+based+on+tripartite+split-GFP+association.">A new protein-protein interaction sensor based on tripartite split-GFP association.</a> Sci Rep. 3, 2854 (2013).</li><li>Kamiyama, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Versatile+protein+tagging+in+cells+with+split+fluorescent+protein.">Versatile protein tagging in cells with split fluorescent protein.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 11046 (2016).</li><li>Van Engelenburg, S. 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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deletions+in+the+repertoire+of+Pseudomonas+syringae+pv.+tomato+DC3000+type+III+secretion+effector+genes+reveal+functional+overlap+among+effectors.">Deletions in the repertoire of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 type III secretion effector genes reveal functional overlap among effectors.</a> PLoS Pathog. 5 (4), e1000388 (2009).</li><li>Inoue, H., Nojima, H., Okayama, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+efficiency+transformation+of+Escherichia+coli+with+plasmids.">High efficiency transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids.</a> Gene. 96 (1), 23-28 (1990).</li><li>Kovach, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Four+new+derivatives+of+the+broad-host-range+cloning+vector+pBBR1MCS,+carrying+different+antibiotic-resistance+cassettes.">Four new derivatives of the broad-host-range cloning vector pBBR1MCS, carrying different antibiotic-resistance cassettes.</a> Gene. 166 (1), 175-176 (1995).</li><li>Upadhyaya, N. 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Protokollen beskrevet her bruges til at overvåge den nøjagtige lokalisering af effektor proteiner tilført af den bakterielle T3SS vært plante cellen efter infektion. Tidligere, split normal god landbrugspraksis system blev brugt som et redskab til at studere subcellulært lokalisering af pattedyr proteiner23,36, Salmonella T3E lokalisering og Agrobacterium VirE2 levering gennem T4SS ind i den plante celler37. For at a...

Planter er siddende organismer, der støder på talrige invaderende patogener, herunder bakterier, svampe, vira, insekter og nematoder i hele deres livscyklus. Blandt phytopathogens, gramnegative bakteriel patogener som Pseudomonas spp. og Ralstonia spp., inficere deres værtsplanter af ind gennem sår eller naturlige åbninger, som spalteåbninger og hydathode1. For at med held kolonisere værtsplanter, bakterielle patogener har udviklet sig til at udvikle en bred vifte af virulens faktorer2. Når bakterier invadere en vært plante, de injicere en serie af virulens proteiner — kendt som effektorer — direkte i plantecellerne til at fremme deres sygdomsfremkaldende evne. Disse effektorer undertrykke eller modulere plante medfødt immunitet og manipulere vært cellulære processer for at resultere i bakteriel overlevelse3.
Sygdomsfremkaldende bakterier bruger primært en T3SS til at levere effektor proteiner direkte ind vært celler4. T3SS ligner en molekylær sprøjte med en nål-lignende kanal tilslutning fra en stillads protein struktur på tværs af indre og ydre bakteriel membraner til injektionsstedet vært celle5. Denne T3SS-medieret effektor (T3E) sekretion mekanisme er godt bevaret i forskellige gramnegative bakteriel patogener af anlægget samt menneskelige. En af de repræsentative plante patogener, P. syringae pv. Tomat DC3000 hrcC mutant, der typisk har en defekt T3SS, har begrænset vækst i planter sandsynligvis på grund af den manglende evne til denne mutant fuldt undertrykke plante immunitet (ved at indsprøjte effektor proteiner)6. Efter omplantningen ind i værtsceller målrette effektorer forskellige vært proteiner, der er vigtigt for celle værtssystemet, herunder plante forsvar svar, gen transskription, celledød, proteasom, vesikel Handel og hormon veje7 , 8 , 9 , 10. sporing af den cellulære lokalisering af effektor proteiner i værtsceller er derfor et attraktivt mål at forstå deres funktioner med hensyn til graduering af plante immunitet.
De fleste af lokalisering undersøgelser af T3Es har ansat Agrobacterium -medieret overekspression store fluorescens protein i vært anlæg9. Men metoden Heterolog ekspression af gener, der er indført i andre arter har vist sig at være mis lokaliserede eller lejlighedsvis ikke-funktionelle11,12,13. Derudover afslørede flere undersøgelser, at bakteriel effektorer undergår ændring for ordentlig målretning vært celler14,15,16,17. Derfor, forbigående udtrykt effektorer i cytosol plantens celler ikke kan være funktionelt eller kvantitativt identisk med de effektorer, som leveres af T3SS ved patogen infektion18. Derudover kan fusion af store fluorescerende tags til effektor proteiner forstyrre den korrekte effektor-levering og visualisering18,-19. Derfor kan disse tilgange til assay funktionen T3E ikke fuldt ud afspejler de indfødte lokalisering af de T3SS-udskilles effektorer.
En grøn fluorescerende proteiner (NGL) er sammensat af en 11-strenget β-tønde omslutter en central strand, der omfatter en farvelegeme20. Waldo et al. rapporteret en roman split-NGL system, der består af en lille komponent (normal god landbrugspraksis β strand 11; GFP11) og en stor supplerende fragment (normal god landbrugspraksis β strand 1-10; GFP1-10)21. Fragmenter fluorescerer ikke i sig selv men fluorescerer på deres egen forening, når begge fragmenter er i tæt nærhed med hinanden. For optimering af protein foldning effektivitet, blev robust folde varianter af normal god landbrugspraksis, dvs., sfGFP og sfGFPOPT, efterfølgende udviklet til split normal god landbrugspraksis system20,21,22. For nylig, enkelt aminosyre muteret varianter af sfGFP1-10OPT- sfYFP1-10OPT og sfCFP1-10OPT- der kan rekonstruere med sfGFP11 fragment, og Vis gul og cyan fluorescens henholdsvis, var genereret23 . Desuden sfCherry, et derivat af mCherry, kan opdeles i sfCherry1-10 og sfCherry11 fragmenter på samme måde som sfGFP23.
Dette system er blevet tilpasset til etiket og spore T3SS effektorer i HeLa celler under infektion ved hjælp af effektorer fra Salmonella24. Det var dog tidligere ikke optimeret til plante-bakteriel patogen værtssystemet. For nylig har optimeret vi split normal god landbrugspraksis system baseret på forbedret sfGFP1-10OPT at overvåge subcellulært lokaliseringen af T3Es leveret fra P. syringae i anlægget celler25. For at lette lokalisering undersøgelser af T3Es til forskellige subcellulært rum i plantecellerne, et sæt af gensplejsede Arabidopsis thaliana blev planter genereret for at udtrykke sfGFP1-10OPT i de forskellige subcellulært rum 25. Derudover plasmider bærer en række organelle-indskyde sfGFP1-10OPT nemlig Agrobacterium-medieret forbigående overekspression og de sfGFP11-tagged vektorer for T3SS-baserede effektor levering var også genereres. Frø af forskellige gensplejsede Arabidopsis linjer og plasmider at udtrykke T3Es af interesse kan indhentes fra kilder nævnt i Tabel af materialer26,27.
I den følgende protokol beskriver vi en optimeret system for at overvåge dynamikken i effektorer leveret af bakterier i værtsceller ved hjælp af split sfGFP system. Infektion af planter at udtrykke sfGFP1-10OPT med transgene Pseudomonas transporterer rekombinante sfGFP11 plasmid resulterer i en levering af sfGFP11-mærkede effektor fra Pseudomonas i cellen vært. Derfor, disse proteiner er fremstillet og translocate til specifikke effektor target segmenter. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomat CUCPB5500 stamme, hvor 18 effektorer er slettet, blev brugt, fordi denne stamme viste lav eller ingen celledød i både A. thaliana og N. benthamianas28. Alle materialer og trin, der beskrives her kan dog erstattet eller modificeret til at tilpasse split sfGFP system til undersøgelse af andre biologiske spørgsmål eller optimering i de givne laboratorieforhold.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Arabidopsis transgenic lines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Park, E., Lee, H. Y., Woo, J., Choi, D. &#38; Dinesh-Kumar, S. P. Spatiotemporal Monitoring of Pseudomonas syringae Effectors via Type III Secretion Using Split Fluorescent Protein Fragments. Plant Cell. 29 (7), 1571-1584 (2017)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CYTO-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>ABRC</td>
			<td>CS69831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NU-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>ABRC</td>
			<td>CS69832</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PT-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>ABRC</td>
			<td>CS69833</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MT-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>ABRC</td>
			<td>CS69834</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PX-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>ABRC</td>
			<td>CS69835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ER-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>ABRC</td>
			<td>CS69836</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GO-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>ABRC</td>
			<td>CS69837</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PM-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>ABRC</td>
			<td>CS69838</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Organelle-targeted sfGFP1-10OPT plasmid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Park, E., Lee, H. Y., Woo, J., Choi, D. &#38; Dinesh-Kumar, S. P. Spatiotemporal Monitoring of Pseudomonas syringae Effectors via Type III Secretion Using Split Fluorescent Protein Fragments. Plant Cell. 29 (7), 1571-1584 (2017)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CYTO-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>97387</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NU-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>97388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PT-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>97389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MT-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>97390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PX-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>97391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ER-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>97392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GO-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>97393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PM-sfGFP1-10</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>97394</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ER-sfCherry1-10</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>97403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ER-sfYFP1-10</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>97404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CYTO-sfCFP1-10</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>97405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="3">sfGFP11-tagged Gateway compatible vector for T3SS-based effector delivery system</td>
			<td>Park, E., Lee, H. Y., Woo, J., Choi, D. &#38; Dinesh-Kumar, S. P. Spatiotemporal Monitoring of Pseudomonas syringae Effectors via Type III Secretion Using Split Fluorescent Protein Fragments. Plant Cell. 29 (7), 1571-1584 (2017)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pBK-GW-1-2</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>98250</td>
			<td>pAvrRpm1:GW:HA-sfGFP11:AvrRpm1t; Resistant to Kanamycin (25 ug/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pBK-GW-1-4</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>98251</td>
			<td>pAvrRpm1:GW:HA-2xsfGFP11:AvrRpm1t; Resistant to Kanamycin (25 ug/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pBK-GW-2-2</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>98252</td>
			<td>pAvrRpm1:AvrRPM1sp:GW:HA-sfGFP11:AvrRpm1t; Resistant to Kanamycin (25 ug/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pBK-GW-2-4</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>98253</td>
			<td>pAvrRpm1:AvrRPM1sp:GW:HA-2xsfGFP11:AvrRpm1t; Resistant to Kanamycin (25 ug/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pBG-GW-1-2</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>98254</td>
			<td>pAvrRpm1:GW:HA-sfGFP11:AvrRpm1t; Resistant to Gentamycin (25 ug/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pBG-GW-1-4</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>98255</td>
			<td>pAvrRpm1:GW:HA-2xsfGFP11:AvrRpm1t; Resistant to Gentamycin (25 ug/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pBG-GW-2-2</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>98256</td>
			<td>pAvrRpm1:AvrRPM1sp:GW:HA-sfGFP11:AvrRpm1t; Resistant to Gentamycin (25 ug/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pBG-GW-2-4</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>98257</td>
			<td>pAvrRpm1:AvrRPM1sp:GW:HA-2xsfGFP11:AvrRpm1t; Resistant to Gentamycin (25 ug/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacterial strains</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Csaba Koncz and Jeff Schell, The promoter of TL-DNA gene 5 controls the tissue-specific expression of chimaeric genes carried by a novel type of Agrobacterium binary vector. Mol Gen Genet. 204,383-396 (1986); Resistant to gentamycin (50 ug/ml) and rifampicin (50 ug/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato CUCPB5500</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kvitko, B. H. et al. Deletions in the repertoire of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 type III secretion effector genes reveal functional overlap among effectors. PLoS Pathog. 5 (4) (2009).; Resistant to rifampicin (100 ug/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media components</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plant germination media</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Add 2.165g/L Murashige &#38; Skoog powder, 10 g/L sucrose to water. Adjust to pH 5.8 and add 2.2 g/L phytagel. Autocalve.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murashige &#38; Skoog medium including vitamins</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>M0222</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>S0809</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phytagel</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB media</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Add 10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 10 g/L NaCl to water. For solid media, add 15 g/L micro agar. Autoclave.&#160; Allow solution to cool to 55 &#176;C, and add antibiotic if needed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>211705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>S0520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro agar</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>M1002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>King&#39;s B media</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 g/L protease peptone #2, 1.5 g/L anhydrous K2HPO4, 15 g/L of agar to water. Autoclave. Cool down to 55 &#176;C and add sterile 15 ml/L glycerol, 5 ml/L MgSO4 to the medium. Add antibiotics if needed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteose peptone</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>212120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous K2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1551128 USP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>G1345</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mannitol-Glutamate (MG) liquid media </td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Add 10 g/L of mannitol, 2 g/L of L-glutamic acid, 0.5 g/L of KH2PO4, 0.2 g/L of NaCl, and 0.2 g/L of MgSO4 to water. Adjust to pH 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mannitol</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>M0803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamic acid</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>G0707</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>NIST200B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infiltration buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 mM MES (2-(N-morpholino)-ethane sulfonic acid), 10 mM MgCl2, 150 &#181;M acetosyringone. pH 5.6; Prepare a fresh buffer before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MES</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>M1503</td>
			<td>Prepare 100 mM (pH 5.6) stock in water. Filter sterilize.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td>Prepare 100 mM stock in water. Autoclave.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetosyringone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D134406</td>
			<td>Prepare 150 mM stock in DMSO.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope equipments/materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>710 laser scanning confocal system</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axio observer Z1 inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium iodide</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>P1304MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

split green fluorescent protein system to visualize effectors delivered from bacteria during infection

Bakterier, en af de vigtigste agenser af forskellige plantesygdomme, udskiller et sæt af effektor proteiner i cellen vært plante at undergrave anlægget immunsystemet. Under infektion leveres cytoplasmatisk effektorer til vært cytosol via en type III sekretion system (T3SS). Efter levering til plante celle mål effector(s) til specifikke segmenter for at modulere vært celle processer for overlevelse og replikeringsdata af patogenet. Selv om der har været nogle forskning på de subcellulært lokalisering af effektor proteiner i værtsceller at forstå deres funktion i sygdomsfremkaldende evne ved hjælp af fluorescerende proteiner, undersøgelse af dynamikken i effektorer direkte indsprøjtet fra bakterier har været udfordrende på grund af inkompatibilitet mellem T3SS og fluorescerende proteiner.
Her beskriver vi vores seneste metode af en optimeret split superfolder grøn fluorescerende proteiner system (sfGFPOPT) til at visualisere lokalisering af effektorer leveret via den bakterielle T3SS i cellen vært. SfGFP11 (11th β-streng af sfGFP)-mærket effektor udskilles gennem T3SS kan samles med en specifik organelle målrettet sfGFP1-10OPT (1-10th . β-streng af sfGFP) fører til fluorescens emission på webstedet. Denne protokol indeholder en procedure for at visualisere det rekonstituerede sfGFP fluorescens signal med en effektor protein fra Pseudomonas syringae i en bestemt organelle i Arabidopsis og Nicotiana benthamiana planter.

Β-tønde struktur af normal god landbrugspraksis er sammensat af elleve β tråde og kan opdeles i to fragmenter, 1-10th strand (GFP1-10OPT) og de 11th (GFP11) strand. Selv om ingen af to fragmenter fluorescerende af sig selv, kan selvsamlede sfGFP udsender fluorescens, når de to fragmenter findes i umiddelbar nærhed (figur 1A). I dette system, sfGFP1-10OPT-udtryk for Arabidopsis eller N. benthamiana...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Split Green Fluorescent Protein System to Visualize Effectors Delivered from Bacteria During Infection at JoVE.com

Split Green Fluorescent Protein System to Visualize Effectors Delivered from Bacteria During Infection

Split grøn fluorescerende proteiner System til at visualisere effektorer leveret fra bakterier under infektion

Fluorescerende protein-baserede tilgange til at overvåge effektorer udskilles af bakterier i værtsceller er udfordrende. Dette er på grund af inkompatibilitet mellem fluorescerende proteiner og type III sekretion system. Her, anvendes en optimeret split superfolder normal god landbrugspraksis system til visualisering af effektorer udskilles af bakterier i vært plante celle.

Bacteria, one of the most important causative agents of various plant diseases, secrete a set of effector proteins into the host plant cell to subvert the ...

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