Name: a neurosphere assay to evaluate endogenous neural stem cell activation in a mouse model of minimal spinal cord injury
Uploaded: 2018-09-13T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Neurosphere Assay to Evaluate Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Minimal Spinal Cord Injury at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde er finansieret af Krembil Foundation (driftstilskud CMM). WX var modtageren af Kandidatpris Carlton Marguerite Smith. NL modtaget en Ontario Graduate stipendium.

Denne protokol blev godkendt af Animal Care Udvalget på University of Toronto og er i overensstemmelse med den "Guide til the Care og brugen af forsøgsdyr" (2nd Edition, canadiske Rådet på Animal Care, 2017).
1. minimalt rygmarv skade kirurgi
Bemærk: Før kirurgi Sørg for at alle kirurgiske instrumenter og materialer er steriliseret ved egnede metoder (figur 1A).
<ol><li>Opbygge en thorax støtte svangen af rullende o...

<ol>
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B., Eriksson, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enriched+environment+increases+neural+stem/progenitor+cell+proliferation+and+neurogenesis+in+the+subventricular+zone+of+stroke-lesioned+adult+rats.">Enriched environment increases neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of stroke-lesioned adult rats.</a> Stroke. 36 (6), 1278-1282 (2005).</li><li>Faiz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+neural+stem+cells+from+the+subventricular+zone+give+rise+to+reactive+astrocytes+in+the+cortex+after+stroke.">Adult neural stem cells from the subventricular zone give rise to reactive astrocytes in the cortex after stroke.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 17 (5), 624-634 (2015).</li><li>Ren, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ependymal+cell+contribution+to+scar+formation+after+spinal+cord+injury+is+minimal,+local+and+dependent+on+direct+ependymal+injury.">Ependymal cell contribution to scar formation after spinal cord injury is minimal, local and dependent on direct ependymal injury.</a> Science Reports - UK. 7, (2017).</li><li>Mothe, A. J., Tator, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proliferation,+migration,+and+differentiation+of+endogenous+ependymal+region+stem/progenitor+cells+following+minimal+spinal+cord+injury+in+the+adult+rat.">Proliferation, migration, and differentiation of endogenous ependymal region stem/progenitor cells following minimal spinal cord injury in the adult rat.</a> Neuroscience. 131 (1), 177-187 (2005).</li><li>Thuret, S., Moon, L. D., Gage, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+interventions+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Therapeutic interventions after spinal cord injury.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 7 (8), 628-643 (2006).</li><li>Bethea, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemically+administered+interleukin-10+reduces+tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha+production+and+significantly+improves+functional+recovery+following+traumatic+spinal+cord+injury+in+rats.">Systemically administered interleukin-10 reduces tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and significantly improves functional recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury in rats.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 16 (10), 851-863 (1999).</li><li>Donnelly, D. J., Popovich, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+and+its+role+in+neuroprotection,+axonal+regeneration+and+functional+recovery+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury.</a> Experimental Neurology. 209 (2), 378-388 (2008).</li><li>Cummings, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+neural+stem+cells+differentiate+and+promote+locomotor+recovery+in+spinal+cord-injured+mice.">Human neural stem cells differentiate and promote locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured mice.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 102 (39), 14069-14074 (2005).</li><li>Beattie, M. S., Hermann, G. E., Rogers, R. C., Bresnahan, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+death+in+models+of+spinal+cord+injury.">Cell death in models of spinal cord injury.</a> Progress in Brain Research. 137, 37-47 (2002).</li><li>Metz, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+the+weight-drop+contusion+model+in+rats:+a+comparative+study+of+human+spinal+cord+injury.">Validation of the weight-drop contusion model in rats: a comparative study of human spinal cord injury.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 17 (1), 1-17 (2000).</li><li>Faulkner, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+astrocytes+protect+tissue+and+preserve+function+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and preserve function after spinal cord injury.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (9), 2143-2155 (2004).</li><li>Cheriyan, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+injury+models:+a+review.">Spinal cord injury models: a review.</a> Spinal Cord. 52 (8), 588-595 (2014).</li><li>Deleyrolle, L. P., Reynolds, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation,+expansion,+and+differentiation+of+adult+Mammalian+neural+stem+and+progenitor+cells+using+the+neurosphere+assay.">Isolation, expansion, and differentiation of adult Mammalian neural stem and progenitor cells using the neurosphere assay.</a> Neural Cell Transplantation: Methods and Protocols. , 91-101 (2009).</li><li>Singec, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+actual+sensitivity+and+specificity+of+the+neurosphere+assay+in+stem+cell+biology.">Defining the actual sensitivity and specificity of the neurosphere assay in stem cell biology.</a> Nature Methods. 3 (10), (2006).</li><li>Mignone, J. L., Kukekov, V., Chiang, A. S., Steindler, D., Enikolopov, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+stem+and+progenitor+cells+in+nestin-GFP+transgenic+mice.">Neural stem and progenitor cells in nestin-GFP transgenic mice.</a> The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 469 (3), 311-324 (2004).</li><li>Xu, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelin+basic+protein+regulates+primitive+and+definitive+neural+stem+cell+proliferation+from+the+adult+spinal+cord.">Myelin basic protein regulates primitive and definitive neural stem cell proliferation from the adult spinal cord.</a> Stem Cells. 35 (2), 485-496 (2017).</li><li>Sachewsky, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primitive+neural+stem+cells+in+the+adult+mammalian+brain+give+rise+to+GFAP-expressing+neural+stem+cells.">Primitive neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain give rise to GFAP-expressing neural stem cells.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 2 (6), 810-824 (2014).</li><li>Mothe, A., Tator, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+neural+stem/progenitor+cells+from+the+periventricular+region+of+the+adult+rat+and+human+spinal+cord.">Isolation of neural stem/progenitor cells from the periventricular region of the adult rat and human spinal cord.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (99), (2015).</li><li>Absher, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemocytometer+counting.">Hemocytometer counting.</a> Tissue Culture. , 395-397 (1973).</li><li>Azari, H., Rahman, M., Sharififar, S., Reynolds, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+expansion+of+the+adult+mouse+neural+stem+cells+using+the+neurosphere+assay.">Isolation and expansion of the adult mouse neural stem cells using the neurosphere assay.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (45), (2010).</li><li>Xiong, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preconditioning+with+isoflurane+produces+dose-dependent+neuroprotection+via+activation+of+adenosine+triphosphate-regulated+potassium+channels+after+focal+cerebral+ischemia+in+rats.">Preconditioning with isoflurane produces dose-dependent neuroprotection via activation of adenosine triphosphate-regulated potassium channels after focal cerebral ischemia in rats.</a> Anesthesia and Analgesia. 96 (1), 233-237 (2003).</li><li>Metz, G. A., Merkler, D., Dietz, V., Schwab, M. E., Fouad, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+testing+of+motor+function+in+spinal+cord+injured+rats.">Efficient testing of motor function in spinal cord injured rats.</a> Brain Research. 883 (2), 165-177 (2000).</li><li>Hamers, F. P., Koopmans, G. C., Joosten, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CatWalk-assisted+gait+analysis+in+the+assessment+of+spinal+cord+injury.">CatWalk-assisted gait analysis in the assessment of spinal cord injury.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 23 (3-4), 537-548 (2006).</li></ol>

I løbet af den kirurgiske procedure er der et par kritiske faser, hvor forskeren skal være særligt opmærksomme på for at opnå optimale resultater og minimere variabiliteten mellem dyr. Pleje skal tages med den inhalerede anæstesi (isofluran) under kirurgi som narkose har vist sig at have neuroprotektive effekter med langvarig udsættelse27. Derfor, når man studerer den regenerative kapacitet af rygmarven efter skade, gøre en indsats for at udføre operationen så hurtigt og effektivt som ...

Det centrale nervesystem indeholder en delpopulation af selvstændig fornyelse, Multipotente stamceller, der har kapacitet til at give anledning til alle de forskellige modne neurale celle typer1,2,3,4. Disse neurale stamceller (NSCs) er bosat i specialiserede nicher i hjernen og rygmarven og kan aktiveres efter skade for at formere sig, overflytte, og skelne modne neurale celler. NSCs og deres afkom har vist sig at migrere til skaden site i kortikal skade modeller5,6. I hjernen, har NSCs vist sig at migrere fra laterale hjertekamrene til stedet, skaden hvor de differentiere i astrocytter, der bidrager til glial ar dannelse7. I rygmarven, dog har få studier gjort for at spørge, hvis disse samme endogene NSCs kan udnyttes til at fremme nyttiggørelse efter rygmarvsskade. Faktisk er der i øjeblikket en debat om, om aktiveringen af stamceller pool i rygmarven kræver en direkte fysisk beskadigelse af periventricular niche foring den centrale kanal8 eller hvis skaderne på spinal ledning parenkym (forlader stilken celle niche intakt) er tilstrækkelig til at aktivere endogene NSCs9.
En række rygmarv skade (SCI) modeller har været brugt til at studere Patofysiologi af akutte og kroniske skade. Disse modeller har også været brugt til at teste potentielle behandlingsformer til at behandle SCI gennem neuroprotection, immunomodulation og udvikle celle transplantation/udskiftning strategier10,11,13. Nuværende modeller omfatter komprimering og/eller kontusion skader, som forårsager store funktionelle mangler samt omfattende læsioner og cavitations i ledningen14,15. Deraf følgende glial ar kan spænde over flere spinale segmenter flertal på bredde/omkreds af rygmarven16. Således, mens disse modeller er klinisk relevant, de har råd til store udfordringer til at studere svar af endogene NSCs efter skade. Der er kemiske modeller af skade, der kan tilpasses for at forårsage mildere former for skade, der kan afse den centrale kanal17. Men disse typer skader fokusere på demyelinering forbundet med SCI og er ikke klinisk relevante modeller for de fysiske og/eller mekaniske skader forbundet med traumatiske SCI.
For at løse de aktuelle skade modellers begrænsninger, har vi tilpasset en nål spor minimal SCI model, oprindelig udviklet i rotte9, til anvendelse i en voksen musemodel. Vores tilpasset skade model kan skabe en sammenhængende læsion af rygmarven mus dorsolateral regionen og Skåne den centrale kanal i omsætningsled skade. Fordelen ved denne model er, at den tillader undersøgelse af NSC kinetik efter skade og deres potentielle radial migration til stedet, skaden. Brug af en musemodel tillader også brug af Transgene mus, der tillader afstamning sporingen af endogene NSCs og deres afkom efter skade. Egenskaberne for NSCs kan yderligere vurderes ved hjælp af en modificeret form af den i vitro neurosphere analyse, der introduceres i denne protokol.
Neurosphere analyse er en in vitro- kolonidannende assay der tillader dyrkning af NSCs i nærværelse af mitogens. Ved klonede plating tætheder formere individuelle NSCs for at give anledning til frit svævende sfæriske kolonier af celler, der består af en lille delpopulation af NSCs og et stort flertal af stamfaderen18,19. I vores protokol, vi vise isolering af to særskilte, lineally-relaterede NSCs fra regionen periventricular af rygmarven — baseline betingelser og efter vores minimal SCI model. Endelig neurale stamceller celler (dNSCs) udtrykkelige nestin og glial fibrillære sure protein (GFAP) og dyrkes epidermal vækstfaktor (EGF), fibroblast vækstfaktor (FGF) og heparin (sammen kaldet EFH)20. Disse dNSCs er sjælden i rygmarven naive, giver anledning til meget få neurospheres i vitro. Vi viser imidlertid, at dNSCs aktiveres efter minimal SCI, udvide antallet af neurospheres isoleret fra periventricular region21. Primitive neurale stamceller (pNSCs) er opstrøms af dNSCs i det neurale stamceller afstamning. pNSCs er overordentlig sjælden, udtrykkelig lave niveauer af pluripotency markør Oct4, og leukæmi hæmmende faktor (LiF) lydhør22. pNSCs ikke er en neurospheres når isoleret fra voksne mus rygmarven på grund af tilstedeværelsen af myelin grundlæggende protein (MBPS) i primære kulturer; men pNSC neurospheres kan isoleres fra MBP mangelfuld mus og deres antal er udvidet følgende skade — svarende til dNSCs21. Endelig viser vi, at dNSC-afledte neurospheres kan isoleres fra stedet, skaden på tidligt gange efter minimal SCI. Disse resultater viser, at vores skade model og assays kan vurdere aktivisering Karakteristik af periventricular NSCs som deres evne til at formere sig og vandrer som reaktion på skade.

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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Polysporin ointment</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">amazon.ca</td>
			<td align="right">102051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Isoflurane Vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">VetEquip</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:197px;">901806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">15mL conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>any appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>Any</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>Any appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>Any appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Standard Dissection Tools</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Dissection Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Stemi 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Counting Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">CKX41</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Neural Basal-A Medium</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">10888-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">B27</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">17404-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Penicillin- Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:197px;">15070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">L- Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:197px;">25030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:197px;">12100046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">F12</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:197px;">12700075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">30% Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">G6152</td>
			<td>1M- 9.01g in 100mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">1M Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">7.5% NaHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">S5761</td>
			<td>155mM- 1.30g in 100mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">155mM NaHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:203px;">1M HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">H3375</td>
			<td>23.83 g in 100mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Apo-Transferrin</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">3188-AT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Putrescine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">P7505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">I5500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Selenium</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">S9133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Progesterone</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">P6149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">Papain Dissociation System&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">PDS</td>
			<td>1 vial of papain can be used for 2 samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Epidermal Growth Factor</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">PMG8041</td>
			<td>Powder reconstituted with 1mL Hormone Mix and aliquoted into 20uL vials to be stored in freezer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Fibroblast Growth Factor</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">PHG0226</td>
			<td>Powder reconstituted with 0.5mL Hormone Mix and aliquoted into 20uL vials to be stored in freezer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">H3149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Leukemia Inhibitory Factor</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In House</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:203px;">24 well Plates</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">NUNC</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">2M NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">S5886</td>
			<td>11.69g in 100mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">1M KCL</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">P5405</td>
			<td>7.46g in 100mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">1M MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">M2393</td>
			<td>20.33g in 100mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">108mM CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">C7902</td>
			<td>1.59g in 100mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a neurosphere assay to evaluate endogenous neural stem cell activation in a mouse model of minimal spinal cord injury

Neurale stamceller (NSCs) i den voksne pattedyr rygmarven er en forholdsvis mitotically inaktiv befolkning på periventricular celler, der kan blive undersøgt in vitro- ved hjælp af neurosphere assay. Denne kolonidannende assay er et kraftfuldt værktøj til at studere NSCs svar på eksogene faktorer i en skål; Dette kan dog også bruges til at studere effekten af i vivo manipulationer med den rette forståelse af styrker og begrænsninger af analysen. En manipulation af den kliniske interesse er effekten af skade på endogene NSC aktivering. Nuværende modeller af rygmarvsskader giver en udfordring at studere dette som sværhedsgraden af fælles kontusion, kompression og transection modeller forårsage ødelæggelse af NSC niche i stedet for skaden, der hvor stamcellerne findes. Her, beskriver vi en minimal skade model, der forårsager lokaliserede skader på den overfladiske dorsolateral overflade af de lavere thorax niveau (T7/8) af voksen mus rygmarven. Denne skade model skåner den centrale kanal på skade, og tillader analyse af de NSCs, der findes på niveauet af læsion på forskellige tidspunkter efter skade. Her, vi viser, hvordan neurosphere analysen kan udnyttes til at studere aktivering af de to særskilte, lineally-relaterede, populationer af NSCs, der bor i regionen rygmarven periventricular - primitive og endelig NSCs (pNSCs og dNSCs, henholdsvis). Vi demonstrere, hvordan at isolere og kultur disse NSCs fra regionen periventricular på niveauet af skade og hvide substans skaden site. Vores post-operative rygmarven dissektioner Vis øgede antallet af pNSC og dNSC-stammer neurospheres fra regionen periventricular af tilskadekomne snore i forhold til kontrol, taler til deres aktivering via skade. Desuden, efter skade, dNSC-afledte neurospheres kan isoleres fra skaden site — demonstrere evne til NSCs at migrere fra deres periventricular niche til steder af skade.

Efter kirurgi, skal musene opleve minimal motor underskud, der kan omfatte hale og mulige hind-lemmer parese i op til 24 timer. Efter dette tidspunkt, bør mus oplever ingen hind-lemmer lammelse og/eller parese og minimale ændringer i gangart.
Figur 3 viser repræsentative resultater fra neurosphere assay 5 dage efter minimal rygmarvsskade. Det absolutte antal dNSC-afledte neurospheres (vokset i EF...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Neurosphere Assay to Evaluate Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Minimal Spinal Cord Injury at JoVE.com

A Neurosphere Assay to Evaluate Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Minimal Spinal Cord Injury

En Neurosphere analyse til at vurdere endogene neurale stamceller aktivering i en musemodel af Minimal rygmarvsskade

Her, viser vi udførelsen af en minimal rygmarv skade model i et voksen mus, der skåner den centrale kanal niche bolig endogene neurale stamceller (NSCs). Vi viser, hvordan neurosphere analysen kan bruges til at kvantificere aktivering og migration af endelige og primitive NSCs efter skade.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian spinal cord are a relatively mitotically quiescent population of periventricular cells that can be studied ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Isolation and Expansion of the Adult Mouse Neural Stem Cells Using the Neurosphere Assay

Isolation and expansion of the putative neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult murine brain was first described by Reynolds and Weiss in 1992 employing a ...

Establishing Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cell Culture Using the Neurosphere Assay

In mammalians, stem cells acts as a source of undifferentiated cells to maintain cell genesis and renewal in different tissues and organs during the life ...

Neural-Colony Forming Cell Assay: An Assay To Discriminate Bona Fide Neural Stem Cells from Neural Progenitor Cells

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). ...

Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has attained renewed momentum due to the increasing awareness of head injuries, which result in morbidity and ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

Isolering og dyrkning af neurale kamceller fra embryonale Murin Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

En<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Laser-induceret Rygmarvsskader model til opgørelse Mekanismer axon Degeneration i realtid

Injured CNS axons fail to regenerate and often retract away from the injury site. Axons spared from the initial injury may later undergo secondary axonal ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

Imaging neurale aktivitet i den primære somatosensoriske Cortex ved hjælp af Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgene mus

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

Laminektomi og rygmarv vindue implantation i musen

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Intra-arteriel levering af neurale stamceller til rotte og mus hjernen: Ansøgning om cerebral iskæmi

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...