Name: induction and validation of cellular senescence in primary human cells
Uploaded: 2018-06-20T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells at JoVE.com

Vi takke medlemmerne af Demaria lab for frugtbare drøftelser, og Thijmen van Vliet til deling af data og protokollen vedrørende UV-induceret ældning.

1. generelle forberedelse
<ol><li>Forberede D10 medium. Supplere DMEM medium-Glutamax med 10% FBS og 1% penicillin/streptomycin (endelig koncentration: 100 U/mL).</li>
	<li>Forberede steril PBS. Opløse tabletterne i vand efter fabrikantens anvisninger. Steriliseres ved autoklavering.</li>
	<li>Forberede 1 x trypsin. Fortynd 5 mL Trypsin-Versene EDTA/10 x 1:10 i 45 mL steril PBS. Bemærk: I hele protokollen, vi bruger celle kultur betingelser, der er tættere på de fysiologiske betingelser for primære fibro...

<ol>
	<li>Hayflick, L., Moorhead, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+serial+cultivation+of+human+diploid+cell+strains.">The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 25, 585-621 (1961).</li><li>Mu&#241;oz-Esp&#237;n, D., Serrano, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+senescence:+from+physiology+to+pathology.+Nature+reviews.">Cellular senescence: from physiology to pathology. Nature reviews.</a> Molecular cell biology. 15, 482-496 (2014).</li><li>Sharpless, N. E., Sherr, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forging+a+signature+of+in+vivo+senescence.">Forging a signature of in vivo senescence.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 15 (7), 397-408 (2015).</li><li>Correia-Melo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondria+are+required+for+pro-ageing+features+of+the+senescent+phenotype.">Mitochondria are required for pro-ageing features of the senescent phenotype.</a> The EMBO Journal. 10, e201592862 (2016).</li><li>Loaiza, N., Demaria, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+senescence+and+tumor+promotion:+Is+aging+the+key?.">Cellular senescence and tumor promotion: Is aging the key?.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. , (2016).</li><li>Coppe, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescence-associated+secretory+phenotypes+reveal+cell-nonautonomous+functions+of+oncogenic+RAS+and+the+p53+tumor+suppressor.">Senescence-associated secretory phenotypes reveal cell-nonautonomous functions of oncogenic RAS and the p53 tumor suppressor.</a> PLoS Biology. 6 (12), 2853-2868 (2008).</li><li>Baker, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naturally+occurring+p16(Ink4a)-positive+cells+shorten+healthy+lifespan.">Naturally occurring p16(Ink4a)-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan.</a> Nature. 530 (7589), 184-189 (2016).</li><li>Xu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+senescent+cells+enhances+adipogenesis+and+metabolic+function+in+old+age.">Targeting senescent cells enhances adipogenesis and metabolic function in old age.</a> Elife. 4, e12997 (2015).</li><li>Baker, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clearance+of+p16Ink4a-positive+senescent+cells+delays+ageing-associated+disorders.">Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders.</a> Nature. 479 (7372), 232-236 (2011).</li><li>Jeon, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+clearance+of+senescent+cells+attenuates+the+development+of+post-traumatic+osteoarthritis+and+creates+a+pro-regenerative+environment.">Local clearance of senescent cells attenuates the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and creates a pro-regenerative environment.</a> Nature Medicine. 23 (6), 775-781 (2017).</li><li>Demaria, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+Senescence+Promotes+Adverse+Effects+of+Chemotherapy+and+Cancer+Relapse.">Cellular Senescence Promotes Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy and Cancer Relapse.</a> Cancer Discovery. 7 (2), 165-176 (2017).</li><li>Chang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clearance+of+senescent+cells+by+ABT263+rejuvenates+aged+hematopoietic+stem+cells+in+mice.">Clearance of senescent cells by ABT263 rejuvenates aged hematopoietic stem cells in mice.</a> Nature Medicine. 22 (1), 78-83 (2016).</li><li>Soto-Gamez, A., Demaria, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+interventions+for+aging:+the+case+of+cellular+senescence.">Therapeutic interventions for aging: the case of cellular senescence.</a> Drug Discov Today. 22 (5), 786-795 (2017).</li><li>Childs, B. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescent+cells:+an+emerging+target+for+diseases+of+ageing.">Senescent cells: an emerging target for diseases of ageing.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 16 (10), 718-735 (2017).</li><li>Marthandan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conserved+genes+and+pathways+in+primary+human+fibroblast+strains+undergoing+replicative+and+radiation+induced+senescence.">Conserved genes and pathways in primary human fibroblast strains undergoing replicative and radiation induced senescence.</a> Biological Research. 49, 34 (2016).</li><li>Marthandan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conserved+Senescence+Associated+Genes+and+Pathways+in+Primary+Human+Fibroblasts+Detected+by+RNA-Seq.">Conserved Senescence Associated Genes and Pathways in Primary Human Fibroblasts Detected by RNA-Seq.</a> PLoS One. 11 (5), e0154531 (2016).</li><li>Hernandez-Segura, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unmasking+Transcriptional+Heterogeneity+in+Senescent+Cells.">Unmasking Transcriptional Heterogeneity in Senescent Cells.</a> Current Biology. 27 (17), 2652-2660 (2017).</li><li>Le, O. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ionizing+radiation-induced+long-term+expression+of+senescence+markers+in+mice+is+independent+of+p53+and+immune+status.">Ionizing radiation-induced long-term expression of senescence markers in mice is independent of p53 and immune status.</a> Aging Cell. 9 (3), 398-409 (2010).</li><li>Hall, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C/EBPalpha+regulates+CRL4(Cdt2)-mediated+degradation+of+p21+in+response+to+UVB-induced+DNA+damage+to+control+the+G1/S+checkpoint.">C/EBPalpha regulates CRL4(Cdt2)-mediated degradation of p21 in response to UVB-induced DNA damage to control the G1/S checkpoint.</a> Cell Cycle. 13 (22), 3602-3610 (2014).</li><li>Nitiss, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+DNA+topoisomerase+II+in+cancer+chemotherapy.">Targeting DNA topoisomerase II in cancer chemotherapy.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 9 (5), 338-350 (2009).</li><li>Pazolli, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+remodeling+underlies+the+senescence-+associated+secretory+phenotype+of+tumor+stromal+fibroblasts+that+supports+cancer+progression.">Chromatin remodeling underlies the senescence- associated secretory phenotype of tumor stromal fibroblasts that supports cancer progression.</a> Cancer Research. 72, 2251-2261 (2012).</li><li>Venturelli, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+induction+of+apoptosis+and+senescence+by+the+DNA+methyltransferase+inhibitors+5-azacytidine+and+5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine+in+solid+tumor+cells.">Differential induction of apoptosis and senescence by the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in solid tumor cells.</a> Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 12, 2226-2236 (2013).</li><li>Tennant, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+Trypan+Blue+Technique+for+Determination+of+Cell+Viability.">Evaluation of the Trypan Blue Technique for Determination of Cell Viability.</a> Transplantation. 2, 685-694 (1964).</li><li>Livak, K. J., Schmittgen, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+relative+gene+expression+data+using+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+the+2(-Delta+Delta+C(T))+Method.">Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.</a> Methods. 25 (4), 402-408 (2001).</li><li>Lee, B. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescence-associated+&#946;-galactosidase+is+lysosomal+&#946;-galactosidase.">Senescence-associated &#946;-galactosidase is lysosomal &#946;-galactosidase.</a> Aging Cell. 5, 187-195 (2006).</li><li>Kopp, H. G., Hooper, A. T., Shmelkov, S. V., Rafii, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-galactosidase+staining+on+bone+marrow.+The+osteoclast+pitfall.">Beta-galactosidase staining on bone marrow. The osteoclast pitfall.</a> Histology and Histopathology. 22 (9), 971-976 (2007).</li><li>Dimri, G. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+biomarker+that+identifies+senescent+human+cells+in+culture+and+in+aging+skin+in+vivo.">A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 92 (20), 9363-9367 (1995).</li><li>Salic, A., Mitchison, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemical+method+for+fast+and+sensitive+detection+of+DNA+synthesis+in+vivo.">A chemical method for fast and sensitive detection of DNA synthesis in vivo.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (7), 2415-2420 (2008).</li><li>Sherr, C. J., McCormick, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+RB+and+p53+pathways+in+cancer.">The RB and p53 pathways in cancer.</a> Cancer Cell. 2 (2), 103-112 (2002).</li><li>Bunz, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirement+for+p53+and+p21+to+sustain+G2+arrest+after+DNA+damage.">Requirement for p53 and p21 to sustain G2 arrest after DNA damage.</a> Science. 282 (5393), 1497-1501 (1998).</li><li>Severino, J., Allen, R. G., Balin, S., Balin, A., Cristofalo, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+beta-galactosidase+staining+a+marker+of+senescence+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Is beta-galactosidase staining a marker of senescence in vitro and in vivo.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 257 (1), 162-171 (2000).</li><li>Stolzing, A., Coleman, N., Scutt, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose-induced+replicative+senescence+in+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Glucose-induced replicative senescence in mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Rejuvenation Research. 9 (1), 31-35 (2006).</li><li>Blazer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+glucose-induced+replicative+senescence:+point+of+no+return+and+effect+of+telomerase.">High glucose-induced replicative senescence: point of no return and effect of telomerase.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 296 (1), 93-101 (2002).</li><li>Wiley, C. D., Campisi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+Ancient+Pathways+to+Aging+Cells-Connecting+Metabolism+and+Cellular+Senescence.">From Ancient Pathways to Aging Cells-Connecting Metabolism and Cellular Senescence.</a> Cell Metabolism. 23 (6), 1013-1021 (2016).</li><li>Kumar, R., Gont, A., Perkins, T. J., Hanson, J. E. L., Lorimer, I. A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+senescence+in+primary+glioblastoma+cells+by+serum+and+TGFbeta.">Induction of senescence in primary glioblastoma cells by serum and TGFbeta.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 2156 (2017).</li><li>Hypoxia Blagosklonny, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MTOR+and+autophagy:+converging+on+senescence+or+quiescence.">MTOR and autophagy: converging on senescence or quiescence.</a> Autophagy. 9 (2), 260-262 (2013).</li><li>Meuter, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Markers+of+cellular+senescence+are+elevated+in+murine+blastocysts+cultured+in+vitro:+molecular+consequences+of+culture+in+atmospheric+oxygen.">Markers of cellular senescence are elevated in murine blastocysts cultured in vitro: molecular consequences of culture in atmospheric oxygen.</a> Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 31 (10), 1259-1267 (2014).</li><li>Coppe, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+human-like+senescence-associated+secretory+phenotype+is+conserved+in+mouse+cells+dependent+on+physiological+oxygen.">A human-like senescence-associated secretory phenotype is conserved in mouse cells dependent on physiological oxygen.</a> PLoS One. 5 (2), e9188 (2010).</li><li>van Deursen, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+senescent+cells+in+ageing.">The role of senescent cells in ageing.</a> Nature. 509 (7501), 439-446 (2014).</li><li>Kim, Y. 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Protokollerne forklaret her var optimeret til menneskelige primære fibroblaster, især BJ og WI-38 celler. Protokollerne for replicative gulne, ioniserende stråling og doxorubicin, har været anvendt med succes til andre typer af fibroblaster (HCA2 og IMR90) og i andre celletyper (nemlig neonatal melanocytter og keratinocytter eller iPSC-afledte cardiomyocytes) i vores laboratorium. Dog kan tilpasninger for flere celletyper optimeres ved at justere nogle detaljer som antallet af seedede celler, metoder og kemikalier ti...

I 1961 rapporteret Hayflick og Moorhead at primære fibroblaster i kultur miste deres proliferativ potentiale efter hinanden følgende passager1. Denne proces er forårsaget af den sekventielle afkortning af telomerer efter hver celledeling. Når telomerer nå en kritisk kort længde, genkendes de af DNA-skader svar (DDR), der aktiverer en irreversibel anholdelse af spredning — også defineret som replicative ældning. Replicative gulne er i øjeblikket en af de mange stimuli, der er kendt for at fremkalde en tilstand af permanent celle cyklus anholdelse, der gengiver celler ufølsomme både mitogens og apoptotiske signaler2,3. Programmet gulne er normalt karakteriseret ved yderligere funktioner herunder høj lysosomale aktivitet, mitokondriel dysfunktion, nukleare ændringer, kromatin rearrangementer, endoplasmatiske reticulum stress, DNA-skader og en gulne-associerede sekretoriske fænotype (SASP)3,4. Senescent celler har flere funktioner i kroppen: udvikling, sår healing og tumor undertrykkelse2. Ligeledes er de kendt for at spille en vigtig rolle i aging og paradoksalt nok i tumor progression5. Negative, og delvist modstridende, virkningerne af gulne er ofte tilskrives SASP6.
For nylig, blev det vist, at fjernelse af senescent celler fra mus fører til levetid udvidelse og afskaffelse af mange af de forældelsesperiode funktioner7,8,9,10,11, 12. flere stoffer på samme måde, er blevet udviklet til enten fjerne senescent celler (senolytics) eller at målrette SASP13,14. Anti-aging terapeutiske potentiale har for nylig tiltrak mere opmærksomhed til feltet.
Studiet af mekanismer forbundet til cellulære gulne og screeninger for farmakologiske interventioner er stærkt afhængige af ex vivo modeller, især på menneskers primære fibroblaster. Mens der er nogle fælles funktioner aktiveres af forskellige gulne induktorer, er en stor variation i gulne fænotype observeret og afhængig af forskellige faktorer, herunder celle type, stimulus og tid punkt3,15, 16,17. Det er bydende nødvendigt at overveje heterogenitet for at studere og målretning af senescent celler. Derfor, denne protokol har til formål at give en række metoder, der anvendes til at fremkalde gulne i primære fibroblaster ved hjælp af forskellige behandlinger. Som det vil blive forklaret, kan metoderne, der let tilpasses til andre celletyper.
Bortset fra replicative gulne, vi beskriver fem andre gulne-inducerende behandlinger: ioniserende stråling, ultraviolet (UV) stråling, doxorubicin, oxidativ stress og epigenetiske ændringer (nemlig fremme af Histon acetylation eller DNA demetylering) . Både, ioniserende stråling og UV-stråling direkte DNA skade og den passende dosis, udløse gulne18,19. Doxorubicin også forårsager ældning hovedsagelig gennem DNA-skader ved intercalating i DNA og forstyrre topoisomerase II funktion og dermed standse DNA reparation mekanismer20. Udtryk af gener, der er afgørende for gulne styres normalt af Histon acetylation og DNA methylering. Som følge heraf udløse Histon deacetylase hæmmere (f.eks., natrium butyrat og SAHA) og DNA demethylating (f.eks. 5-aza) agenter gulne i ellers normale celler21,22.
Endelig fire af de mest almindelige markører tilknyttet senescent celler vil blive forklaret: aktivitet af den gulne forbundet-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), sats af DNA syntese af EdU indarbejdelse assay, overekspression af cellecyklus tilsynsmyndigheder og cyclin-afhængig kinase-hæmmere p16 og p21, og overekspression og sekretion af medlemmer af SASP.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM Media - GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31966-047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SV30160.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S; 10,000 U/ml)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>DE17-602E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SC-202581</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclease-Free Water (not DEPC-Treated)</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9937</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 flask</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>833911002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA Solution</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-5012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS tablets</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>18912-014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9661-1000EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning&#160;15 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS430791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>83.3920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>83.3922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>13mm round coverslips</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>83.1840.002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steriflip</td>
			<td>Merck Chemicals</td>
			<td>SCGP00525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cesium137-source</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>IBL 637 Cesium-137&#947;-ray machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV radiation chamber</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Opsytec, Dr. G&#246;bel BS-02</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxorubicin dihydrochloride&#160;</td>
			<td>BioAustralis Fine Chemicals</td>
			<td>BIA-D1202-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7722-84-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-aza-2&#8217;-deoxycytidine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3656</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAHA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SML0061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Butyrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B5887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-gal (5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-&#946;-D-galactopyranoside)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7240-90-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citric acid monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>5949-29-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dibasic phosphate</td>
			<td>Acros organics</td>
			<td>7782-85-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium ferrocyanide&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14459-95-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium ferricyanide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13746-66-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>7647-14-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemicals</td>
			<td>7791-18-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25% glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>111-30-8,7732-18-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% formaldehyde (w/v)</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>28908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#8217;-deoxyuridine)</td>
			<td>Lumiprobe</td>
			<td>10540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfo-Cyanine3 azide (Sulfo-Cy3-Azide)</td>
			<td>Lumiprobe</td>
			<td>D1330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium ascorbate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (Cu(II)SO4.5H2O)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>209198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Acros organics</td>
			<td>215682500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIS base</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11814273001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LightCycler 480 Multiwell Plate 384, white&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4729749001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lightcycler 480 sealing foil&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4729757001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sensifast Probe Lo-ROX kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-84020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UPL Probe Library</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human IL-6 DuoSet ELISA</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>D6050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Rad TC20</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Counting slides</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>145-0017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Heratherm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.10983</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm &#39;M&#39; laboratory film</td>
			<td>Bemis&#160;</td>
			<td>#PM992</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needles</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

induction and validation of cellular senescence in primary human cells

Cellulære ældning er en tilstand af permanent celle cyklus anholdelse aktiveret som svar på forskellige skadelige stimuli. Aktivering af cellulære gulne er kendetegnende for forskellige patofysiologiske forhold herunder tumor undertrykkelse, væv remodellering og aldring. Induktorer af cellulære gulne i vivo karakteriseres stadig dårligt. Imidlertid kan en række stimuli bruges til at fremme cellulære gulne ex vivo. Blandt dem er mest almindelige gulne-induktorer replicative udmattelse, ioniserende og ioniserende stråling, genotoksiske stoffer, oxidativ stress, og demethylating og acetylating agenter. Her vil vi give detaljerede instruktioner om hvordan man bruger disse stimuli til at fremkalde fibroblaster til ældning. Denne protokol kan let tilpasses til forskellige typer af primærelementer og cellelinjer, herunder kræftceller. Vi beskriver også forskellige metoder til validering af gulne induktion. Især fokuserer vi på måler aktiviteten af den lysosomale enzym gulne-associerede β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), antallet af DNA-syntese ved hjælp af 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) iblanding assay, niveauer af udtryk af cellecyklus hæmmere p16 og p21, og udtryk og sekretion af medlemmer af Senescence-Associated sekretoriske fænotype (SASP). Endelig, vi leverer eksempel resultater og drøfte yderligere anvendelser af disse protokoller.

Berigelse af SA-β-gal farvning i senescent fibroblaster
Β-galactosidase (β-gal) er en lysosomale enzym, der er udtrykt i alle celler, og som har en optimal pH 4,025,26. Dog under gulne, lysosomer stigning i størrelse, og derfor senescent celler ophobes β-gal. De øgede mængder af dette enzym gør det muligt at påvise dens aktivitet selv på en suboptimal pH 6.0<sup c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells at JoVE.com

Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells

Induktion og validering af cellulære gulne i primære humane celler

Her diskuterer vi en række protokoller for induktion og validering af cellulære gulne i kulturperler celler. Vi fokuserer på forskellige gulne-inducerende stimuli og beskrive kvantificering af fælles gulne-associerede markører. Vi leverer tekniske detaljer ved hjælp af fibroblaster som model, men protokollerne, der kan tilpasses til forskellige cellulære modeller.

Cellular senescence is a state of permanent cell cycle arrest activated in response to different damaging stimuli. Activation of cellular senescence is a ...

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