Name: ovarian tissue culture to visualize phenomena in mouse ovary
Uploaded: 2018-06-19T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary at JoVE.com

我々 は博士直次郎南 (京都大学) がOog1pro3.9マウスを提供することをありがちましょう。本研究は、日本学術振興会 (科研費 # JP15H06275) と日東財団によって支えられました。

マウスは、23 ± 1 ° C 12 h 光/12 h 暗いサイクルで環境制御部屋で収容されました。動物のケアのプロトコルおよび実験愛知医科大学動物実験ガイドラインに従って実施し、現職のケアおよび使用委員会によって承認されました。
1. 培地や料理の準備
<ol><li>基本的な文化のメディアの準備、ウシ胎児血清 (FBS、5 %v/v)、FSH を追加 (100 Miu/ml) LH (10 mU/mL) とペニシリン-ストレプト...

<ol>
	<li>Myers, M., Britt, K. L., Wreford, N. G., Ebling, F. J., Kerr, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+quantifying+follicular+numbers+within+the+mouse+ovary.">Methods for quantifying follicular numbers within the mouse ovary.</a> Reproduction. 127 (5), 569-580 (2004).</li><li>Adams, G. P., Jaiswal, R., Singh, J., Malhi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+understanding+ovarian+follicular+dynamics+in+cattle.">Progress in understanding ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle.</a> Theriogenology. 69 (1), 72-80 (2008).</li><li>Palma, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology+and+biotechnology+of+follicle+development.">Biology and biotechnology of follicle development.</a> Sci World J. , (2012).</li><li>Knight, P. G., Glister, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF-beta+superfamily+members+and+ovarian+follicle+development.">TGF-beta superfamily members and ovarian follicle development.</a> Reproduction. 132 (2), 191-206 (2006).</li><li>Picton, H. M., Harris, S. E., Muruvi, W., Chambers, E. 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J., Srsen, V., Lapping, R., Spears, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+effect+of+follicle-follicle+interactions+and+declining+follicle-stimulating+hormone+on+murine+follicle+health+in+vitro.">Combined effect of follicle-follicle interactions and declining follicle-stimulating hormone on murine follicle health in vitro.</a> Biol Reprod. 65 (4), 1304-1310 (2001).</li><li>Komatsu, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+Effect+of+Leukemia+Inhibitory+Factor+on+Follicular+Growth+in+Cultured+Murine+Ovarian+Tissue.">Analysis of the Effect of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor on Follicular Growth in Cultured Murine Ovarian Tissue.</a> Biol Reprod. 93 (1), 18 (2015).</li><li>Komatsu, K., Masubuchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+concentration-dependent+effect+of+progesterone+on+follicle+growth+in+the+mouse+ovary.">The concentration-dependent effect of progesterone on follicle growth in the mouse ovary.</a> J Reprod Dev. 63 (3), 271-277 (2017).</li><li>Murase, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follicle+dynamics:+visualization+and+analysis+of+follicle+growth+and+maturation+using+murine+ovarian+tissue+culture.">Follicle dynamics: visualization and analysis of follicle growth and maturation using murine ovarian tissue culture.</a> J Assist Reprod Genet. , 1-5 (2017).</li><li>Ishida, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+promoter+of+the+oocyte-specific+gene,+Oog1,+functions+in+both+male+and+female+meiotic+germ+cells+in+transgenic+mice.">The promoter of the oocyte-specific gene, Oog1, functions in both male and female meiotic germ cells in transgenic mice.</a> PLoS One. 8 (7), 68686 (2013).</li><li>Minami, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oogenesin+is+a+novel+mouse+protein+expressed+in+oocytes+and+early+cleavage-stage+embryos.">Oogenesin is a novel mouse protein expressed in oocytes and early cleavage-stage embryos.</a> Biol Reprod. 69 (5), 1736-1742 (2003).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+differentiation+factor-9+stimulates+progression+of+early+primary+but+not+primordial+rat+ovarian+follicle+development.">Growth and differentiation factor-9 stimulates progression of early primary but not primordial rat ovarian follicle development.</a> Biol Reprod. 67 (3), 1018-1024 (2002).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Kezele, P., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukemia+inhibitory+factor+(LIF)+promotes+the+primordial+to+primary+follicle+transition+in+rat+ovaries.">Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes the primordial to primary follicle transition in rat ovaries.</a> Mol Cell Endocrinol. 188 (1-2), 65-73 (2002).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+morphogenetic+protein-4+acts+as+an+ovarian+follicle+survival+factor+and+promotes+primordial+follicle+development.">Bone morphogenetic protein-4 acts as an ovarian follicle survival factor and promotes primordial follicle development.</a> Biol Reprod. 69 (4), 1265-1272 (2003).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kit+ligand+and+basic+fibroblast+growth+factor+interactions+in+the+induction+of+ovarian+primordial+to+primary+follicle+transition.">Kit ligand and basic fibroblast growth factor interactions in the induction of ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition.</a> Mol Cell Endocrinol. 214 (1-2), 19-25 (2004).</li><li>Abe, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+conditional+reporter+mouse+lines+at+ROSA26+locus+for+live+cell+imaging.">Establishment of conditional reporter mouse lines at ROSA26 locus for live cell imaging.</a> Genesis. 49 (7), 579-590 (2011).</li><li>Lan, Z. J., Xu, X., Cooney, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+oocyte-specific+expression+of+Cre+recombinase+activity+in+GDF-9-iCre,+Zp3cre,+and+Msx2Cre+transgenic+mice.">Differential oocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase activity in GDF-9-iCre, Zp3cre, and Msx2Cre transgenic mice.</a> Biol Reprod. 71 (5), 1469-1474 (2004).</li><li>Payer, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+stella-GFP+transgenic+mice:+a+novel+tool+to+study+germ+cell+development.">Generation of stella-GFP transgenic mice: a novel tool to study germ cell development.</a> Genesis. 44 (2), 75-83 (2006).</li><li>Ohinata, Y., Sano, M., Shigeta, M., Yamanaka, K., Saitou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive,+non-invasive+visualization+of+primordial+germ+cell+development+in+mice+by+the+Prdm1-mVenus+and+Dppa3-ECFP+double+transgenic+reporter.">A comprehensive, non-invasive visualization of primordial germ cell development in mice by the Prdm1-mVenus and Dppa3-ECFP double transgenic reporter.</a> Reproduction. 136 (4), 503-514 (2008).</li></ol>

本研究ではマウス卵巣における卵胞発育を研究するための 2 つの新しい方法を開発しました。最初のメソッドは卵胞発育の解析に続いてスライスした卵巣成熟マウス組織の文化を含み、2 番目には段階では、性腺刺激ホルモンに依存しない初期の卵胞発育を視覚化する時間経過イメージ投射の使用が含まれます。以前は、卵胞開発8,9日白血病の抑制...

雌マウス卵巣いくつか千包1、および周期的な排卵発情サイクルごとに約 10 卵母細胞が成熟します。卵胞は、いくつかの発達段階に分類: 原初、プライマリ、セカンダリ、幽門洞、および各卵子を取り巻く顆粒膜細胞層の形態によって、グラーフ卵胞。ほとんどの原始卵胞が休止状態とそれらのいくつかはアクティブし各発情周期2プライマリ卵胞に成長します。二次濾胞ステージ後卵胞発育は主に性腺刺激ホルモン、卵胞刺激ホルモン (FSH) と黄体形成ホルモン (LH) によって調整されます。しかし、原始、プライマリ卵胞発育、性腺刺激ホルモンとは無関係です、これらの段階を支配する制御機構のまま悪い inderstood3,4,5。成長因子およびホルモンのほか、原始、プライマリ卵胞は卵胞6,7間の相互作用によって調整されます。したがって、マウス卵巣組織の卵胞動力学の解析を実行し、卵巣の組織培養8,9,10を使用して関連付けられている規制メカニズムを検討しました。
ここで、2 つの卵巣組織培養モデルのメソッドを紹介します。最初、卵胞の測定により卵胞発育を分析するため、2 番目はトランスジェニック マウスとセカンダリ卵胞期に原始から初期の卵胞発育中規制機構の研究使用されます。小胞の開発の分析、主に使用しました 4 週齢の雌マウスの卵巣卵胞を簡単に表示できるため。定期的な排卵とモデル生体内で卵胞発育を誘導するには、培養条件下でのエストラジ オールの分泌卵胞閉鎖と観測された排卵 LH サージが再現されております。培養の卵巣のイメージが捕獲されたと濾胞領域でトレースの変更によって卵胞の開発プロセスを分析しました。ただし、明視野顕微鏡解析で原始と初期プライマリ卵胞の区別は明確です。したがって、小卵胞を検出、原初、プライマリ、区別する手法を開発したし、の二次卵胞培養を用いた卵巣組織Oogenesin1 (Oog1) pro3 。9 と 0 と 4 日誕生11 R26 H2B mCherryトランスジェニック マウスの卵巣。Oog1式減数分裂、参入後は、卵母細胞の検出と原初から培養卵巣組織11 時間経過画像を用いたプライマリ卵胞への移行が観察、卵胞の発育とともに徐々 に増大 ,12。形態学的方法は、休止状態の原始卵胞13,14,15,16を活性化する要因を検討し使用されている、卵巣の生理学的な卵胞発育が観察することは困難、様々 な要因の影響残る例を紹介。本培養法は、ターゲット要素のリアルタイム解析でこの不足に対処するため設計されました。
本研究で我々 はタイムラプス イメージング法による卵胞の発育を追跡され、卵胞発育のプロセスが特徴します。私たちの手法は、卵巣の生理学を調査するための前例のないツールを提供しています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1176px;" width="1175">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:383px;">Follicle stimulating hormone from human pituitary</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F4021</td>
			<td style="width:451px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lutenizing hormone from equine pituitary</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>L9773</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-streptomycin solution</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td>168-23191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MEM a, GlutaMax, no nucleotides</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>32561037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-0-10-C</td>
			<td>35mm dish, No. 0 coverslip, 10mm glass diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Millicell cell culture insert</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>PICM0RG50</td>
			<td>Diameter: 315 mm, pore size: 0.4 mm, material: hydrophilic PTTE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:383px;">3.5cm cell culture dishes</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">627160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:383px;">50ml / centrifuge tube with triple seal cap</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">IWAKI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2345-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:383px;">Low-profile disposable blades 819</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14035838925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LSM 710</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CellVoyager, CV1000</td>
			<td>Yokogawa Electric Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Time-lapse imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BZ-X700</td>
			<td>KEYENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Time-lapse imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ovarian tissue culture to visualize phenomena in mouse ovary

哺乳類の女性は、各発情周期中に卵母細胞数をほぼ一定を定期的に排卵します。このような規則性と周期性を維持するためには、視床下部-下垂体-性腺軸レベル、卵巣内の卵胞の開発に規制が発生します。アクティブな研究にもかかわらずいくつか手順休眠原始卵胞活性化から排卵して卵胞の各段階で異なる規制の複雑さのため、卵胞の発達メカニズムは明らかありません。卵胞発育のメカニズムと発情サイクルを通して卵胞のダイナミクスを調べるためには、顕微鏡を用いて卵胞の発育を観察するために使用できるマウス卵巣組織培養モデルを開発しました。体系的な卵胞発育、周期的な排卵と卵胞閉鎖すべてで再現できる卵巣培養モデルと培養条件を実験的変調することができます。ここでは、卵胞発育の調節機構とその他卵巣現象における本法の有用性を示す.

図 1は、卵巣の組織培養中にメディアに変更するためのプロトコルを示します。このプログラム、4 週齢 ICR マウス卵巣培養され、共焦点顕微鏡 (図 2) を使用して 24 h 間隔で撮像されます。3 週間、卵巣組織の培養中最も幽門洞およびセカンダリの卵胞が卵胞閉鎖によって退化したし、いくつかあった排卵 (図...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary at JoVE.com

Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

「マウス卵巣における現象を可視化する卵巣の組織培養

卵巣の組織培養卵胞開発、排卵や卵胞閉鎖のモデルとして使用することができ、卵巣の動的過程の制御機構を示します。

Mammalian females periodically ovulate an almost constant number of oocytes during each estrus cycle. To sustain such regularity and periodicity, ...

This method can help answer key questions in the ovary research field about follicle development, follicle atresia and operation. The main advantage of this technique is that we can reproduce the ovarian phenomena under controlled culture conditions for the observation in real time. To prepare the ovaries from a four week old Institute of Cancer Research mouse for culture:Use scissors and tweezers to trim the surrounding tissue from the ovaries under a stereo microscope, and place the cleaned ovaries into a dish of fresh culture medium.When all of the ovaries have been trimmed, transfer the individual ovaries onto a piece of filter paper moistened with 37 degrees Celsius PBS, and use a microtome blade to slice each ovary into four pieces. Transfer the slices into a 3.5 centimeter dish of 37 degrees Celsius culture medium, and use a micropipette to add an about 0.5 micrometer droplet of culture medium onto one cell culture insert per ovarian tissue section. In a second 3.5 centimeter glass bottom cell culture dish containing one millimeter of medium:Using tweezers, transfer one tissue specimen into each droplet and place the plate in a cell culture incubator.Replace the supernatant in the dish with fresh 37 degrees Celsius culture medium every two days and treat the ovaries with 100 milliunits per milliliter of FSH and LH for 12 hours every fourth day. Begin imaging the cultured ovaries every 24 hours after one day of culture to allow sufficient follicle growth between imaging sessions;capturing images at 30 minute intervals using a time-lapse imaging system under the appropriate experimental conditions. To analyze ovarian follicle development:Open the images in ImageJ and open the analyze menu to select set scale.Enter the side lengths of the captured images and the corresponding numbers of pixels in the known distance and distance in pixels fields, respectively. Then, use the free-hand tool to outline the follicles and click measure. During a three week ovarian tissue slice culture period, most antral and secondary follicles are degenerated by follicle atresia, and some are ovulated.Some follicles develop in groups during each LH surge cycle. While the timing of ovulation and the number of ovulated oocytes differs between mouse ovaries, ovulation from cultured ovaries predominantly occurs within 48 hours of each LH surge. Note that not all ovulated oocytes release first polar bodies after ovulation.Primordial and primary follicles are present simultaneously in postnatal day four mouse ovaries. Whereas, only primordial follicles are present in postnatal day zero ovaries. However, primary follicles become detectable in cultured postnatal day zero ovaries after 30 to 40 hours of culture as demonstrated.Primordial and primary follicles can also be distinguished in the cultured ovaries isolated from mCherry transgenic animals by the mCherry positive nuclei of granulosa cells;allowing the tracking of the follicle stages in the ovary slice cultures. I hope that this technique paves the way for researchers in the field of reproductive technology to explore new techniques for fertility treatment.

ovarian-tissue-culture-to-visualize-phenomena-in-mouse-ovary

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Culture and Co-Culture of Mouse Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together within a basement membrane. A finite pool of follicles is laid down during embryonic development, when oocytes in meiotic arrest form a close association with flattened granulosa cells, forming primordial follicles. By or shortly after birth, mammalian ovaries contain their lifetime&#8217;s supply of primordial follicles, from which point onwards there is a steady release of follicles into the growing follicular pool.
The ovary is particularly amenable to development in vitro, with follicles growing in a highly physiological manner in culture. This work describes the culture of whole neonatal ovaries containing primordial follicles, and the culture of individual ovarian follicles, a method which can support the development of follicles from an immature through to the preovulatory stage, after which their oocytes are able to undergo fertilization in vitro. The work outlined here uses culture systems to determine how the ovary is affected by exposure to external compounds. We also describe a co-culture system, which allows investigation of the interactions that occur between growing follicles and the non-growing pool of primordial follicles.

This protocol describes the primary culture/co-culture of mouse ovarian tissue, using ovaries from neonatal mice and individual ovarian follicles from prepubertal mice. The culture techniques support development in a highly physiological manner, allowing investigation of the effect of extrinsic agents on the ovary, and of interactions between ovarian follicles.

文化と共培養マウスの卵巣と卵胞

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together ...

発生生物学

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical and molecular methods provides information of potential target genes and signaling pathways. To further elucidate specific regulatory mechanisms requires a system allowing the manipulation of only a small number of cells of a specific tissue by either overexpression, ablation or re-introduction of specific genes and follow their fate during development. To achieve this ex utero electroporation of hippocampal structures, especially the dentate gyrus, followed by organotypic slice culture provides such a tool. Using this system to generate mosaic deletions allows determining whether the gene of interest regulates cell-autonomously developmental processes like progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Furthermore it facilitates the rescue of phenotypes by re-introducing the deleted gene or its target genes. In contrast to in utero electroporation the ex utero approach improves the rate of successfully targeting deeper layers of the brain like the dentate gyrus. Overall ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture provide a potent tool to study regulatory mechanisms in a semi-native environment mirroring endogenous conditions.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Here we present a protocol providing a tool to examine regulatory mechanisms of specific genes during hippocampal development. Employing ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture allows the up- and down-regulation of the expression of genes of interest in single cells and follow their fate during development.

子宮外エレクトロポレーションおよびマウスの海馬組織の器官型スライス培養

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical ...

Loss- and Gain-of-function Approach to Investigate Early Cell Fate Determinants in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos

Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene modification in preimplantation embryos provides a means to study the underlying mechanisms of genes implicated in, for instance, cellular differentiation into the trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM). Here, we describe a protocol that examines the role of neogenin as an authentic receptor for initial cell fate determination in preimplantation mouse embryos. First, we discuss the experimental manipulations that were used to produce gain and loss of neogenin function by microinjecting neogenin cDNA and shRNA; the effectiveness of this approach was confirmed by a strong correlation between the pair-wise expression levels of either red fluorescent protein (RFP) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the immunocytochemical quantification of neogenin expression. Secondly, overexpression of neogenin in preimplantation mouse embryos leads to normal ICM development while neogenin knockdown causes the ICM to develop abnormally, implying that neogenin could be a receptor that relays extracellular cues to drive blastomeres to early cell fates. Given the success of this detailed protocol in investigating the function of a novel embryonic developmental stage-specific receptor, we propose that it has the potential to aid in exploration and identification of other stage-specific genes during embryogenesis.

The goal of this protocol is to describe a loss- and gain-of function method that is applicable to identify neogenin as a stage-specific receptor that leads to trophectoderm and inner cell mass differentiation in preimplantation mouse embryos.

loss-が及び着床前マウス胚の初期の細胞運命決定要因を調査するための機能獲得型のアプローチ

 Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

血管内皮幹細胞の血管形成を視覚化するための新規乳腺脂肪移植技術

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

マウス二次口蓋融合のライブイメージング

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Orthotopic Ovarian Transplantation Procedures to Investigate the Life- and Health-span Influence of Ovarian Senescence in Female Mice

Ovarian transplantation was first conducted at Utah State University in 1963. In more recent work, heterochronic transplantation of mammalian ovaries is being used to investigate the health-protective effects of young ovaries in young females. The current procedures employ an orthotopic transplantation method, where allogenic ovaries are transplanted back to their original position in the ovarian bursa. This is in contrast to the more commonly used heterotopic transplantation of ovaries/ovarian tissue subcutaneously or under the kidney capsule. All three locations provide efficient revascularization of the transplanted tissues. However, orthotopic transplantation provides the ovary with the most natural signaling environment and is the only procedure that provides the opportunity for the animal to reproduce naturally post-operatively. One must take care to remove all endogenous ovarian tissue during the ovariectomy procedure. If any endogenous tissue remains or if only one ovary is removed, the transplanted tissue will remain dormant until the existing tissue becomes senescent. While revascularization of the transplanted ovaries occurs very quickly, the transplant recipient can take a considerable amount of time to adapt to a new hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal/adrenal (HPG/A) axis signaling regime associated with the transplanted tissue. This normally takes about 100 days in the mouse. Therefore, transplantation experiments should be designed to accommodate this adaptation period. Typical results with ovarian transplantation will include changes in the health of the recipient that reflect the age of the transplanted ovary, rather than the chronological age of the recipient.

Described here are orthotopic ovarian transplantation protocols for modifying ovarian influence on the physiology of the recipient mouse. This surgical procedure is used to expose female mice to various types of ovarian influence and may include heterochronic transplantations and transplantation of ovaries that have undergone various ex vivo treatments.

卵巣の老化雌マウスで寿命と健康影響を調査するため同所性卵巣移植手順

Ovarian transplantation was first conducted at Utah State University in 1963. In more recent work, heterochronic transplantation of mammalian ovaries is ...

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Hyperandrogenemia plays a critical role in reproductive and metabolic function in females and is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome. Developing a lean PCOS-like mouse model that mimics women with PCOS is clinically meaningful. In this protocol, we describe such a model. By inserting a 4 mm length of DHT (dihydrotestosterone) crystal powder pellet (total length of pellet is 8 mm), and replacing it monthly, we are able to produce a PCOS-like mouse model with serum DHT levels 2 fold higher than mice not implanted with DHT (no-DHT). We observed reproductive and metabolic dysfunction without changing body weight and body composition. While exhibiting a high degree of infertility, a small subset of these PCOS-like female mice can get pregnant and their offspring show delayed puberty and increased testosterone as adults. This PCOS-like lean mouse model is a useful tool to study the pathophysiology of PCOS and the offspring from these PCOS-like dams.

We describe the development of a lean PCOS-like mouse model with&#160;dihydrotestosterone pellet to study the pathophysiology of PCOS and the offspring from these PCOS-like dams.

多嚢胞性卵巣症候群を研究するハイパーアンドロゲン マウス モデル

Hyperandrogenemia plays a critical role in reproductive and metabolic function in females and is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome. Developing a ...

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational health hazard. Here, we demonstrate the exposure of primary stem cells from the mouse ocular surface to UV-C radiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is the readout of the extent of oxidative stress/damage. In an experimental in vitro setting, it is also essential to assess the percentage of dead cells generated due to oxidative stress. In this article, we will demonstrate the 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate (DCFDA) staining of UV-C exposed mouse primary ocular surface stem cells and their quantification based on the fluorescent images of DCFDA staining. DCFDA staining directly corresponds to ROS generation. We also demonstrate the quantification of dead and live cells by simultaneous staining with propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 3332 respectively and the percentage of DCFDA (ROS positive) and PI positive cells.

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage

This protocol demonstrates the simultaneous detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), live cells, and dead cells in live primary cultures from mouse ocular surface cells. 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate, propidium iodide, and Hoechst staining are used to assess the ROS, dead cells, and live cells, respectively, followed by imaging and analysis.

紫外C(UV-C)損傷に対する主なマウス眼表面細胞/幹細胞における酸化的損傷の評価

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational ...

Isolation, Culture, and Adipogenic Induction of Neural Crest Original Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Periaortic Adipose Tissue

An excessive amount of adipose tissue surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular adipose tissue, also known as PVAT) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. ADSCs derived from different adipose tissues show distinct features, and those from the PVAT have not been well characterized. In a recent study, we reported that some ADSCs in the periaortic arch adipose tissue (PAAT) descend from the neural crest cells (NCCs), a transient population of migratory cells originating from the ectoderm.
In this paper, we describe a protocol for isolating red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled NCCs from the PAAT of Wnt-1 Cre+/-;Rosa26RFP/+ mice and inducing their adipogenic differentiation in vitro. Briefly, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is enzymatically dissociated from the PAAT, and the RFP+ neural crest derived ADSCs (NCADSCs) are isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The NCADSCs differentiate into both brown and white adipocytes, can be cryopreserved, and retain their adipogenic potential for ~3&#8211;5 passages. Our protocol can generate abundant ADSCs from the PVAT for modeling PVAT adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro. Thus, these NCADSCs can provide a valuable system for studying the molecular switches involved in PVAT differentiation.

We present a protocol for the isolation, culture, and adipogenic induction of neural crest derived adipose-derived stem cells (NCADSCs) from the periaortic adipose tissue of Wnt-1 Cre+/-;Rosa26RFP/+ mice. The NCADSCs can be an easily accessible source of ADSCs for modeling adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro.

神経紋の分離、培養、脂肪形成誘導、周食脂肪組織由来の脂肪由来幹細胞

An excessive amount of adipose tissue surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular adipose tissue, also known as PVAT) is associated with a high risk of ...

Whole Ovary Immunofluorescence, Clearing, and Multiphoton Microscopy for Quantitative 3D Analysis of the Developing Ovarian Reserve in Mouse

Female fertility and reproductive lifespan depend on the quality and quantity of the ovarian oocyte reserve. An estimated 80% of female germ cells entering meiotic prophase I are eliminated during Fetal Oocyte Attrition (FOA) and the first week of postnatal life. Three major mechanisms regulate the number of oocytes that survive during development and establish the ovarian reserve in females entering puberty. In the first wave of oocyte loss, 30-50% of the oocytes are eliminated during early FOA, a phenomenon that is attributed to high Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) expression. The second wave of oocyte loss is the elimination of oocytes with meiotic defects by a meiotic quality checkpoint. The third wave of oocyte loss occurs perinatally during primordial follicle formation when some oocytes fail to form follicles. It remains unclear what regulates each of these three waves of oocyte loss and how they shape the ovarian reserve in either mice or humans.
Immunofluorescence and 3D visualization have opened a new avenue to image and analyze oocyte development in the context of the whole ovary rather than in less informative 2D sections. This article provides a comprehensive protocol for whole ovary immunostaining and optical clearing, yielding preparations for imaging using multiphoton microscopy and 3D modeling using commercially available software. It shows how this method can be used to show the dynamics of oocyte attrition during ovarian development in C57BL/6J mice and quantify oocyte loss during the three waves of oocyte elimination. This protocol can be applied to prenatal and early postnatal ovaries for oocyte visualization and quantification, as well as other quantitative approaches. Importantly, the protocol was strategically developed to accommodate high-throughput, reliable, and repeatable processing that can meet the needs in toxicology, clinical diagnostics, and genomic assays of ovarian function.

Here, we present an optimized protocol for imaging entire ovaries for quantitative and qualitative analyses using whole-mount immunostaining, multiphoton microscopy, and 3D visualization and analysis. This protocol accommodates high-throughput, reliable, and repeatable processing that is applicable for toxicology, clinical diagnostics, and genomic assays of ovarian function.