Name: a rapid image-based bacterial virulence assay using amoeba
Uploaded: 2018-06-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rapid Image-based Bacterial Virulence Assay Using Amoeba at JoVE.com

KP og som skrev og revideret håndskriftet. KP udført eksperimenter og analyse. Dette arbejde blev støttet af National Institutes of Health (NIH) karriere overgang Award (K22AI112816) til AS.

Alle eksperimentelle procedurer blev udført på University of California, Irvine.
1. buffere og løsninger
<ol><li>Forbered Lysogeny bouillon (LB) i en 1 L glasflaske ved at tilføje 25 g af LB-Miller mix i 1 L dobbeltdestilleret vand (ddH2O). Petriskåle, tilføje en ekstra 20 g af agar. Autoklave til at sterilisere. Hæld 25 mL af smeltet agarsubstratet i 10 cm-diameter petriskåle og lad den størkne ved stuetemperatur. Gemme flydende medier ved stuetemperatur og agar plader v...

<ol>
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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salmonella,+the+host+and+disease:+a+brief+review.">Salmonella, the host and disease: a brief review.</a> Immunology and Cell Biology. 85 (2), 112-118 (2007).</li><li>Alibaud, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+virulence+genes+identified+in+a+Dictyostelium+host+model.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes identified in a Dictyostelium host model.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 10 (3), 729-740 (2008).</li><li>Pukatzki, S., Kessin, R. H., Mekalanos, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+human+pathogen+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+utilizes+conserved+virulence+pathways+to+infect+the+social+amoeba+Dictyostelium+discoideum.">The human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes conserved virulence pathways to infect the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A. 99 (5), 3159-3164 (2002).</li><li>Cosson, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+Virulence+Analyzed+in+a+Dictyostelium+discoideum+Host+System.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Analyzed in a Dictyostelium discoideum Host System.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 184 (11), 3027-3033 (2002).</li><li>Pukatzki, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+conserved+bacterial+protein+secretion+system+in+Vibrio+cholerae+using+the+Dictyostelium+host+model+system.">Identification of a conserved bacterial protein secretion system in Vibrio cholerae using the Dictyostelium host model system.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A. 103 (5), 1528-1533 (2006).</li><li>Steinert, M., Heuner, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dictyostelium+as+host+model+for+pathogenesis.">Dictyostelium as host model for pathogenesis.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 7 (3), 307-314 (2005).</li><li>Hagele, S., Kohler, R., Merkert, H., Schleicher, M., Hacker, J., Steinert, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dictyostelium+discoideum:+a+new+host+model+system+for+intracellular+pathogens+of+the+genus+Legionella.">Dictyostelium discoideum: a new host model system for intracellular pathogens of the genus Legionella.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 2 (2), 165-171 (2000).</li><li>Matz, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+uses+type+III+secretion+system+to+kill+biofilm-associated+amoebae.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses type III secretion system to kill biofilm-associated amoebae.</a> ISME Journal. 2 (8), 843-852 (2008).</li><li>Hauser, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+type+III+secretion+system+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa:+infection+by+injection.">The type III secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: infection by injection.</a> Nature Reviews Microbiology. 7 (9), 654-665 (2009).</li><li>Moore, P. L., MacCoubrey, I. C., Haugland, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+pH+insensitive,+two+color+fluorescence+viability+(cytotoxicity)+assay.">A rapid pH insensitive, two color fluorescence viability (cytotoxicity) assay.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 111, 58 (1990).</li><li>Kaneshiro, E. S., Wyder, M. A., Wu, Y. -. P., Cushion, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+calcein+acetoxy+methyl+ester+and+ethidium+homodimer+or+propidium+iodide+for+viability+assessment+of+microbes.">Reliability of calcein acetoxy methyl ester and ethidium homodimer or propidium iodide for viability assessment of microbes.</a> Journal of Microbiological Methods. 17 (1), 1-16 (1993).</li><li>Siryaporn, A., Kuchma, S. L., O'Toole, G. A., Gitai, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+attachment+induces+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+virulence.">Surface attachment induces Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A. 111 (47), 16860-16865 (2014).</li><li>Decherchi, P., Cochard, P., Gauthier, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+staining+assessment+of+Schwann+cell+viability+within+whole+peripheral+nerves+using+calcein-AM+and+ethidium+homodimer.">Dual staining assessment of Schwann cell viability within whole peripheral nerves using calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 71 (2), 205-213 (1997).</li><li>Braut-Boucher, F., Pichon, J., Rat, P., Adolphe, M., Aubery, M., Font, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-isotopic,+highly+sensitive,+fluorimetric,+cell-cell+adhesion+microplate+assay+using+calcein+AM-labeled+lymphocytes.">A non-isotopic, highly sensitive, fluorimetric, cell-cell adhesion microplate assay using calcein AM-labeled lymphocytes.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 178 (1), 41-51 (1995).</li><li>Grieshaber, P., Lagr&#232;ze, W. A., Noack, C., Boehringer, D., Biermann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Staining+of+fluorogold-prelabeled+retinal+ganglion+cells+with+calcein-AM:+A+new+method+for+assessing+cell+vitality.">Staining of fluorogold-prelabeled retinal ganglion cells with calcein-AM: A new method for assessing cell vitality.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 192 (2), 233-239 (2010).</li><li>Witkin, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inherited+Differences+in+Sensitivity+to+Radiation+in+Escherichia+Coli.">Inherited Differences in Sensitivity to Radiation in Escherichia Coli.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A. 32 (3), 59-68 (1946).</li><li>Loomis, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitivity+of+Dictyostelium+discoideum+to+nucleic+acid+analogues.">Sensitivity of Dictyostelium discoideum to nucleic acid analogues.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 64 (2), 484-486 (1971).</li><li>Rahme, L. G., Stevens, E. J., Wolfort, S. F., Shao, J., Tompkins, R. G., Ausubel, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+virulence+factors+for+bacterial+pathogenicity+in+plants+and+animals.">Common virulence factors for bacterial pathogenicity in plants and animals.</a> Science. 268 (5219), 1899-1902 (1995).</li><li>O'Loughlin, C. T., Miller, L. C., Siryaporn, A., Drescher, K., Semmelhack, M. F., Bassler, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+quorum-sensing+inhibitor+blocks+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+virulence+and+biofilm+formation.">A quorum-sensing inhibitor blocks Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and biofilm formation.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A. 110 (44), 17981-17986 (2013).</li></ol>

Denne protokol beskriver en hurtig og kvantitativ metode til analyse virulens i P. aeruginosa. Denne protokol kan testes med andre bakterier. Det er dog vigtigt at huske at vækstmediet bør være forenelig med amøbe vækstbetingelser. Især har vi optimeret protokol bruger PS:DB som bakterievækst medium. Hvis der anvendes en anden kan det være nødvendigt at udføre en vækst medier-kun kontrol, der er ingen til stede for at kontrollere, at mediet er kompatibel med amøber bakterieceller.
<p class="jove_...

Bakteriel infektion er en af de førende årsager til dødelighed i menneske og dyr,1,2. Evnen til at måle virulens af bakterier i kulturer eller biofilm er vigtigt i sundhedssektoren og forskning indstillinger. Her, beskriver vi en alsidig, hurtig og relativt enkel metode til at kvantificere bakteriel virulens. Den Eukaryote organismer Dictyostelium discoideum (amøbe) bruges som model værtsorganisme. D. discoideum har været brugt som en vært til at identificere virulens faktorer i Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)3,4,5 og andre bakterier6,7 ,8 og er modtagelige for stort set de samme virulens faktorer der dræber pattedyrceller herunder type III sekretion9,10. Tidligere virulens assays ved hjælp af D. discoideum har involveret langvarig udsættelse for bakterier med D. discoideum celler i løbet af timer3,4,5. Protokollen, her præsenterer en hurtig metode til bestemmelse af virulens ved hjælp af denne amøbe. Denne protokol (figur 1) beskrives sådan: (1) vokse amøber axenically (i mangel af bakterier), (2) vokse bakterier til analysen, (3) forberede bakterier og værtsceller til mikroskopi, (4) udføre epifluorescensmikroskop mikroskopi, og (5) analysere amøbe fluorescens.
Amøber er i første omgang stribet ud fra frosne bestande og dyrket på en græsplæne af Escherichia coli (E. coli), hvor amøber producerer sporer. Disse sporer er plukket og inokuleres i en beriget medium for axenic vækst. Amøber vedligeholdes gennem axenic vækst i næringsrige forhold, indtil de er klar til at blive blandet med bakterier til vurdering af bakteriel virulens. Overlevelse eller død af amøber er kvantificeret ved måling af fluorescens af calcein-acetoxymethyl (calcein-AM), som er kløvet af intracellulære esteraser, og derved aktiveret for fluorescens11,12. Levende amøber udviser ringe eller ingen fluorescens indskærpe og døende celler fluorescerer intenst. Dette resultat skyldes en lille eller ingen indarbejdelse af calcein-AM i sund amøber og indarbejdelse og spaltning af substrat i stressede amøber13. Denne adfærd er især adskiller sig fra calcein-AM fluorescens i pattedyrceller11,14,15,16.
Bakterier, der vil blive vurderet for virulens dyrkes separat. Her, beskriver vi, hvordan at måle virulens opportunistiske sygdomsbærer P. aeruginosa og detaljer, hvordan at kvantificere virulens planktoniske (svømning) og overflade-attached delpopulationer. Denne protokol kan tilpasses til at teste virulens af andre bakterier. I afsnittet repræsentant resultater vi vise at virulens aktiveres i overflade-attached celler og er lav i planktoniske celler, som blev rapporteret tidligere13. Virulens-aktiveret overflade-attached P. aeruginosa dræber amøber, mens ikke-virulente planktoniske celler forbruges af amøber. Hvis virulens af planktoniske bakterier er udelukkende bliver analyseret, kan bakterier blive kulturperler i almindelige kultur rør i stedet for at bruge petriskåle, som beskrevet i protokollen.
Vækst af amøber og P. aeruginosa kulturer skal koordineres, således at P. aeruginosa kulturer nå den tilsigtede vækstfase, mens amøber voksende på steady state i næringsrige betingelser. Denne betingelse normalt kræver amøber kulturer at være fortyndet mindst 1 dag før, når de er blandet med bakterier. Amøber og bakterier er immobiliseret bruger agar pads, er co rugede for 1t og afbildet ved hjælp af en lav opløsning (10 X, numerisk blænde 0,3) objektive, grønne fluorescens protein (NGL) filtre og en billeddannelse kamera. Analyse kan udføres ved hjælp af frit tilgængelige ImageJ software eller tilpasset billede analyse software. Vores analyse blev udført ved hjælp af vores egen software skrevet ved hjælp af en videnskabelig analyse pakke13. Softwaren skal oprette en maske ved hjælp af fase kontrast billede og uddrag fluorescens værdier fra de Afmaskede områder i fluorescens billede. Fluorescens værdier er gennemsnit over mindst 100 celler, hvilket resulterer i en numerisk vært drab indeks.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:108px;"></td>
			<td style="width:91px;"></td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Bacto agar, dehydrated</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">BD Difco</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">214010</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100X)</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">15240062</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Aliquot &#60; 1 mL and store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Calcein-acetoxymethyl ester (calcein-AM)</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">C34852</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Calcein Acetoxymethyl (AM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Calcium chloride, anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">C1016</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">D-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">D16500</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Dextrose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">D5879</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Folic acid</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">F8758</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">LB-Miller</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">BD Difco</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">244620</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">M8266</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Oxoid</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">LP0021</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Special peptone</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Oxoid</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">LP0072</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Potassium hyroxide</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">P250</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Potassium phosphate monobasic&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">P0662</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">S373</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Vitamin B12</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">V2876</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Strains</td>
			<td style="width:108px;"></td>
			<td style="width:91px;"></td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:220px;">Dictyostelium discoideum</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Siryaporn lab</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Strain AX318</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:220px;">Escherichia coli</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Siryaporn lab</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Strain B/r17</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:220px;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Siryaporn lab</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">PA14</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">PA14 strain19</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa &#916;lasR</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Siryaporn lab</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">AFS20.1</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">PA14-derived strain20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Supplies</td>
			<td style="width:108px;"></td>
			<td style="width:91px;"></td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">0.22 &#181;m filter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">SCGPT01RE</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For filter sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="65">
			<td height="65" style="height:65px;width:220px;">Conical tube, 15 mL</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">352097</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Glass storage bottles</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">13951L</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Petri dish, 6 cm diameter</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">351007</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">60 x 15 mm polystyrene plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:220px;">Petri dish, 10 cm diameter</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">FB0875712</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">100 x 15 mm polystyrene plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:220px;">Plastic containers with lid</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Ziploc</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">2.57E+09</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Square 3-cup containers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:220px;">Glass plates</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">1653308</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For preparing agar pads. Other glass plates may be used with similar dimensions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:220px;">Wooden sticks</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">23-400-102&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:108px;"></td>
			<td style="width:91px;"></td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Eclipse Ti-E microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">MEA53100</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Microscope setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">10X Plan Fluor Ph1 objective&#160; 0.3 NA</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">MRH20101</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Microscope setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Fluorescence excitation source</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Lumencor</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Sola light engine</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Microscope setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:220px;">Fluorescence filter set</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">LED-DA/FI/TX-3X3M-A-000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Microscope setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Orca Flash 4.0 V2 Camera</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Hamamatsu</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">77054098</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Microscope setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">v. 1.49</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Software for image analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">R2013</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Software for image analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Orbital shaker incubator</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">89032-092</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For growth of bacteria at 37 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Platform shaker</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">13-687-700</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For growth of amoebae at 22 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Biochrom</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Ultrospec 10</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Undercounter refrigerated incubator</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">97990E</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For growth of amoebae at 22 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Isotemp waterbath&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">15-462-21Q</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For cooling media to 55 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a rapid image-based bacterial virulence assay using amoeba

Traditionelle bakteriel virulens assays medføre langvarig udsættelse for bakterier i løbet af flere timer til værtsceller. I løbet af denne tid, kan bakterier undergå ændringer i fysiologi på grund af eksponering for værten vækstmiljø og tilstedeværelsen af værtsceller. Vi udviklede en analyse for at hurtigt måle virulens tilstand af bakterier, der minimerer omfanget som bakterier vokse ved tilstedeværelse af værtsceller. Bakterier og amøber blandes sammen og immobiliseret på et enkelt imaging fly ved hjælp af en agar pad. Proceduren, der bruger encellede fluorescens imaging med calcein-acetoxymethyl ester (calcein-AM) som en indikator for værten celle sundhed. Fluorescens i værtsceller analyseres efter 1 h af eksponering af værtsceller bakterier bruger epifluorescensmikroskop mikroskopi. Billede analyse software bruges til at beregne en vært drab indeks. Denne metode har været brugt til at måle virulens inden for planktoniske og overflade-attached Pseudomonas aeruginosa delpopulationer i den indledende fase af Biofilmdannelse og kan tilpasses til andre bakterier og andre faser af biofilm vækst. Denne protokol giver en hurtig og robust metode til måling af virulens og undgår mange af kompleksiteten forbundet med vækst og vedligeholdelse af pattedyr cellelinjer. Virulens fænotyper målt her ved hjælp af amøber er også blevet valideret ved hjælp af musen makrofager. Især blev denne analyse brugt til at etablere denne overflade vedhæftede upregulates virulens i P. aeruginosa.

Vi voksede vildtype P. aeruginosa stamme PA1419 eller en ΔlasR stamme20 i den samme PA14 baggrund i 6 cm-diameter petriskåle og analyseres virulens af planktoniske og overflade-attached celler. Kulturer var podes fra single-kolonier i PS:DB kulturer, dyrket natten over i kultur rør i en rulle tromme ved 37 ° C til mætning, fortyndet 1: 100 i PS:DB, dyrket i 8 timer i 6 cm-diameter petriskåle ryster på 100 rpm, og pla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rapid Image-based Bacterial Virulence Assay Using Amoeba at JoVE.com

A Rapid Image-based Bacterial Virulence Assay Using Amoeba

En hurtig Image-baserede bakteriel virulens analyse ved hjælp af Amoeba

Vi præsenterer her, en protokol for at måle virulens af planktoniske eller overflade-attached bakterier ved hjælp af D. discoideum (amøbe) som vært. Virulens måles over en periode på 1 time og vært dræbe kvantificeres ved hjælp af Fluorescens mikroskopi og billede analyse. Vi demonstrere denne protokol ved hjælp af bakterien P. aeruginosa.

Traditional bacterial virulence assays involve prolonged exposure of bacteria over the course of several hours to host cells. During this time, bacteria ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Characterizing Bacterial Volatiles using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SESI-MS)

Characterizing Bacterial Volatiles using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry SESI-MS

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Bacterial Detection &amp; Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors

Bacterial Detection & Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors

Bakteriel Detection og identifikation Brug elektrokemiske sensorer

Electrochemical  sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and  can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of ...

Rapid and Low-cost Prototyping of Medical Devices Using 3D Printed Molds for Liquid Injection Molding

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Rapid Subtractive Patterning of Live Cell Layers with a Microfluidic Probe

Hurtig Subtraktiv mønster af levende cellelag med et Mikrofluid Probe

The microfluidic probe (MFP) facilitates performing local chemistry on biological substrates by confining nanoliter volumes of liquids. Using one ...

A Rapid and Chemical-free Hemoglobin Assay with Photothermal Angular Light Scattering

En hurtig og kemiske-fri Hæmoglobin Assay med Photothermal Kantet lysspredning

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Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

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An Automated Method to Perform The In Vitro Micronucleus Assay using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

En automatiseret metode til udførelse af in vitro-Mikronukleusanalysen ved hjælp af multispektral billedbehandlings flow cytometri

The in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is often used to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity but scoring the assay via manual microscopy is laborious and ...

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

High-Throughput Identifikation af resistens over for Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomat i tomat ved hjælp af sætteplante Oversvømmelse Assay

Tomato is an agronomically important crop that can be infected by Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram-negative bacterium, resulting in bacterial speck disease. ...

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3D Printing of In Vitro Hydrogel Microcarriers by Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting

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Microcarriers are beads with a diameter of 60-250 &#181;m and a large specific surface area, which are commonly used as carriers for large-scale cell ...