Name: a rapid image-based bacterial virulence assay using amoeba
Uploaded: 2018-06-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rapid Image-based Bacterial Virulence Assay Using Amoeba at JoVE.com

KP og som skrev og revidert manuskriptet. KP utført eksperimenter og analyse. Dette arbeidet ble støttet av National Institutes of Health (NIH) karriere overgangen prisen (K22AI112816) til AS.

Alle eksperimentelle prosedyrer ble utført ved University of California, Irvine.
1. buffere og løsninger
<ol><li>Forberede Lysogeny kjøttkraft (LB) i en 1 L glassflaske ved å legge til 25 g LB-Miller Mix 1 L dobbel-destillert vann (ddH2O). Legge til en ekstra 20 g agar Petri retter. Autoclave å sterilisere. Hell 25 mL av smeltet agar medium i 10 cm diameter Petri retter og la stivne ved romtemperatur. Lagre flytende media ved romtemperatur og agar plater på 4 ° C.</li>
	<li...

<ol>
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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+calcein+acetoxy+methyl+ester+and+ethidium+homodimer+or+propidium+iodide+for+viability+assessment+of+microbes.">Reliability of calcein acetoxy methyl ester and ethidium homodimer or propidium iodide for viability assessment of microbes.</a> Journal of Microbiological Methods. 17 (1), 1-16 (1993).</li><li>Siryaporn, A., Kuchma, S. L., O'Toole, G. A., Gitai, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+attachment+induces+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+virulence.">Surface attachment induces Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A. 111 (47), 16860-16865 (2014).</li><li>Decherchi, P., Cochard, P., Gauthier, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+staining+assessment+of+Schwann+cell+viability+within+whole+peripheral+nerves+using+calcein-AM+and+ethidium+homodimer.">Dual staining assessment of Schwann cell viability within whole peripheral nerves using calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 71 (2), 205-213 (1997).</li><li>Braut-Boucher, F., Pichon, J., Rat, P., Adolphe, M., Aubery, M., Font, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-isotopic,+highly+sensitive,+fluorimetric,+cell-cell+adhesion+microplate+assay+using+calcein+AM-labeled+lymphocytes.">A non-isotopic, highly sensitive, fluorimetric, cell-cell adhesion microplate assay using calcein AM-labeled lymphocytes.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 178 (1), 41-51 (1995).</li><li>Grieshaber, P., Lagr&#232;ze, W. 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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitivity+of+Dictyostelium+discoideum+to+nucleic+acid+analogues.">Sensitivity of Dictyostelium discoideum to nucleic acid analogues.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 64 (2), 484-486 (1971).</li><li>Rahme, L. G., Stevens, E. J., Wolfort, S. F., Shao, J., Tompkins, R. G., Ausubel, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+virulence+factors+for+bacterial+pathogenicity+in+plants+and+animals.">Common virulence factors for bacterial pathogenicity in plants and animals.</a> Science. 268 (5219), 1899-1902 (1995).</li><li>O'Loughlin, C. T., Miller, L. C., Siryaporn, A., Drescher, K., Semmelhack, M. F., Bassler, B. 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Denne protokollen beskriver en rask og kvantitativ metode å analysen virulens i P. aeruginosa. Denne protokollen kan testes med andre bakterier. Det er imidlertid viktig å huske på at vekstmediet skal være kompatibelt med amoeba vekst vilkår. Vi har spesielt optimalisert protokollen bruker PS:DB som bakteriell vekst medium. Hvis andre medier, kan det være nødvendig å utføre en vekst medier bare kontroll der det er ingen bakterielle celler å kontrollere at mediet er kompatibel med amoebae.
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Bakteriell infeksjon er en av de viktigste årsakene til dødelighet i menneske og dyr1,2. Muligheten til å måle virulens bakterier i kulturer eller biofilm er viktig i helse-og forskning. Her beskriver vi en allsidig, rask og relativt enkel metode for å kvantifisere bakteriell virulens. Eukaryote organismen Dictyostelium discoideum (amoeba) brukes som modell verten organisme. D. discoideum har blitt brukt som en vert for å identifisere virulens faktorer Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)3,4,5 og andre bakterier6,7 ,8 og er utsatt for i hovedsak de samme virulens faktorene som dreper pattedyrceller inkludert III sekresjon9,10. Tidligere virulens analyser bruker D. discoideum har involvert langvarig eksponering av bakterier med D. discoideum celler i løpet av timer3,4,5. Protokollen, her presenterer en rask metode for å bestemme virulens bruker denne amoeba. Denne protokollen (figur 1) beskriver hvordan: (1) vokse amoebae axenically (i fravær av bakterier), (2) vokse bakterier for analysen, (3) forberede bakterier og vert for mikroskopi, (4) utfører epifluorescence mikroskopi og (5) analysere amoeba fluorescens.
Amoebae er utgangspunktet stripete ut fra frosne aksjer og dyrket på en plen av Escherichia coli (E. coli), hvor amoebae produserer sporer. Disse sporene er plukket og inokulert i en beriket medium for axenic vekst. Amoebae opprettholdes gjennom axenic vekst i næringsrike forhold til de er klare til å bli blandet med bakterier for vurdering av bakteriell virulens. Overlevelse eller død av amoebae er kvantifisert ved å måle fluorescens av calcein-acetoxymethyl (calcein-AM), som er kløyvde av intracellulær esterases, og dermed aktivert for fluorescens11,12. Live amoebae exhibit liten eller ingen fluorescens mens stresset og døende celler fluoresce intenst. Dette resultatet er en liten eller ingen innlemmelse av calcein-AM i sunn amoebae og innlemmelse og cleavage av underlaget i stresset amoebae13. Dette er særlig forskjellig fra calcein-AM fluorescens i pattedyrceller11,14,15,16.
Bakterier som vil bli vurdert for virulens dyrkes separat. Her beskriver vi hvordan å måle virulens av opportunistiske patogene P. aeruginosa og detalj hvordan kvantifisere virulens planktoniske (svømming) og overflate tilknyttet undergrupper. Denne protokollen kan tilpasses til å teste virulens andre bakterier. I delen representant resultater vi viser at virulens aktiveres i overflaten-tilkoblede cellene er lav i planktoniske celler, som ble rapportert tidligere13. Virulens-aktivert overflaten tilknyttet P. aeruginosa dreper amoebae mens ikke-ondartet planktoniske celler er fortært av amoebae. Hvis virulens planktoniske bakterier er utelukkende som assayed, kan bakterier være kulturperler i ordinære kultur rør i stedet for å bruke Petri retter som beskrevet i protokollen.
Veksten av amoebae og P. aeruginosa kulturer koordineres slik at P. aeruginosa kulturer nå den tiltenkte vekstfase mens amoebae vokser på steady state næringsrike forhold. Dette krever vanligvis amoebae kulturer fortynnes minst 1 dag før når de er blandet med bakterier. Amoebae og bakterier er immobilized benytter agar pads er co inkubert 1t, og fotografert med en lav oppløsning (10 X, numerisk blenderåpning 0,3) objektiv, grønne fluorescens protein (GFP) filtre og en imaging kamera. Analyse utføres med fritt tilgjengelige ImageJ programvare eller tilpasset analyseprogramvare. Vår analyse var utført ved hjelp av vår egen programvare skrevet med en vitenskapelig analyse pakken13. Programvaren skal opprette en maske med fase kontrast bildet og trekke ut fluorescens verdier fra de maskerte områdene fluorescens. Fluorescens verdier er gjennomsnitt over minst 100 celler, som resulterer i en numerisk vert drapet indeks.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:108px;"></td>
			<td style="width:91px;"></td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Bacto agar, dehydrated</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">BD Difco</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">214010</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100X)</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">15240062</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Aliquot &#60; 1 mL and store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Calcein-acetoxymethyl ester (calcein-AM)</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">C34852</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Calcein Acetoxymethyl (AM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Calcium chloride, anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">C1016</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">D-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">D16500</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Dextrose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">D5879</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Folic acid</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">F8758</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">LB-Miller</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">BD Difco</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">244620</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">M8266</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Oxoid</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">LP0021</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Special peptone</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Oxoid</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">LP0072</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Potassium hyroxide</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">P250</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Potassium phosphate monobasic&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">P0662</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">S373</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Vitamin B12</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">V2876</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Strains</td>
			<td style="width:108px;"></td>
			<td style="width:91px;"></td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:220px;">Dictyostelium discoideum</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Siryaporn lab</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Strain AX318</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:220px;">Escherichia coli</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Siryaporn lab</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Strain B/r17</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:220px;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Siryaporn lab</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">PA14</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">PA14 strain19</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa &#916;lasR</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Siryaporn lab</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">AFS20.1</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">PA14-derived strain20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Supplies</td>
			<td style="width:108px;"></td>
			<td style="width:91px;"></td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">0.22 &#181;m filter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">SCGPT01RE</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For filter sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="65">
			<td height="65" style="height:65px;width:220px;">Conical tube, 15 mL</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">352097</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Glass storage bottles</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">13951L</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Petri dish, 6 cm diameter</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">351007</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">60 x 15 mm polystyrene plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:220px;">Petri dish, 10 cm diameter</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">FB0875712</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">100 x 15 mm polystyrene plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:220px;">Plastic containers with lid</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Ziploc</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">2.57E+09</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Square 3-cup containers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:220px;">Glass plates</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">1653308</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For preparing agar pads. Other glass plates may be used with similar dimensions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:220px;">Wooden sticks</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">23-400-102&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:108px;"></td>
			<td style="width:91px;"></td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Eclipse Ti-E microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">MEA53100</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Microscope setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">10X Plan Fluor Ph1 objective&#160; 0.3 NA</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">MRH20101</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Microscope setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Fluorescence excitation source</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Lumencor</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Sola light engine</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Microscope setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:220px;">Fluorescence filter set</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">LED-DA/FI/TX-3X3M-A-000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Microscope setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Orca Flash 4.0 V2 Camera</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Hamamatsu</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">77054098</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Microscope setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">v. 1.49</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Software for image analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">R2013</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">Software for image analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:220px;">Orbital shaker incubator</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">89032-092</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For growth of bacteria at 37 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Platform shaker</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">13-687-700</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For growth of amoebae at 22 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Biochrom</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Ultrospec 10</td>
			<td style="width:297px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Undercounter refrigerated incubator</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">97990E</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For growth of amoebae at 22 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:220px;">Isotemp waterbath&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">15-462-21Q</td>
			<td style="width:297px;">For cooling media to 55 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a rapid image-based bacterial virulence assay using amoeba

Tradisjonelle bakteriell virulens analyser innebære langvarig eksponering av bakterier i løpet av flere timer til verten cellene. Samtidig kan bakterier gjennomgå endringer i fysiologi eksponering vertsmiljøet vekst og tilstedeværelse av verten cellene. Vi utviklet en analysen for å raskt måle virulens delstaten bakterier som minimerer omfanget som bakterier vokse i nærvær av verten cellene. Bakterier og amoebae er blandet sammen og immobilisert på et enkelt tenkelig plan med en agar pad. Fremgangsmåten bruker encellede fluorescens bildebehandling med calcein-acetoxymethyl ester (calcein-AM) som en indikator på verten cell helse. Fluorescens vert celler analyseres etter 1 h eksponering av verten cellene til bakterier bruker epifluorescence mikroskopi. Image analysis software brukes til å beregne en vert drapet indeks. Denne metoden er brukt til å måle virulens innen planktoniske og overflaten tilknyttet Pseudomonas aeruginosa undergrupper under den innledende fasen av biofilm formasjon og kan tilpasses andre bakterier og andre stadier av biofilm vekst. Denne protokollen gir en rask og robust metode for å måle virulens og unngår mange av kompleksiteten knyttet til vekst og vedlikehold av pattedyr linjer. Virulens fenotyper målt her bruker amoebae har også validert ved hjelp av musen makrofager. Spesielt ble denne analysen brukt til å etablere at overflaten vedlegg upregulates virulens i P. aeruginosa.

Vi vokste vill-type P. aeruginosa belastning PA1419 eller en ΔlasR belastning20 i samme PA14 bakgrunnen i 6 cm diameter Petri retter og assayed virulens planktoniske og overflaten tilknyttet celler. Kulturer ble inokulert fra single-koloniene i PS:DB kulturer, vokst over natten kultur rør i en berg tromme på 37 ° C til metning, utvannet 1: 100 i PS:DB, vokst 8 h i 6 cm diameter Petri retter rister på 100 rpm, og plankt...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rapid Image-based Bacterial Virulence Assay Using Amoeba at JoVE.com

A Rapid Image-based Bacterial Virulence Assay Using Amoeba

En rask bildebasert bakteriell virulens analysen bruker Amoeba

Her presenterer vi en protokoll for å måle virulens planktoniske eller overflate-vedlagt bakterier bruker D. discoideum (amoeba) som vert. Virulens måles over en periode på 1 time og vert drepe er kvantifisert fluorescens mikroskopi og bilde analyse. Vi viser denne bakterien P. aeruginosa-protokoll.

Traditional bacterial virulence assays involve prolonged exposure of bacteria over the course of several hours to host cells. During this time, bacteria ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Characterizing Bacterial Volatiles using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SESI-MS)

Characterizing Bacterial Volatiles using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry SESI-MS

Secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) is a method developed for the rapid detection of volatile compounds, without the need for ...

Bacterial Detection &amp; Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors

Bacterial Detection & Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors

Bakteriell Detection &amp; Identification hjelp elektrokjemiske sensorer

Electrochemical  sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and  can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of ...

Rapid and Low-cost Prototyping of Medical Devices Using 3D Printed Molds for Liquid Injection Molding

Rask og Rimelig Prototyping av medisinsk utstyr Bruk av 3D Trykt Stanse for Liquid Injection Molding

Biologically inert elastomers such as silicone are favorable materials for medical device fabrication, but forming and curing these elastomers using ...

Rapid Subtractive Patterning of Live Cell Layers with a Microfluidic Probe

Rapid Subtraktiv Mønstring av levende cellelag med en mikrofluid Probe

The microfluidic probe (MFP) facilitates performing local chemistry on biological substrates by confining nanoliter volumes of liquids. Using one ...

A Rapid and Chemical-free Hemoglobin Assay with Photothermal Angular Light Scattering

En rask og kjemisk fri Hemoglobin analysen med Photothermal Vinkel lysspredning

Photo-thermal angular light scattering (PT-AS) is a novel optical method for measuring the hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) of blood samples. On the basis ...

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Rapid Mix Utarbeidelse av Bioinspired nanoskala hydroksyapatitt for Biomedical Applications

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used as a medical ceramic due to its good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Recently there has been interest ...

An Automated Method to Perform The In Vitro Micronucleus Assay using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

En automatisert metode for å utføre in vitro Mikronukleus analysen bruker multispectral Imaging Flow flowcytometri

The in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is often used to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity but scoring the assay via manual microscopy is laborious and ...

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

Høy-gjennomstrømning identifikasjon av motstand mot Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomat i tomat ved hjelp av frøplanteflomanalyse

Tomato is an agronomically important crop that can be infected by Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram-negative bacterium, resulting in bacterial speck disease. ...

Rapid Assembly of Multi-Gene Constructs using Modular Golden Gate Cloning

Rask montering av multigenkonstruksjoner ved hjelp av modulær golden gate-kloning

The Golden Gate cloning method enables the rapid assembly of multiple genes in any user-defined arrangement. It utilizes type IIS restriction enzymes that ...

3D Printing of In Vitro Hydrogel Microcarriers by Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting

3D Printing of In Vitro Hydrogel Microcarriers by Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting

3D-utskrift av In Vitro Hydrogel Microcarriers ved vekslende Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting

Microcarriers are beads with a diameter of 60-250 &#181;m and a large specific surface area, which are commonly used as carriers for large-scale cell ...